RN Practice Question Banks 31-45

During the check-up of a 2 month-old infant at a well-baby clinic, a mother expresses concern to a nurse because a flat pink birthmark on the baby's forehead and eyelid has not gone away. What is an appropriate response by the nurse? "Telangiectatic nevi are normal and will disappear as the baby grows." "Port wine stains are often associated with other malformations." "Mongolian spots are a normal finding in dark-skinned children." "The child is too young for consideration of surgical removal of these at this time."

"Telangiectatic nevi are normal and will disappear as the baby grows." Telangiectatic nevi, salmon patch or stork bite birthmarks, are a normal variation and the facial nevi will generally disappear by the time the child is 1 to 2 years old.

The nurse is assessing an 8 month-old infant diagnosed with atonic cerebral palsy. Which statement from the parent supports this diagnosis? "When I put her on her back to sleep, she's still in the same position a few hours later." "My baby doesn't seem to follow when I shake toys in front of her face." "When I put my finger in her left hand she doesn't respond with a grasp." "When it thundered loudly last night she didn't even jump."

"When I put her on her back to sleep, she's still in the same position a few hours later." Cerebral palsy is known as a condition whereby motor dysfunction occurs secondary to damage in the motor centers of the brain. Inability to roll over by eight months of age would illustrate one delay in the infant's attainment of developmental milestones. Cerebral palsy is most commonly associated with cerebral hypoxia during the birth process.

One hour before the first treatment is scheduled, a client becomes anxious and states, "I do not wish to go through with electroconvulsive therapy." Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? "You have the right to change your mind. You seem anxious. Can we talk about it?" "I'll go with you and will be there with you during the treatment." "You'll be asleep and won't remember anything." "I'll call the health care providers to notify them of your decision."

"You have the right to change your mind. You seem anxious. Can we talk about it?" This response indicates acknowledgment of the client's rights and the opportunity for the client to clarify and ventilate concerns. After this, if the client continues to refuse, the health care providers should be notified.

A client diagnosed with tuberculosis is started on rifampin and isoniazid. Which statement by the nurse would be most important to include in teaching the client about rifampin? "You should not skip doses or stop your medicine even if you feel better." "You should avoid drinking alcohol while taking this medication." "You may experience some nausea if you take the medication with food." "You may notice an orange-red color to your urine."

"You may notice an orange-red color to your urine." Rifampin can cause a harmless reddish-orange discoloration of saliva, sweat, tears, feces, urine and skin; clients should not wear soft contact lenses while taking this medication. Even though all responses are correct, this is the most important effect that clients should know about. Rifampin should be taken with a full glass of water on an empty stomach, one hour before or two hours after a meal. Clients should not drink alcohol while taking this medication due to its effect on the liver. As with any antibiotic, clients need to understand that they must continue taking the medication even if they start to feel better, especially since clients are taking this medication for many months.

A client with paranoid delusions stares at a nurse over a period of several days. The client suddenly walks up to the nurse and shouts, "You think you're so perfect and pure and good." Which statement would be the most appropriate response for the nurse to make? "Is that why you've been staring at me?" "You seem angry right now." "Perfect? I don't quite understand." "You seem to be in a really bad mood."

"You seem angry right now." The nurse recognizes the underlying emotion with a matter of fact attitude. The nurse should avoid telling the clients how the nurse feels. A general rule for interactions between clients with a psychiatric diagnosis and staff members is to focus on feelings first when giving responses to behaviors.

The nurse is performing pulmonary assessment on a client. Indicate the correct sequence of pulmonary assessment by dragging and dropping the steps below into the correct order. -Inspection -Auscultation -Palpation -Percussion

-Inspection -Palpation -Percussion -Auscultation Inspection is first, observing for pattern of breathing, symmetry, anteroposterior and transverse chest diameters, as well as skin color, sounds and odors. The nurse will then palpate the posterior and anterior chest, noting any tenderness, crepitus, or tactile fremitus. The next step is percussion, which is performed in a systematic manner, usually from side to side from apex (top) of lungs to base (bottom), listening to changes in tone from one area to another. Lastly, the lungs are auscultated, listening over the anterior, posterior, and lateral chest for expected or adventitious sounds.

The nurse is preparing to administer ephedrine 5 mg IV push to a client with refractory hypotension. The supplied vial contains 50 mg of ephedrine in 10 mL normal saline. How many mL shall the nurse draw up? (Write the answer using whole numbers.) _______ mL.

1 mL 50 mg in 10 mL equals 5 mg per 1 mL. The nurse should draw up 1 mL to administer 5 mg of ephedrine.

A nurse is reviewing and order that reads: administer conjugated estrogen 1.25 mg daily. The only available tablet strength is 625 mcg. How much medication will the nurse administer? ______ tablet(s).

2 tablets 1.25 mg = 1250 mcg: 1250 mcg/625 mcg = 2 or 2 tablets. Using Dimensional Analysis: Tablet = (1.25 mg/625 mcg) X (1000 mcg/1 mg) = 2

The geriatric social worker is working with the nurse to assess the client's ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Which of the following skills are considered instrumental activities of daily living? (Select all that apply.) Ability to take medications Ability to cook meals Ability to eat independently/feed self Ability to bathe self Ability to write checks

Ability to take medications Ability to cook meals Ability to write checks Activities of daily living (ADLs) are basic self-care tasks, such as feeding, toileting, grooming, bathing, putting on clothes. Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) are slightly more complex skills and include a series of life functions necessary for living independently, such as the ability to use a telephone, shopping, doing housework, preparing meals, handling finances, and being responsible to take medications. ADLs and IADLs are part of an older adult's functional assessment.

The client's history documents an aortic regurgitation. Where on the precordium should the nurse place the stethoscope to verify the disorder?

Aortic regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve leaflets do not close properly during diastole. The classic finding is a high-pitched, blowing, decrescendo diastolic murmur ("lub-whoosh"). Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves are heard best at the base of the heart. Aortic regurgitation can best be heard at the 2nd right intercostal space, lateral to the sternum.

The nurse is reviewing various group activities with the health care team. When planning a therapeutic milieu, what is the most important factor when selecting a group activity? Match them to the clients' preferences Provide consistency with clients' skills Build the skills of group participation Achieve clients' therapeutic goals

Achieve clients' therapeutic goals Activity groups are used to enhance the therapeutic milieu and to meet the clinical and social needs of clients, eg., to minimize withdrawal and regression and to develop self-care skills.

A nurse is assigned to a newly hospitalized adolescent. What should be the major threat experienced by this hospitalized adolescent? Restricted physical activity Pain management Altered body image Separation from family

Altered body image The hospitalized adolescent may see each of these as a threat. However, the major threat felt when hospitalized for this age group is the fear of an altered body image. There is great emphasis on physical appearance during this developmental stage.

A 60 year-old male client underwent inguinal hernia repair in a day-surgery clinic. He is awake and alert, but has not been able to void since he returned from surgery six hours ago. He has received 1000 mL of IV fluid. Which action would most likely help him to void? Perform Credé's method on the bladder from the bottom to the top Wait two hours and have the client attempt to void again Assist the client to stand by the side of the bed to void Have him drink several glasses of water

Assist the client to stand by the side of the bed to void When a male client is not able to use a urinal in the bed, the client should stand by the side of the bed to attempt voiding. This is the most natural physiological position of normal voiding for male clients. Also, given the client's age, the client most likely has some degree of prostate enlargement which may interfere with ease of voiding.

