sample test ch5

"If domestic gas prices rise to $5 per gallon, conservation will increase, alternative fuels will be developed, and energy efficiency and our quality of life will improve." This view is consistent with ________ economics. A) environmental B) neoclassical C) subsistence D) social E) anarchic

A) environmental

The entire environmental policy process ________. A) includes more steps than the average citizen is able to accomplish alone B) can be accomplished by anyone acting alone C) is only accessible to wealthy individuals D) can only be completed by the major political parties E) can only be completed by paid political lobbyists

A) includes more steps than the average citizen is able to accomplish alone

The UNEP ________. A) is the environmental arm of the United Nations B) has a mission of economic development C) has three subsections that govern international laws, treaties, and regulations D) is a federal agency based in Washington, D.C. E) is primarily concerned with the education of children on environmental issues

A) is the environmental arm of the United Nations

In recent decades a great deal of scientific research and observation has been funded and published by commercial and corporate interests. Since this science may not have to pass the peer review process and may have motives for biased reporting, it could be included in the diagram as ________. A) lobbying by the private sector B) a new means of establishing government environmental policies C) lobbying by the public sector D) a box between "information and analysis" and "government" E) a box above and pointing to the one titled "natural and social sciences"

A) lobbying by the private sector

Legislation passed by Congress is known as ________. A) statutory law B) case law C) mandatory law D) environmental law E) utilitarian law

A) statutory law

Lobbying, legal action and campaign funding are all means used by ________ to influence governmental environmental policies. A) the public sector B) social science studies C) the scientific community D) the judicial branch of government E) the legislative branch

A) the public sector

The first national park in the world was ________. A) Yosemite B) Yellowstone C) Grand Canyon D) Glacier National Park E) Death Valley

B) Yellowstone

The sewage found in the Tijuana river watershed was/is ________. A) caused primarily by Mexican-owned maquiladoras B) a transboundary problem C) caused by the pressure on American companies to hire American workers D) easy to legislate once the causes were found E) dramatically improved once subsidies were in place

B) a transboundary problem

Critics of the World Trade Organization ________. A) charge that it gives too much money to environmental causes B) complain that it frequently worsens environmental problems C) complain that it shapes environmental policy by establishing unfair international laws D) say that the international taxes that it regulates are burdensome to smaller countries E) charge that the WTO's subsidy policies unfairly target poor people

B) complain that it frequently worsens environmental problems

An environmental impact statement is required ________. A) before Congress can pass any law B) for any federal action that may affect U.S. environmental quality C) for implementation of any program funded by the World Bank D) only by executive order E) to be put to voters on every local ballot if federal action may affect local environments

B) for any federal action that may affect U.S. environmental quality

The World Bank was established in 1944 to ________. A) provide ease of banking for multinational corporations B) fund economic development for all countries, rich and poor, including dams and irrigation in the poorest countries, for the poorest peoples C) fund international projects for developed nations, including dams on international rivers, multicountry irrigation projects, and the spraying of herbicides and insecticides D) fund international environmental studies of issues such as pollution and global warming E) help weak governments by loaning money to heads of state for military infrastructure

B) fund economic development for all countries, rich and poor, including dams and irrigation in the poorest countries, for the poorest peoples

The "supply and demand" graph tells us that ________. A) ecosystem services are being degraded on a global scale B) market equilibrium is a compromise between sellers' wish for high price and buyers' desire for a low price C) as demand increases, the price drops D) non-market value of an ecosystem service drops as demand increases E) as supplies drop, non-market value increases

B) market equilibrium is a compromise between sellers' wish for high price and buyers' desire for a low price

"If domestic gas prices rise to $5 per gallon, growth will slow significantly and our quality of life will decline." This view is consistent with ________ economics. A) environmental B) neoclassical C) subsistence D) social E) anarchic

B) neoclassical

The principle that "internal costs", which are the costs and benefits borne by the buyer and seller alone, represent the true and full economics of all transactions is a principle of ________. A) sustainable economies B) neoclassical economics C) ecological economics D) classical economics E) steady-state economics

B) neoclassical economics

A distinguishing feature of ecological economics is the concept of ________. A) cost-benefit analysis B) steady-state economies that, like natural systems, neither grow nor shrink C) the only healthy economy is one that is growing D) environmental damage and also environmental benefits are external E) greenwashing to increase public acceptance of products.

