Russia

When was most of Russia freed from the Tatars by Ivan the III (Ivan the Great)

1462

When was the life of Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)?

1533-1584

When was the Russian expansion in central Asia, western Siberia?

1552-1566

What did Ivan III (Ivan the Great) do?

Helped Russia become free from the Mongols. He created a strong military, by 1480 Moscow free of Mongol payment and soon gained territory from Polish Lithuanian kingdom to the Ural Mountains.

Which of the following was NOT one of Peter the Great's political reforms?

Reduction of taxes on the peasantry.

Did Western countries that boarded Russia have more similarities that tended to be more like the West or Russia?

The West.

Following the death of Ivan IV, Russian boyars attempted to limit starts autocracy and gain governing rights for themselves during the

Time of Troubles.

When was the Time of troubles?

1604-1613

When was the Romanov dynasty?

1613-1917

When was the reign of Peter the Great?

1689-1725

When was St. Petersburg founded?

1703

When was the reign of Catherine the Great?

1762-1796

When was the Pugachev revolt?

1773-1775

What did Alexis Romanov, Michael's successor do?

Abolished assemblies of nobles and gained new powers in catholic church. Dissident religious conservatives called Old Believers were exiled to Siberia or to southern Russia where they maintained their religion and extended Russia's colonizing activities.

What did Tsars realize?

Added carefully managed western Europe contacts, realized Russia's cultural and economic subordination to the Mongols put Russia at a disadvantage.

Who was Catherine the Great? What did she do?

After Peter III died his wife Catherine the Great ruled Russia as Catherine II (1726-1796) Catherine defended powers of central monarch, put down a vigorous peasant uprising, and used the Pugachev rebellion as an excuse to extend powers of the central government in regional affairs. Catherine's reign combined genuine enlightenment interests with her need o consolidate powers as a true Russian ruler. Her marriage life was horrible and she hated her son Tsar Paul I. Like Peter the Great, Catherine was a selective westernizer, tried to encourage french enlightenment. Catherine was a centralizer and an advocate for a strong tsarist hand. Catherine gave more power to nobles serving a strong central government. However, landlords could place taxes on goods and land making profit less. Increased harshness of punishment nobles could give to peasants. Catherine patronized Western-style art and architecture, wanted to increase art like west, but limited actual western influence. During French Revolution, Catherine cut off Russia's doors. Catherine continued Russia's expansion by continuing complain with Ottomans and winning new territory in Central Asia including Crimea. Catherine accelerated colonization in Russia's holdings in Serbia and encourage further exploration. Catherine then played "power politics" with the West, risking war. Russia was successfully in with Austria in the Partition of Poland making Poland not an independent state. By Catherine's death in 1796 Russia won independence and created a strong central state, brought new elements into Russia's culture and economy and starting borrowing from the west.

Why did Ivan the Great marry the last Byzantine emperor?

As an attempt to control the Orthodox churches.

Compared to Western governments, how great a role did the Russian government play in economic development?

Because of the absence of a merchant class, the Russian government played a greater role than was common in Western states.

What was Catherine the Great's attitude toward the program of Westernization?

Catherine flirted vigorously with the ideas of French Enlightenment, but failed to take steps to abolish serfdom.

What did independence from the Mongols cause or Russia?

Caused Russia to possibly go back to it's old habits. Russia became dependent on agriculture, economy weakened, most people christians, and power was still heavily in local princes.

Explain trade and economic dependence in Russia.

Cities were small with 95% of population living in rural areas. Most manufacturing done in country side, while government ties to encourage non noble bureaucrats and professionals. No well-defined aristocrat class. Nobles prevented a substantial merchant class. Russia's economic system worked well by allowing Russia to trade, expand, export materials, increased population, strengthen military. However, agriculture was based on traditional methods with little motivation for improvement, manufacturing lagged behind western standards.

What did Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) do during his reign?

Continued Russian expansion and placed greater emphasis on controlling the starts autocracy, caused him to kill many boyars.

What happened after Peter the Great's death in 1724?

Death of Perter the Great in 1724 was followed by several decades of weak rule. Russian explorations in Serbia and clashed with Ottomans continued.

Explain Russia's pattern of expansion during the reign of Ivan III and IV?

Expansion policy focused on central Asia with a motivation to push former Mongol overlords farther back. Ivan III and IV recruited peasants to migrate to new captured territories Peasant recruits were cossacks which combined agriculture with military strengths on horseback. In 16th century, Cossacks conquered Caspian Sea area and western Siberia across the Urals Expansion allowed nobles to be rewarded land for estates, slaves worked on estates (not as extensive as North America). Expansions made Russia a diverse empire with many cultures Large Muslim minority provide important

Russia's emergence as a nw power in eastern Europe and central Asia initial depended on what?

Freedom of the Mongol (tatar) rule.

Which of the following areas was NOT colonies or claimed by the Russian empire during the reign of Catherine the Great?

Greece

What did the Eclipse of Poland highlight?

Highlighted Russian emergence of the Europeans was well as the Eurasian stage.

Explain Serfdom in the 17th and 18th centuries.