A nurse is teaching a client with Raynaud's phenomenon about lifestyle and behavioral changes that will improve the quality of life. Besides smoking cessation, what would be the next most important thing this client should do? Avoid cold temperatures Avoid spicy foods Keep feet dry Reduce stress

Avoid cold temperatures Raynaud's phenomenon is a condition where cold temperatures or strong emotions cause blood vessel spasms, preventing blood flow to the fingers, toes, ears, and nose. Besides not smoking, the most important teaching would be to avoid cold temperatures. Both cold and nicotine cause arterial vasoconstriction and will aggrevate this phenomenon. The question is asking what is the most important teaching. The other approaches tend to be needed less frequently and so are a lower priority.

The client is seen in the emergency one day after falling in his bathroom at home. The client reports having "a few drinks" prior to the fall. Which finding requires the nurse's immediate attention? Bruise behind one ear Blurred vision Nausea and vomiting Headache

Bruise behind one ear Bruising behind one ear (over the mastoid process) requires the nurse's immediate attention. Known as "Battle's sign", this injury is seen a day or so following a basilar skull fracture. A CT scan of the brain will confirm a skull fracture. The client may report loss of hearing, smell or vision and he may have blood leaking from the ear. The vomiting and headache could be due to his alcohol intake, as well as the skull fracture.

The nurse is assessing a client who has been treated long-term with glucocorticoid therapy. Which finding might the nurse expect? Jaundice Peripheral edema Buffalo hump Increased muscle mass

Buffalo hump The most common side effects of glucocorticoid therapy include increased appetite (and weight gain), increased blood sugar, change in body shape (increase in fatty tissue on the trunk with thinner legs and arms), acne, thinning of the skin and easy bruising. The client may also have a hump behind the shoulders; the hump is an accumulation of fat on the back of neck.

A client with a history of asthma and kidney stones is admitted with a diagnosis of recurrent renal calculi. The client experiences shortness of breath following a lithotripsy. The nurse auscultates the client's lungs and finds decreased air movement but no wheezing. The arterial blood gas (ABG) results are pH 7.31, PaO2 53 mm Hg, PaCO2 50 mm Hg, and O2 sat 82%. Which of the following actions are appropriate for the nurse to take? (Select all that apply.) Call respiratory therapy Administer a short-acting bronchodilator via nebulizer Start high flow oxygen via face mask Start oxygen via nasal cannula Increase IV fluids Contact the health care provider Prepare for possible intubation

Call respiratory therapy Administer a short-acting bronchodilator via nebulizer Start high flow oxygen via face mask Contact the health care provider Prepare for possible intubation This client needs emergency treatment to open the airways and improve gas exchange. The absence of lung sounds without wheezing indicates a severe narrowing of the airways in asthma with minimal air movement. Emergent intervention to open the closed airway including possible intubation are indicated. The high PaCO and low pH indicate respiratory acidosis due to inadequate gas exchange. The low oxygen saturation and PaO2 indicate severe hypoxemia requiring high flow oxygen via mask.

A 36 year-old female client has a hemoglobin level of 14 g/dL and a hematocrit of 42%, 24 hours after a dilation and curettage (D&C). Which of the following findings should the nurse expect when assessing the client? Complaints of fatigue with ambulation Capillary refill of less than three seconds Respirations 36 breaths per minute Pale mucous membranes

Capillary refill of less than three seconds Because the hemoglobin and hematocrit are within the normal limits for an adult female, any additional assessments should also be normal. This capillary refill time is normal. The other options could be findings of anemia.

The health care provider orders the antidepressant trazodone ER 150 mg at bedtime. Which common side effect of this drug should the client understand? Reduces arthritic pain Relieves nasal stuffiness Causes drowsiness Decreases acne breakouts

Causes drowsiness This medication is chemically unrelated to the SSRIs, TCAs or MAO inhibitors, even though it inhibits the uptake of serotonin by nerves in the brain. The sedative effects of this antidepressant is why this medication is also successfully used to treat insomnia. People with insomnia may sleep better immediately, but it may take a week or two before maximum antidepressant effects are noticed. Other common side effects of trazodone include dry mouth, stuffy nose, constipation or change in sexual interest/ability.

Due to a recent outbreak in the community, the nurse is speaking to a group of parents and elementary school teachers about rheumatic fever. Which information is most important for the nurse to emphasize? Home schooling is preferred to classroom instruction Most play activities will be restricted indefinitely Clumsiness and behavior changes should be reported Children may remain strep carriers for years

Clumsiness and behavior changes should be reported Sydenham chorea is a major sign of acute rheumatic fever; it may be the only sign of rheumatic fever in some clients. Symptoms include jerky, uncontrollable, and purposeless movements that look like twitches (these disappear during sleep); loss of fine motor control (causing changes in handwriting); and loss of emotional control (as evidenced by inappropriate crying or laughing). Sydenham chorea usually clears up in a few months and no complications are expected.

Decentralized scheduling is used on a nursing unit. What is the advantage of this management strategy? Conserves time spent on planning Considers client and staff needs Frees the nurse manager to handle other priorities Allows requests for special privileges

Considers client and staff needs Decentralized staffing takes into consideration specific client needs and staff abilities and interests. This means the staffing is decided on the lowest level which is at the unit level.

A nurse is assigned to provide care in the pediatric unit. What must be the priority consideration for nurses when communicating with children? Developmental level Present environment Nonverbal cues Physical condition

Developmental level While each of the factors affect communication, nurses should recognize that developmental differences have implications for processing and understanding information. Consequently, a child's developmental level must be considered to select communication approaches.

The nurse is assessing a client diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The client is on oxygen for low PaO2 levels. Which assessment is a nursing priority to evaluate the outcome of the therapy? Assess lung sounds Observe for skin color changes Assess coughing frequency and sputum characteristics Evaluate oxygen saturation (SaO2) levels frequently

Evaluate oxygen saturation (SaO2) levels frequently The best method to evaluate a client's oxygenation is to evaluate the SaO2. The oxygen saturation should be around 88% to 91% for someone with COPD. This method is equally as effective as an arterial blood gas reading to evaluate oxygenation status, and is less traumatic and expensive. Assessment of lung sounds, coughing and sputum and color should also be components of the respiratory assessment for a client with COPD, but are less precise indicators of the response to oxygen therapy than the oxygen saturation level.

The nurse is caring for a 14 year-old child in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) following corrective surgery for scoliosis. Which action should receive priority in the plan? Assist to stand up at bedside within the first few hours Initiate the antibiotic therapy prescribed for 10 days Evaluate the movement and sensation of extremities Teach client isometric exercises for the legs

Evaluate the movement and sensation of extremities Following corrective surgery for scoliosis, the neurological status of the extremities requires priority attention in the PACU, as well as on the postop surgical unit. The other options may be done after the neurological status.

A mother, who has been exclusively breastfeeding her 6 month-old, requests more information about meeting the nutritional needs of her infant. What information will the nurse provide? Begin a regular schedule of meals and snacks, offering a variety of foods Offer finger foods to encourage self-feeding during family meals Cut back on the number of times a day the infant receives breastmilk Gradually begin adding pureed iron-rich meat and/or cereal as the first foods

Gradually begin adding pureed iron-rich meat and/or cereal as the first foods The nurse should recommend increasing the number of times a day that complementary foods are offered while continuing to breastfeed. Pureed iron-rich meat, meat alternatives, and/or iron-fortified cereal should be the first complementary foods. After pureed foods, the next transition should be to add strained or mashed foods and then finger foods. From about one year of age, young children begin to have a regular schedule of meals and snacks.

A newly admitted adult client has a diagnosis of hepatitis A. The charge nurse should reinforce to the staff members that the priority routine in infection control strategy, in addition to handwashing, is which of these approaches? Wear a gown to change linens soiled from incontinence Have gloves on while handling bedpans with feces Use a mask with a shield if there is a risk of fluid splash Place appropriate precaution signs outside and inside the room

Have gloves on while handling bedpans with feces The specific measure to prevent the spread of hepatitis A is careful handling and protection while working with fecal material. All of the other actions are correct but not the priority routine in infection control strategy that is used with hepatitis A.

Which of these client's behaviors would indicate that the nurse-client relationship has passed from the orientation phase to the working phase? Identifies feelings about situations and expresses them appropriately Revitalizes a relationship with the family to help cope with the death of a child Expresses a desire to be cared for and pampered Recognizes regressive behaviors as a defense mechanism

Identifies feelings about situations and expresses them appropriately The working phase of the nurse-client relationship is also called exploration or the identification stage. That's because the client identifies his/her problems and works with the nurse to solve problems and develop coping skills, a positive self concept and, eventually, independence. These skills will help the client to adapt and behave more appropriately.

A client is admitted with a tentative diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF). Which assessment finding, consistent with this diagnosis, would the nurse expect? Inspiratory crackles Cyanosis Chest pain Heart murmur

Inspiratory crackles CHF is when the pumping action of the heart is reduced or weakened, which leads to a buildup of fluid in the lungs and surrounding body tissues. Early symptoms may include shortness of breath or chronic coughing. The person may also feel fatigued or lightheaded, and have difficulty breathing (dyspnea) and anorexia. When auscultating the lungs of a client with CHF, the nurse can expect to hear fine crackles (usually over the posterior lung bases) that do not clear after a cough. Crackles are the result of pulmonary edema or fluid in the alveoli due to heart failure.

A client is admitted with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) and reports having chest pain. The nurse provides care based on the knowledge that pain associated with an MI is related to which of the following findings? Insufficient oxygenation of the cardiac muscle Fluid volume excess Arrhythmia An electrolyte imbalance

Insufficient oxygenation of the cardiac muscle Due to ischemia of the heart muscle, the client will experience pain. This happens because destroyed myocardial tissue can block or interfere with the normal cardiac circulation.

A client who is being treated for paranoid schizophrenia becomes loud and boisterous. The nurse immediately places the client in seclusion, and the client willingly complies. How might the nurse's action be interpreted by the case manager? It was appropriate in view of the client's behaviors of violence It may result in charges of unlawful seclusion and restraint It leaves the nurse vulnerable for charges of assault and battery It was necessary to maintain the therapeutic milieu of the unit

It may result in charges of unlawful seclusion and restraint Seclusion should only be used when there is an immediate threat of violence or threatening behavior toward the staff, the other clients or the client himself. In this situation, the client exhibited loud behaviors without any suggestion of threat to the staff or self.

A client reports to the nurse that she is experiencing a sudden, deep and throbbing pain in one leg. What is the most appropriate first action to be taken by the nurse? Maintain the client on bed rest Apply ice to the extremity Ambulate for several minutes Suggest isometric exercises

Maintain the client on bed rest The finding suggests deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The client must be maintained on bed rest and the health care provider should be notified urgently. Deep vein thrombosis can lead to pulmonary embolism, which is a medical emergency that can cause severe problems with gas exchange and cardiac output and can even cause cardiac arrest. Anticoagulants are used to treat DVT, initially being administered by IV (heparin drip) or subcutaneous injection (low-molecular weight heparin). This is then followed by long-term oral anticoagulation with warfarin.

A client in acute respiratory distress is admitted with arterial blood gas results of: PH 7.30; PO2 58, PCO2 34; and HCO3 19. The nurse should make which conclusion about these results? Metabolic acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic acidosis These lab values indicate metabolic acidosis: the PH is low, PCO2 is normal, and bicarbonate level is low. The oxygen level is not used during the determination of ABG interpretation.

A client treated for depression tells the nurse at the mental health clinic, "I recently purchased a handgun because I am thinking about suicide." Which of these should be the FIRST action taken by the nurse? Respect the client's confidential disclosure Phone the family to warn them of the risk Suggest inpatient psychiatric care Notify the primary care provider immediately

Notify the primary care provider immediately This client has two critical points in suicide guidelines: a report of suicidal intent and a formulated plan with steps to implement it. The primary care provider, with other members of health care team, will arrange for treatment given the client's serious risk for self-destructive behavior. Hospitalization with family therapy is indicated. The nurse should never agree to help a client "keep secrets" from the health care team.

The nurse enters a client's room just as the client begins to experience a generalized tonic clonic seizure. What action should the nurse take? Place the client on one side Elevate the head of the bed Hold the client's arms at the side Insert a padded tongue blade in client's mouth

Place the client on one side Clients should be positioned on their side. This position keeps the airway patent and allows saliva to drain from the mouth, which prevents aspiration. The nurse should also protect the client from injury by clearing furniture (if the client is on the floor). The client should not be restrained nor should anything be forced in the client's mouth.

The mother of a child diagnosed with poison ivy tells the nurse that she does not know how her child contracted the rash because the child had not been playing in wooded areas. As the nurse asks questions about possible contact, which of these situations should the nurse recognize as the highest risk for exposure to poison ivy? Throwing a ball to a neighborhood child who has poison ivy Playing with cars on the pavement near burning leaves Eating small amounts of grass while playing "farm" Playing with toys in a backyard flower garden

Playing with cars on the pavement near burning leaves Smoke from burning leaves or stems of the poison ivy plant can produce a reaction. Direct contact with the toxic oil, urushiol, is the most common cause for this dermatitis. Throwing a ball to a child with the rash is not a highest risk because direct contact has the greatest risk.

A client is scheduled for a CT scan with contrast. What interventions should be taken by the nurse prior to sending the client to the imaging department? (Select all that apply.) Reassess the client's allergies Administer prescribed medication to sedate the client Confirm that a signed consent is in the chart Ask the client to remove all metal jewelry Ensure the client is well-hydrated

Reassess the client's allergies Confirm that a signed consent is in the chart Ask the client to remove all metal jewelry Usually the client is NPO prior to a CT scan, particularly when contrast material is being used. Allergies and past reactions to contrast media should be reviewed with the client. Any metal, including body piercings, jewelry, hearing aids and removable dental work should be removed and safely stored prior to the test. Sedation is necessary only in cases of extreme anxiety.

A client with an IV antibiotic infusing is scheduled to have blood drawn at 1:00 pm for a peak antibiotic level measurement. The nurse notes that the IV infusion is running behind schedule and won't be infused until 1:30 pm. What action should the nurse take? Reschedule the laboratory test for 2:00 pm Stop the infusion at 1:00 pm and get the blood drawn Increase the infusion rate to finish it by 1:00 pm Notify the client's health care provider

Reschedule the laboratory test for 2:00 pm If the antibiotic infusion will not be completed at the time the peak blood level is scheduled to be drawn, a nurse should ask that the blood sampling time be adjusted. Typically the peak level should be drawn about 30 to 60 minutes after completion of the infusion. The infusion should not be increased because in this situation the volume of fluid to be infused is unknown; rates for IV infusions should not be increased or decreased by more than 10% of the ordered rate. Trough and/or peak levels are commonly drawn for aminoglycosides (such as vancomycin, gentamicin and tobramycin.)

A client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and a history of coronary artery disease is receiving aminophylline 25 mg/hour. Which finding would be associated with side effects of this medication? Flushing and headache Restlessness and palpitations Increased heart rate and blood pressure Decreased blood pressure and respirations

Restlessness and palpitations Aminophylline is a bronchodilator often used to treat symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema. Side effects include restlessness and palpitations (it is related chemically to caffeine).

A hospitalized 8 month-old infant is receiving gentamicin. While monitoring the infant for drug toxicity, the nurse should focus on which laboratory result? Platelet counts Serum creatinine Thyroxin levels Growth hormone levels

Serum creatinine Toxicity to the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin is seen in increased BUN and serum creatinine levels. Kidney damage may be reversible if the drug is stopped at the first sign of toxicity. In addition to nephrotoxicity, this medication has a Black Box warning for neurotoxicity and ototoxicity.