In 17th and 18th centuries noble power over the serfs increased steadily. Before Mongols, Russian peasants were mostly free and more superior than Medieval Europe. After Mongols, many peasants went into debt, lived on land but did not own it. Seldom satisfied the nobility and allowed the state to regulate peasants when government lacked bureaucratic means. 16th century onward By 1800, half or Russia's peasantry was ensured to landlords. Laws in 17th and 18th centuries increased legal rights of landlords. People born as serfs would be a serf their entire life. Russia serf system close to slavey. Surfs could be bought, sold, exchanged and punished by masters. Increased serf and estate agriculture reflected eastern Europe's growing economic subordination. Coerced labor used to sell grain surplus to Westerners. Serfs were taxed and placed by landlords. Peasants had village government were not slaves but were poor and lived hard lives.

What was the impact of early Russian expansion on central Asia?

Independent central Asia, the source of nomadic cultures and invasion forces was eliminated.

Did did Tsar's import to redesign Russian building and culture by using modified Renaissance styles.

Italian artists and architects.

What lead to the Time of Troubles?

Ivan's death without a heir and Swedish and Polish attacks.

What was one of the primary limitations on the expansion of the agricultural economy?

Lack of technological improvement.

Which of the following was NOT a form of contact with the West during the reigns of the Ivans?

Military alliance were signed with Spain and Portugal.

Why were nobles a vital position in Russia from great estates?

Nobles were a vital position in Russia from great estates, local political power, and service to the state. Lifestyle less rich, divided between smaller land owners and great magnates.

Who was Peter the I (Peter the Great)? What did he do?

Peter I continued to build up tsarist control and expand Russia territory, wanted to change some of culture and economic with western forms, worked with the west Peter I was an autocrat, wanted absolute monarchy, strengthen central government and extended earlier bureaucrat recruiting policy, set up secret policy and organized stronger military. Peter I attacked Ottoman Empire but failed, gained eastern coast of Baltic Sea creating ice free ports. Russia moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg Russia was now a large part of diplomatic and power in Europe Peter I concentrated on political organization, selected economic development, and cultural change. Peter changed political system by more well-defined military hierarchy, specializing bureaucratic departments, created first Russian navy, eliminated old noble councils, and appointed provisional governors. Peter's economic system focused on building up mining industries, and creating a large industrial class, Landlords rewarded for using serf labor. Peter's culture goal was to make Russia more respectable in Western eyes, abolished marriage practice to make men have more power over women, encouraged upper-class women to wear westernized clothing, eager to cut off Russian elite from traditions to enhance state power, male nobles shave off beards, wear western clothes, and changed some clothing, also founded scientific and education institutions, started christmas tree use. Peter wanted economic strength to help military not commercial goals, his changes were selective.

In what way did Peter the Great shift the foreign policy interests of Russia?

Peter's wars with the Ottoman Empire and Sweden indicated a western shift in Russian expansion.

What did first Ramona, Michael do?

Reestablished internal order without much difficulty, drove out foreign invaders and resumed expansion.

Explain the social unrest in Russia during the 1600's and 1700's

Russia economic and social system lead to protest. Peasant revolts and Raishev (western-oriented aristocrats) criticized the regime's backwardness, urging to ban serfdom. Pugachev was a cossack chieftain who claimed to be the legitimate tsar that promised to end serfdom, taxation, and military conscription. Putative was literally cut into pieces in a public square.

What was the state of the Russian economy immediately after the expulsion of the Mongols in the 15th century?

Russia had become a more purely agricultural economy, dependent on peasant labor.

What was one of the primary differences between the social organization of the West and Russia in the 17th and 18th centuries?

Russia saw a progressive intensification of serfdom while the West was relaxing this institution in favor of other labor systems.

Which of the following is NOT inkdicitivite of Russia's growing economic dependance on the West during the 18th century?

Self-sufficency in metals and weapons.

Why did Russia expansion policy focus particularly on central Asia?

The Russians were motivated by a desire to push the former Mongol overlord back to prevent renewed invasion.

How did the Polish government differ from the Russian model after 1600?

The central government was powerless.

What was the relationship between Catherine the Great's government and local administration?

The tsarist government combined a real monopoly of formal politics by a central administration, but had little power over the noble-owned estates.

What was the purpose of Peter the Great's policy of economic development?

To avoid the need of importing military armaments.

Which of the following was NOT an accomplishment of Tsar Michael?

Updating practices in the Orthodox Church

What was the limitation of Peter of Great's policies of cultural Westernization?

Westernization was limited to the elite.

What was westernization intended to do? Did all Russians support it?

Westernization was to encourage new autocratic state not challenge it with new political ides; however, many Russians were against westernization.

By end of 17th century, was Russia a great land empire. Did Russia still depend on agriculture?

Yes

Was Ivan III eager to launch diplomatic missions? Did Ivan IV establish trading connections with Britain, trading raw materials and fur for manufactured products?

Yes

Eastern Europe shared with Russia all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

the development of empire.

Ivan IV, called Ivan the Terrible,

wished to confirm tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of boyars.