A nurse is assessing a young child at a clinic visit for a mild respiratory infection. Koplik spots are noted on the oral mucous membranes. What should the nurse assess next? Lungs Skin Urine Sputum

Skin A characteristic sign of rubeola is Koplik spots (tiny white spots). These are found on the buccal mucosa in the mouth about a few days before the onset of the measles rash (which appears as small red, irregularly shaped spots with a bluish white center). Although the nurse should assess the child's lungs with any reports of a respiratory infection, these spots would indicate that the skin should be checked for the presence of a rash. Sometimes a complication of measles is pneumonia, but it may be a bit premature to do a sputum culture.

At the day treatment center, a client diagnosed with schizophrenia-paranoid type sits alone alertly watching the activities of clients and staff. The client is hostile when approached and asserts that the health care provider prescribes medication to control the client's mind. The client's behavior most likely indicates what associated nursing diagnosis? Impaired verbal communication related to impaired judgment Feelings of increased anxiety related to paranoia Sensory perceptual alteration related to withdrawal from environment Social isolation related to altered thought processes

Social isolation related to altered thought processes Hostile alertness and absence of involvement with people are findings supporting a nursing diagnosis of social isolation. The psychiatric diagnosis and the client's idea about the purpose of medication suggest altered thinking processes.

The nurse is preparing a handout on infant feeding to be distributed to families visiting the clinic. Which notation should be included in the teaching materials? Solid foods are to be introduced one at a time beginning with cereal Egg white is added early to increase protein intake Solid foods should be mixed with formula in a bottle A variety of ground meat should be started early to provide iron

Solid foods are to be introduced one at a time beginning with cereal Solid foods should be added, one at a time, between 4 to 6 months. If the infant is able to tolerate the food, another is then added each week. Iron-fortified cereal is the recommended first food; rice cereal is recommended due to the low risk of food allergies. Teach parents to mix the cereal flakes with either breast milk or formula. After the baby is eating cereal, pureed meat, vegetables and fruits can be introduced. Egg whites and wheat products should not be given before the baby is at least a year old because these foods are more commonly associated with allergies.

A client reports bilateral knee pain from osteoarthritis and is taking the prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The nurse should instruct the client to make which lifestyle change to manage this condition? Avoid foods high in citric acid Start a regular exercise program Rest the knees as much as possible Keep the legs elevated when sitting

Start a regular exercise program A regular exercise program is beneficial in the treatment of osteoarthritis. It can restore self-esteem and improve physical functioning.

The nurse is caring for a child diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. What finding should the nurse expect when assessing the child? Increased appetite Increased activity levels Weight loss Swelling around the eyes

Swelling around the eyes Nephrotic syndrome in children causes excess excretion of protein and retention of fluid, causing edema (around the eyes, feet, ankles) and weight gain. In this type of kidney disease, large amounts of protein are lost in the urine (proteinuria). Children may be more tired and irritable than usual.

A nurse is teaching about nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) to a group of clients diagnosed with arthritis. The nurse should emphasize which of these actions to minimize a side effect of these drugs? Continue to take aspirin for short-term pain relief Use alcohol in moderation when driving or operating heavy machinery Take the medication after meals or with food Report joint stiffness in the morning

Take the medication after meals or with food Taking NSAIDs after meals or with food should help to minimize gastric irritation. The client should also take the medication with a full glass of water and remain in an upright position for 15 to 30 minutes after administration. Clients should be cautioned to avoid concurrent use of aspirin or alcohol with these medications to minimize possible gastric irritation; three or more glasses of alcohol per day may increase the risk of GI bleeding.

The nurse is using the image below to explain and clarify information in teaching the client about a new colostomy. Based on this image, which of the following statements about the consistency of the drainage is correct?

The feces are semiformed to formed This is an image of a descending colostomy. The feces will be semiformed to formed because much of the water has already been absorbed.

The nurse is having a discussion with the parents of a newborn who was diagnosed with hypospadias. The nurse should communicate which point? The surgery may be performed in stages over a period of time The postoperative appearance of the penis will be normal Circumcision can be performed at any time The initial repair is delayed until six to eight years of age

The surgery may be performed in stages over a period of time Hypospadias is a condition in which the urethral opening is located on the ventral surface or the underside of the penis. Mild defects may be repaired in one procedure, while severe defects may require two or more procedures. It is corrected in stages as soon as the child can tolerate surgery and before the child turns school age.

A nurse is caring for a 10 year-old child who will be started on heparin therapy. Which assessment is critical for the nurse to make before initiating this therapy? Skin turgor Vital signs Weight Lung sounds

Weight Check the client's weight because the dosage for anticoagulants in children is calculated on the basis of weight.

The registered nurse is giving instructions to an unlicensed assistive person (UAP) regarding client care activities for the shift. Which directive provides the best information about the assigned tasks? "Stop by room 215 A and let me know how the new admission is doing and tell me if you need any help." "You will need to frequently take an oral temperature for the client in room 212 B today and report the results to me immediately if it is too high." "Beginning at 0800, empty the urinary catheter bag hourly for the client in room 210 A and write the amount with the time on the whiteboard." "Ambulate the client in room 214 A today and replace the sequential compression device (SCD) afterwards."

"Beginning at 0800, empty the urinary catheter bag hourly for the client in room 210 A and write the amount with the time on the whiteboard." When assigning tasks, directions must be clear, concise, correct and complete. Emptying the catheter bag and recording the amount hourly starting at 0800 meets these guidelines. The options related to ambulation and measuring the client's temperature are vague and incomplete. The option about the new admission is also vague and requires assessing the client; only nurses can assess clients.

The school nurse is teaching the faculty the most effective methods to prevent the spread of lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) in the school. The information that would be most important to include is reflected in which of these statements? "The treatment medication may require reapplication in 8 to 10 days." "Nit combs should be used to remove the eggs (nits) from your child's hair." "Children should not share hats, scarves and combs." "Bedding and clothing should be washed in hot water and dried in the dryer."

"Children should not share hats, scarves and combs." Head lice live only on human beings and can be spread easily by sharing hats, combs, scarves, coats and other items of clothing that touch the hair. All of the options are correct statements. However they do not best answer the question of how to prevent the spread of lice in a school setting.

The nurse is providing instructions for a client diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia. What is the most important information to convey to the client? "Complete all of the antibiotics, even if you feel better." "Take your temperature every day." "Take at least two weeks off from work." "You will need another chest x-ray in six weeks."

"Complete all of the antibiotics, even if you feel better." To avoid a recurrence of infection, the client must complete all of the prescribed medications at the prescribed dosing intervals. It should be explained to the client that it may take two weeks or more for his energy level to return to normal, but he may not necessarily need to be off of work for two weeks. The health care provider may order a follow-up CXR, but this is not the priority. It is also not important to take his temperature daily unless he experiences worsening symptoms (such as chills, shortness of breath, chest pain, night sweats.)

An unlicensed assistive person (UAP), who usually works in pediatrics, is reassigned to work on an adult medical-surgical unit. Which of these questions should the charge nurse ask prior to assigning nursing activities and tasks to the UAP? "Do you have your competency checklist that we can review?" "How long have you been a UAP?" "What type of client care did you give in pediatrics?" "How comfortable are you caring for adult clients?"

"Do you have your competency checklist that we can review?" The UAP must be competent to accept assigned task. Using a checklist is the most comprehensive and appropriate approach to determine the UAP's skill set. In order to assign the correct types of tasks to the UAP, you must further assess his/her qualifications. The length of time in a position does not guarantee competency. Client care in pediatrics may not necessarily be relevant on an adult unit. Finally, although the charge nurse should be sensitive to the UAP's feelings, this is not a priority when assigning tasks or activities.

Which statement by an older adult with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) indicates an understanding of the major reason to use pursed-lip breathing for episodes of dyspnea? "This position of my lips helps to keep my lungs open." "I can breathe better when I pucker up my lips because I can control how fast I breathe in and out." "I can breathe better using pursed-lip breathing because less air will be trapped in my chest." "My mouth doesn't get as dry when I breathe with pursed lips."

"I can breathe better using pursed-lip breathing because less air will be trapped in my chest." Clients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have difficulty exhaling fully as a result of air trapping in the alveoli due to the weakened alveolar walls from the disease process. Alveolar collapse can be avoided with the use of pursed-lip breathing, allowing the client to exhale more effectively. This technique facilitates appropriate gas exchange as carbon dioxide-rich air that has been trapped in the lungs is blown off, allowing oxygen-rich air to be inhaled. This is the major reason to use pursed-lip breathing. The other options are additional beneficial effects of this breathing technique.

A client is being discharged with a prescription for an iron supplement. What statement indicates a need for further teaching by the nurse? "I will have greenish-black stools from the medication." "I should not take antacids with my iron supplement." "I should take the iron supplement with a full glass of milk." "I should take vitamin C with the iron supplement."

"I should take the iron supplement with a full glass of milk." Iron should also be taken with vitamin C or orange juice because this increases the absorption of the medication; conversely, antacids, milk, caffeinated beverages, and calcium supplements can decrease the absorption of iron. Iron will cause the client's stool to turn greenish-black and tarry. Iron should be taken one hour before or two hours after meals to enhance absorption, although clients with GI intolerance may take the pills with food.

A staff nurse complains to the nurse manager that an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) consistently leaves the work area untidy and does not restock supplies. The initial response by the nurse manager should be which of these statements? "I would like for you to approach the UAP about the problem the next time it occurs." "I can assure you that I will look into the matter in due time." "I will add this concern to the agenda for the next unit meeting so we can discuss it." "I will arrange for a conference with you and the UAP within the next week"

"I would like for you to approach the UAP about the problem the next time it occurs." Part of the manager's role is to help the staff manage conflict among themselves. It is appropriate to urge the nurse to confront the other staff member to work out problems without a manager's intervention when possible. This is an approach at the first level of management. If the two staff members cannot resolve the issue then the manager would have a conference with the two staff to facilitate a negotiation for a win-win result.

The health care provider writes a new order for a fentanyl (Sublimaze) patch to manage the chronic pain experienced by the client in hospice care. The nurse is teaching a client and family members about the fentanyl patch and knows that teaching was effective when the client makes which of the following statements? (Select all that apply.) "I can soak in a hot tub to help decrease my pain." "I should cut up the patch before I throw it away so no one else can use it." "It may take up to a half day or longer for the patch to start working, the first time I use it." "If my pain is too great while I am on the patch, I can take a supplemental pain medication." "I will take the old patch off before I apply the new patch on."

"It may take up to a half day or longer for the patch to start working, the first time I use it." "If my pain is too great while I am on the patch, I can take a supplemental pain medication." "I will take the old patch off before I apply the new patch on." Fentanyl patches are slowly absorbed via the subcutaneous tissue at a predetermined rate for up to 72 hours. Due to the slow absorption rate, the first patch may take 12 to 24 hours before effective analgesia is felt; a short-acting opioid may be given for breakthrough pain. The client can shower or bathe with the patch, but it should not be exposed to heat (hot tubs, heating pads) because it speeds up the absorption of the medication. Old patches are removed and the new patch is applied to a different skin area. Old patches are disposed by folding the old patch in half, not by cutting them up and throwing them in the trash (which may be dangerous for people and pets).

The nurse is reviewing the list of new client admissions. For which of these clients should contact precautions be implemented? A 45 year-old diagnosed with pneumonia A 3 year-old diagnosed with scarlet fever A 6 year-old diagnosed with mononucleosis A 60 year-old diagnosed with herpes simplex

A 60 year-old diagnosed with herpes simplex In addition to standard precautions, clients with herpes simplex infections must have contact precautions implemented due to the associated, potentially weeping, skin lesions. The child with scarlet fever would be on droplet precautions. Precautions other than standard may need to be implemented for pneumonia, but the causative organism would need to be identified. There are no special precautions for mononucleosis.

To which nursing home resident could a nurse safely administer tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) without questioning the health care provider's order? A 65 year-old Asian-American female with mild hypertension An 85 year-old Caucasian male with narrow-angle glaucoma An Hispanic female with coronary artery disease (CAD) An African-American male with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

A 65 year-old Asian-American female with mild hypertension Tricyclics can be safely administered to the hypertensive client. The expected anticholinergic effects of tricyclic antidepressants include difficulty in urination, which is why TCAs are contraindicated with BPH. TCAs are also contraindicated in narrow-angle glaucoma (they can cause elevated pressure in the eyes) and for certain heart abnormalities.

Several clients are admitted to an adult medical unit. For which client condition(s) would the nurse institute airborne precautions? A positive purified protein derivative (PPD) test with an abnormal chest x-ray A tentative diagnosis of viral pneumonia with productive brown sputum Autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with cytomegalovirus (CMV) Advanced carcinoma of the lung with hemoptysis mixed with a yellow tinge

A positive purified protein derivative (PPD) test with an abnormal chest x-ray The client who must be placed in airborne precautions is the client with the findings that suggest a suspicious tuberculin lesion. A sputum smear for acid-fast bacillus would be done next. CMV usually causes no signs or symptoms in children and adults with healthy immune systems. Good handwashing is recommended for CMV. When findings do occur, they are often similar to those of mononucleosis, including sore throat, fever, muscle aches and fatigue.

The nurse is preparing a client and her healthy newborn for discharge. The nurse provides information about hormonal effects in newborns and tells the client to expect which of the following conditions in her baby? Edema of the scrotum Gynecomastia Mongolian spots Lanugo

Gynecomastia Exposure to maternal hormones in utero may cause temporary conditions in the newborn. About three days after birth, both newborn boys and girls may experience swelling of the breasts as a result of the withdrawal of maternal estrogen. This should go away by the second week after birth.

A nurse is assessing a healthy child at the two-year check up. Which finding should the nurse report immediately to the health care provider? Growth pattern appears to have slowed Height and weight percentiles vary widely Short-term weight changes are uneven Recumbent and standing height are different

Height and weight percentiles vary widely On the growth curve, height and weight should be close in percentiles at this age. A wide difference may indicate a problem.

The parents of a 2 year-old child report that the child has been holding the breath during temper tantrums. What is an appropriate approach for the response by a nurse? Recommend that the parents give in when the child holds the breath to prevent anoxia Advise the parents to ignore breath holding because breathing will begin as a reflex Instruct the parents on how to reason with the child about possible harmful effects Teach the parents how to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Advise the parents to ignore breath holding because breathing will begin as a reflex If temper tantrums are accompanied by breath holding, the parents need to know that this behavior will not result in harm to the child. Ignoring the breath holding is the best response to this benign behavior.

The nurse works in the pediatric emergency department. In which situation would a child be treated by using enemas followed by an antitoxin? A school-aged child who has swallowed a handful of iron-fortified vitamins A toddler who has eaten an undetermined number of ibuprofen tablets A preschooler who bit into a laundry detergent pod An infant who is diagnosed with botulism

An infant who is diagnosed with botulism Food-borne botulism can be treated by removing whatever contaminated food is in the stomach by using enemas (or by inducing vomiting) and administering a Botulinum antitoxin. Children with iron poisoning and who are breathing normally can be given a strong laxative fluid; severe poisonings require IV chelation therapy. For NSAID poisoning, sometimes activated charcoal is given (usually within 1 hour of ingestion); massive overdoses may require orogastric lavage because there is no specific antidote for ibuprofen. Since laundry detergent is an alkaline substance, the most commonly used therapy is dilution/irrigation/wash, especially for burns to the skin and eyes. Tracheal intubation with ventilation may be required if the child swallowed the laundry detergent.

The charge nurse is planning assignments on a surgical unit. A client with which need could be assigned to an unlicensed assistive person (UAP)? Review dietary needs with client prior to transfer to long-term care facility Change post-op hip dressing after removal of a drainage tube Assist with meals and monitor ability to swallow following a mild stroke Apply compression stockings and ambulate in hall three times a day

Apply compression stockings and ambulate in hall three times a day UAP can be assigned routine tasks that have predictable outcomes. Many of the tasks a UAP can do involve activities of daily living (ADLs), such as personal hygiene (shaving, bathing, oral hygiene, hair care and toileting), assisting with dietary needs, and measuring vital signs. Sometimes a UAP may be allowed to change a dry, nonsterile dressing. Although UAP routinely assist clients with delivering and setting up food trays, UAP cannot assess a client's ability to swallow. Client teaching prior to discharge is a nursing responsibility.

A 35-year-old client of Puerto Rican-American descent is diagnosed with ovarian cancer. The client states, "I refuse both radiation and chemotherapy because they are 'hot.'" Which action should the nurse take next? Ask the client to talk about concerns regarding "hot" treatments Report the situation to the health care provider Document the situation and client response in the notes Talk with the client's family about the situation

Ask the client to talk about concerns regarding "hot" treatments In Hispanic folk medicine, it is believed that disease is caused by an imbalance between hot and cold principles. Health is maintained by avoiding exposure to extreme temperatures and by consuming appropriate foods and beverages. Examples of "hot" diseases or states include pregnancy, hypertension, diabetes and indigestion. "Cold" diseases include pneumonia. These designations are symbolic and do not necessarily indicate temperature or spiciness. Care and treatment regimens can often be negotiated with clients within this framework. Also note that the correct response is the best answer because it is client-centered.

Postoperative orders for a client who had a mitral valve replacement include monitoring pulmonary artery pressure together with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure with a pulmonary artery catheter. What is the purpose of these actions by a nurse? Determine the changes in an acid-base balance Establish coronary artery stability Assess the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure Compare the right ventricular pressures

Assess the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is reflective of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Pulmonary artery pressures are an assessment tool used to determine the ability of the heart to receive and pump blood effectively.

A nurse is caring for a client in the coronary care unit. The display on the cardiac monitor indicates ventricular fibrillation. What should the nurse do first? Initiate CPR Assess the pulse Perform defibrillation Assess the level of consciousness

Assess the level of consciousness Artifact (interference) can mimic ventricular fibrillation on a cardiac monitor. Always treat the patient, not the monitor. If the client is truly in ventricular fibrillation the client will be unresponsive and no pulse will be present. The standard of care is to verify the monitor display with an assessment of the client's level of consciousness, shaking and shouting to arouse followed by a carotid pulse check. If the client is unresponsive without a pulse in ventricular fibrillation, the most effective treatment will be electricity or defibrillation. This should be the priority, supplementing circulation using chest compressions until the defibrillator is set up and ready to deliver the shock.

The client is using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, to manage arthritis pain. The nurse should caution the client about which common side effect? Urinary incontinence Nystagmus Constipation Occult bleeding

Occult bleeding Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) taken for long periods of time may cause serious side effects, including bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. Clients should be instructed to take the medication with meals if stomach upset occurs. To avoid esophageal irritation, the client should take the drug with a full glass of water and to avoid lying down for 30 to 60 minutes after taking a dose.

A client with schizophrenia receives haloperidol 5 mg three times a day. The client's family is alarmed and calls the clinic nurse when "his eyes rolled upward." The nurse should recognize this finding as what type of side effect? Dysphagia Nystagmus Tardive dyskinesia Oculogyric crisis

Oculogyric crisis This refers to involuntary muscles spasm of the eye. There are medications to treat such side effects, for example trihexyphenidyl or benztropine.

Upon entering an adult client's room, the client is found to be unresponsive. After calling for help, what is the next action that should be taken by the nurse? Give two rescue breaths Deliver five abdominal thrusts Maintain an open airway Check for a carotid pulse

Check for a carotid pulse According to the American Heart Association's basic life support, the first step after determining a victim is unresponsive is to call for help. The next step is to check for a pulse (for no more than 10 seconds). If there is no pulse, the rescuer should begin CPR (30 chest compressions followed by 2 ventilations).

The registered nurse (RN) needs to make assignment for the unlicensed assistive persons (UAP). Which activity should the RN ask the UAP to perform? Adjust the rate of a gastric tube feeding Check the blood pressure of a two-hour postoperative client Ask a client receiving chemotherapy about pain Record a history on a newly admitted client

Check the blood pressure of a two-hour postoperative client UAPs must be assigned tasks that are routine, have expected outcomes and require no nursing judgment or decision-making situations. Vital signs on stable clients are commonly assigned to unlicensed staff.

A nurse is reviewing with a client how to collect a clean catch urine specimen. What is the appropriate sequence to teach the client? Clean the meatus, then urinate into the container Clean the meatus, begin voiding, then catch urine stream Void a little, clean the meatus, then collect specimen Void continuously and catch some of the urine midstream

Clean the meatus, begin voiding, then catch urine stream A clean catch urine is difficult to obtain and requires clear directions. Instructing the client to carefully clean the meatus, then void naturally with a steady stream prevents surface bacteria from contaminating the urine specimen. As starting and stopping flow can be difficult, once the client begins voiding it's best to just slip the container into the stream. Other responses do not reflect correct techniques.

The nurse is caring for a client who had a closed reduction of a fractured right wrist followed by the application of a fiberglass cast 12 hours ago. Which finding requires the nurse's immediate attention? Client reports burning and tingling in the right hand and arm Slight swelling of fingers of right hand Skin warm to touch and normally colored Capillary refill of fingers on right hand is about three seconds

Client reports burning and tingling in the right hand and arm Burning and tingling as well as intense pain out of proportion to the injury may be an indication of compartment syndrome, requiring immediate action by the nurse to prevent permanent muscle damage. The other findings are normal for a client in this situation.

The nurse is applying silver sulfadiazine topical to severe burns on the arms and legs of an adult. Which side effect should the nurse monitor for? Decreased neutrophils Hardened eschar Skin discoloration Increased neutrophils

Decreased neutrophils Silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) is a broad spectrum antimicrobial and is especially effective against pseudomonas. When applied to extensive areas, however, it may cause a transient neutropenia, a decrease in neutrophils, as well as renal function changes with sulfa crystal production and kernicterus.

During an initial home visit, a nurse is discussing with family members the care of their 86 year-old mother who is newly diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Which of these interventions would be most helpful at this time? List actions to improve the client's daily nutritional intake Leave a book about relaxation techniques Write out a daily exercise routine for them to assist the client to do Discuss communication strategies to try using with the client

Discuss communication strategies to try using with the client Alzheimer's disease is a progressive chronic illness. Communication between caregivers and clients can be some of the most challenging issues. At this initial visit a nurse can help the family to know when to use communication strategies to enhance their ability to relate to the client. By use of select verbal and nonverbal communication strategies, the family can best support the client's strengths and cope with any aberrant behavior. The other actions are more specific and should be addressed when the need arises.

A client with heart failure is newly referred to a home health care team. The nurse discovers that the client has not been following the prescribed diet. What should be the appropriate nursing action? Discuss diet with the client to learn the reasons for not following the diet Discharge the client from home health care because of noncompliance Notify the provider of the client's failure to follow prescribed diet Make a referral to Meals-on-Wheels for a weekly delivery of a proper meal

Discuss diet with the client to learn the reasons for not following the diet When new problems are identified during client care, it is important for the nurse to collect accurate assessment data. This means that the nurse should go to the client first. Before reporting information to a health care provider, the nurse should have a complete collection of information such as an understanding of the client's behavior and feelings as a basis for future teaching and intervention.

A client continually repeats phrases that others have just said. The nurse should document this behavior as which term? Autistic Echopraxis Echolalia Catatonia

Echolalia Echolalia is repeating words or phrases heard before. Catatonic behavior is defined as that of extreme inactivity or activity that's disconnected from the environment or encounters with other people. Catatonic behaviors are associated with autism and schizophrenia. Autism is one of a group of serious developmental problems called autism spectrum disorders (ASD) that appear in early childhood — usually before age three. Although symptoms and severity vary, all autism disorders affect a child's ability to communicate and interact with others. Echopraxis is the the involuntary imitation of the actions of others.

A nurse is caring for a 13 year-old after a spinal fusion to treat scoliosis. Which nursing intervention is appropriate in the immediate postoperative period? (Select all that apply.) Maintain bedrest with the head of the bed elevated at least 30 degrees Assist the client to stand and walk to the bathroom as needed Encourage passive leg and ankle exercises Position the client flat in bed and logroll every 2 to 4 hours Encourage use of patient-controlled analgesia Perform neurovascular checks every 8 hours

Encourage passive leg and ankle exercises Position the client flat in bed and logroll every 2 to 4 hours Encourage use of patient-controlled analgesia The client should remain flat in bed for at least 6 hours and turned from side to side every 2 to 4 hours. The day after surgery, the client can sit up in bed a few times; the client will get out of bed to sit in a chair on the second or third day after surgery. Clients should be encouraged to perform isometric exercises right after surgery. Neuro checks will be performed every 2 hours for the first 24 hours.

A client diagnosed with schizophrenia, talks animatedly and the nursing staff are unable to understand what the client is attempting to communicate. The client is observed mumbling to self and speaking to the radio. A desirable outcome for this client's care should be which of these behaviors? Engages in meaningful and understandable verbal communication Expresses feelings appropriately through verbal interactions Interprets accurately the events and behaviors of others Demonstrates improved social relationships within the unit

Engages in meaningful and understandable verbal communication An outcome should be related to the medical diagnosis and supporting data. The client's exhibited behaviors support a nursing diagnosis of impaired verbal communication deficit. No information is presented related to feelings or to thinking processes. Disorganized verbalizations are typically taken to indicate disorganized thinking.

The nurse is preparing a client diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) for a venous doppler evaluation. Which of these actions should be necessary to prepare the client for this test? Determine if the client has any allergies to the contrast material Ask client not to eat or drink anything after midnight Administer a sedating medication prior to the test Ensure the client is wearing a hospital gown prior to the test

Ensure the client is wearing a hospital gown prior to the test A venous doppler examination uses ultrasound to create a 2-dimensional picture of the veins in the legs. The purpose is to detect blood clots. This is a noninvasive test and does not require sedation; a venography would require injecting contrast material into a vein. The client may eat or drink prior to the test.

During a nursing staff meeting, there is discussion of perceived inequities in weekend staff assignments. As a follow-up, the nurse manager should initially take which action? Help staff see the complexity of issues Facilitate creative thinking about staffing Allow the staff to change assignments Clarify reasons for current assignments

Facilitate creative thinking about staffing The manager, as a change agent, can facilitate the staff's solving the problem. Referred to as the "moving phase" of Lewin's change theory, the problem is first viewed from a different perspective and a variety of solutions are examined and decided upon; a new approach for weekend assignments can then be tried out.

A client initially experiences a large local reaction with swelling of the entire leg after being stung by a bee. A concerned family member drives the client to the emergency department. The client is now having difficulty breathing and has swelling of the tongue. Which of the following medications should be administered first? Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) IV Albuterol (Proventil) inhaler Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) subQ Epinephrine (Adrenaline) IV

Epinephrine (Adrenaline) IV Difficulty breathing and swelling of the face, eyes or tongue are severe and life-threatening allergic reactions to the allergen. Epinephrine, 0.3-0.5 mL of a 1:1000 solution may be administered IM but airway obstruction due to angioedema, respiratory compromise due to bronchospasm, or circulatory collapse (or combination of these 3 conditions) requires IV administration. The other medications are more appropriate for mild-to-moderate distress: antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine or hydroxyzine, or oral steroids can help reduce the severity of the itching and albuterol may be used for treatment of bronchospasm without obstruction.

A 14 month-old child ingested half a bottle of aspirin tablets. Which finding should the nurse expect to see in this child? Dyspnea Hypothermia Edema Epistaxis

Epistaxis A large dose of aspirin inhibits prothrombin formation and lowers platelet levels. With an overdose, clotting time is prolonged. Spontaneous bleeding often occurs from the nose or mucous membranes in the mouth.

The nurse is working to improve relationships with clients. To establish the feeling of trust in a nurse-client relationship, the nurse should exhibit which of the following qualities? Flexibility and kindness Confidence and optimism Sympathy and understanding Honesty and consistency

Honesty and consistency The client needs to understand that the nurse-client relationship will be safe, confidential, reliable, and consistent, with appropriate and clear boundaries. The relationship must always be focused on the client's problem and needs. Developing a positive relationship is one of the best predictors of outcomes in therapy.

An infant has just had a pyloromyotomy. Initial postoperative nursing care would include which of these approaches? Intravenous fluids for three to four days Bland diet appropriate for age NPO then glucose and electrolyte solutions Formula or breast milk as tolerated

NPO then glucose and electrolyte solutions Pyloric stenosis is caused when a muscle between the stomach and duodenum grows too large and thick, blocking food from being pushed from the stomach into the duodenum. During a pyloromyotomy, the surgeon cuts through the thickened muscle. Postoperatively, the initial feedings for infants are small quantities of clear liquids, such as glucose water or water with electrolytes in it. If the infant tolerates clear liquids, caregivers will give watered-down breast milk or formula; feedings are then advanced to regular breast milk or formula.

The nurse is assessing a child with suspected lead poisoning. Which assessment should a nurse expect to find? Auditory wheezes with expiration Numbness and tingling in feet Excessive perspiration A history of difficulty sleeping

Numbness and tingling in feet A child who has unusual neurologic complaints, such as neuropathy or footdrop that cannot be attributed to other causes, may be affected by lead poisoning. This may occur when a child ingests or inhales paint chips from lead-based paint or dust during remodeling in older buildings. Other findings of lead poisoning are appearance of bluish gum line, hyperactivity and developmental delays.

A nurse is caring for a client with extracellular fluid volume deficit. Which assessment would the nurse anticipate finding? Rapid respirations Bounding pulse Oliguria Distended neck veins

Oliguria Kidneys maintain fluid volume through adjustments in urine volume. When clients are dehydrated the kidney will conserve fluid and the urine output will be decreased.

A newborn presents with a pronounced cephalohematoma after a birth in the posterior position. Which nursing diagnosis should guide the plan of care? Injury related to intracranial hemorrhage Impaired mobility related to bleeding Parental anxiety related to knowledge deficit Pain related to periosteal injury

Parental anxiety related to knowledge deficit This hematoma is caused by pressure and/or trauma during labor; it is often caused by forceps used in the delivery. This painless condition is usually benign and resolves on its own in four to six weeks. The swelling does not cross the suture lines. Parental anxiety must be addressed by listening to their fears and explaining the nature of this common alteration.

The nurse is caring for a client who has a wound on the leg from a motorcycle accident. During a home visit, the nurse should use which assessment parameter as an indication that this client is experiencing normal wound healing? Pebbled red tissue in the wound base Eschar over the surface White patches on the outside edges Green drainage from the center

Pebbled red tissue in the wound base As the wound granulates, pebbled red tissue in the wound base indicates healing. Any of the other findings would indicate that the wound was not healing properly.

The nurse is assessing a client who sustained multiple fractures, contusions, and lacerations in a motor vehicle accident three days ago. The client suddenly becomes confused. Which of the following findings would support the nurse's suspicion that the client has developed a fat embolism? (Select all that apply.) Hypertension Petechiae on the upper anterior chest Elevated temperature Dyspnea Low oxygen saturation

Petechiae on the upper anterior chest Elevated temperature Dyspnea Low oxygen saturation Manifestations of acute confusion, hypoxia, fever and hypotension may indicate fat embolism in a client who has sustained multiple fractures, particularly fractures of the long bones. The occlusion of dermal capillaries by fat with increased friability of the capillaries can result in skin petechiae. This is most common on the chest, neck, upper arm, axilla, shoulder, oral mucous membranes and conjunctiva.

A client is treated in the emergency department for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and a glucose level of 650 mg/dL (36 mmol/L). The nurse would expect which serum lab value to be altered as a result of therapy associated with the client's condition? Magnesium Creatinine Calcium Potassium

Potassium Potassium is lost in diabetic ketoacidosis during rehydration and insulin administration. Initial laboratory studies for DKA would include blood test for glucose and serum electrolytes every 1-2 hours until the client is stable; initial blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and initial arterial blood gas (ABG) measurements are also ordered. Repeat potassium and glucose (and sometimes phosphorus) are critical during treatment. An ECG may be used to assess the cardiac effects of extremes in potassium levels.

The nurse manager interviews several nurses for a staff position and the best qualified nurse is one with a sensory impairment. To better understand the issue of accommodations needed for this nurse, the nurse manager meets with the director of human resources. Which approach is suggested for the nurse manager? Make every necessary accommodation for the nurse with the disability Maintain an environment that's free from associated hazards Provide reasonable accommodations for the nurse with the disability Don't offer the position to the nurse with the disability due to financial burden

Provide reasonable accommodations for the nurse with the disability In the U.S., for example, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is designed to permit individuals with motor, cognitive, psychiatric or sensory impairment access to job opportunities. Employers must evaluate an applicant's ability to perform the job on a case-by-case basis; however, employers cannot discriminate on the basis of a disability. Employers are required to make "reasonable accommodations."

A nurse is caring for a client with a new order for bupropion hydrochloride for treatment of depression. The order reads "Wellbutrin 175 mg twice a day for four days." What is the appropriate action? Observe the client for mood swings Question this medication dose Monitor neurologic signs frequently Give the medication as ordered

Question this medication dose Bupropion should be started at 100 mg twice a day for three days then increased to 150 mg twice a day. When used for depression, it may take up to four weeks for effective results. Common side effects are dry mouth, headache and agitation. Doses should be administered in equally spaced time increments throughout the day to minimize the risk of seizures.

A client who is diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver is started on lactulose. What should the nurse understand about the main action of the drug? Control portal hypertension Add dietary fiber Stimulate peristalsis Reduce ammonia levels

Reduce ammonia levels Lactulose (Kristalose) is a synthetic disaccharide that can be given orally or rectally. It blocks the absorption and production of ammonia from the gastrointestinal tract and secondarily stimulates bowel elimination (with the goal of two to four diarrhea stools per day). Lactulose is used to prevent portal-systemic encephalopathy.

A nurse has asked the second staff nurse to sign for a wasted narcotic, which was not witnessed by another person. What should be an appropriate initial action? Counsel the colleague about the risky behaviors Report this immediately to the nurse manager Confront the nurse about the suspected drug use Sign the narcotic sheet and document the event in an incident report

Report this immediately to the nurse manager The incident must be reported to the appropriate manager, for both ethical and legal reasons. This is not an incident that a coworker can resolve without referral to a manager.

The nurse is teaching a client about an oral hypoglycemic medication. The nurse should place primary emphasis on which of the following points? Increasing the dosage based on blood glucose Distinguishing hypoglycemia from hyperglycemia Recognizing the findings of toxicity Taking the medication at specified times

Taking the medication at specified times A regular interval between doses should be maintained because oral hypoglycemics stimulate the islets of Langerhans to produce insulin. The other actions would be discussed after this point.

The charge nurse assigns the unlicensed assistive person (UAP) to measure vital signs. Despite written and verbal instructions not to take the blood pressure on the left arm of a client who is 48 hours postmastectomy, the charge nurse later observes a blood pressure cuff on that client's left arm. Which of these statements is accurate about this situation? The charge nurse has no accountability for this situation The UAP is covered by the charge nurse's license The charge nurse did not appropriately make assignments The UAP is responsible for following instructions given by the charge nurse

The UAP is responsible for following instructions given by the charge nurse The UAP is responsible for carrying out the activity correctly once directions have been clearly communicated both verbally and in writing. The licensed nurse retains accountability for the delegation and is responsible for tasks assigned to the UAP. However, the UAP is not covered under the nurse's license.

The client is prescribed a new antipsychotic medication. The nurse is teaching a client about the medication and possible side effects, including tardive dyskinesia (TD). Which statement is true about tardive dyskinesia? The high fever, sweating and muscle stiffness will last about one week TD occurs within minutes of the first dose of any antipsychotic drug The longer someone is treated with an antipsychotic medication, the higher the risk for developing TD Almost every client treated with antipsychotic medications will eventually develop TD

The longer someone is treated with an antipsychotic medication, the higher the risk for developing TD The symptoms of tardive dyskinesia (TD) are characterized by random movements of different muscles and the tongue, lips or jaw. Longer treatment with antipsychotic medication, being female, being African American or Asian American are common risk factors for developing TD. Research shows that the overall risk of developing TD is about 30-50%. Decreasing the dose of the antipsychotic or switching antipsychotic medication can help, but there is no cure. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare and potentially life-threatening reaction to antipsychotic medications, when the client presents with hyperthermia, rigidity and autonomic dysregulation (hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, agitation, diaphoresis).

A client is about to undergo a plaster cast application. Prior to the cast application, the nurse should be sure to include what teaching point in the discussion? The wet cast should be handled with the palms of hands until fully dry The cast material will be dipped several times into the tepid water The casted extremity will be placed on a cloth-covered surface The cast should be covered with cotton material until it fully dries

The wet cast should be handled with the palms of hands until fully dry The cast will be handled with the palms of the hands and need to be lifted at two points of the extremity while it is drying. This will prevent stress of the injury and pressure indentation areas on the cast. The cast should be uncovered and be placed on a firm surface.

The nurse is talking with the family of an 18 month-old toddler who is newly diagnosed with retinoblastoma. Which point is a priority when discussing this diagnosis with the parents? Suggest that total blindness may follow surgery Prepare them for their child's permanent disfigurement There is a need for genetic counseling Inform them that even aggressive treatment is usually ineffective

There is a need for genetic counseling Aggressive treatment of retinoblastoma can be effective. If the tumor does not respond to chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, the eye may need to be removed; however, that does not necessarily mean the child will be permanently disfigured. Regardless, the oncologist is the person who will discuss treatment options and anticipated outcomes with the parents. The parents should be prepared for the effects of the cancer on their child, but they should also understand that retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that runs in families and there is a high risk for future offspring to be affected.