B) steady-state economies that, like natural systems, neither grow nor shrink

Regarding the issue of global warming, until the hurricane season of 2005, the federal government's official stance was that the information available from the scientific community was neither conclusive nor persuasive. This governmental position was probably due to ________. A) the lack of good, measurable data from the scientific community B) the private sector's reluctance to change manufacturing and land use strategies C) the consumer opinion polls D) lobbying efforts on the part of environmental organizations E) laws passed by voters

B) the private sector's reluctance to change manufacturing and land use strategies

To control pollution, industry has been given limits and been threatened with punishment if these limits are violated. This approach is called ________. A) end of the alley B) carrot and stick C) command and control D) limit and manage E) last chance

C) command and control

Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring, published in the 1960s, ________. A) awakened the American public to negative effects of artificial hormones B) was the beginning of the first wave of U.S. environmental policy C) focused on chemical pollutants, including industrial chemicals D) warned of insect pollinator losses through pesticide use E) was concerned with birth defects in humans

C) focused on chemical pollutants, including industrial chemicals

The distinction of scientific study's input into governmental solution of environmental problems is that it ________. A) is modified by consumer incentives, such as rebates and tax breaks B) is the product of both consumer advocacy and industrial goals C) is independent of any other influences in its effect on forming government policy D) bypasses the private sector in making improvements to technology E) bypasses the public sector in determining consumer choices and lifestyles

C) is independent of any other influences in its effect on forming government policy

Environmental policy aims to ________. A) use natural resources for economically important industrial products B) protect the values of the landowner C) promote fairness among people and groups in the use of resources D) preserve all present natural areas in their pristine condition E) promote economic growth

C) promote fairness among people and groups in the use of resources

Juanita and Sam attend a beach party and notice that the local beach appears to have a great deal more trash washed up on shore than it did when they were young. The water doesn't appear nearly as clear, and there seems to be less evidence of small water creatures living in the shallows. An afternoon at the local library convinces them that one major cause is the new factory nearby. After some discussion, they decide their next step should be ________. A) identifying the problem B) identifying the cause of the changes C) talking to a local environmental group about solutions D) lobbying their elected representatives to complain about the problem E) picketing the guilty factory

C) talking to a local environmental group about solutions

Enforcement and elaboration of U.S. statutory law is given to ________. A) watchdog groups B) the legislative branch C) the judicial branch D) administrative agencies E) oversight committees including private citizens

D) administrative agencies

The World Bank ________. A) is a U.S. NGO that funds any project that may affect global environment B) regulates U.S. environmental administrative agencies C) mandates that environmental law preempt all other federal laws D) is a major source of funds for global economic development E) assists U.S. corporations to circumvent foreign nations' environmental laws

D) is a major source of funds for global economic development

Cap and Trade is a system that ________. A) allows industries to set their own levels for pollution emission so trading can continue B) has been repealed by Congress as useless in diminishing pollution C) specifies a certain cap on industrial pollutants that can be traded to other nations D) permits industries that pollute under the federal cap to sell credits to industries that pollute over the cap E) rapidly brings pollution emissions to near zero for participating industries

D) permits industries that pollute under the federal cap to sell credits to industries that pollute over the cap

Norman Myers points out that government subsidies are often ________. A) used to support sustainable development B) used to support underfunded, struggling businesses C) influential in promoting efficiency and waste reduction D) supporting activities and businesses that are environmentally harmful E) initiated by environmentalist lobbying

D) supporting activities and businesses that are environmentally harmful

Robert Constanza and his colleagues have shown that ________. A) ecosystems services cannot be assigned monetary values because they are external B) ecosystem services are valued at less than 0.5% of the U.S. GDP C) NAFTA has had environmental benefits worth $2.7 billion in 2011 D) the value of ecosystem services is more than $45 trillion in 2011 dollars E) nutrient cycling is the least valuable of ecosystem services

D) the value of ecosystem services is more than $45 trillion in 2011 dollars

The primary role of the United Nations is to ________. A) maintain international environmental education standards B) develop international business cooperatives C) make international laws regarding commerce and the environment D) regulate international travel, emigration and immigration among member states E) cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems

E) cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems

International environmental policies arise from ________. A) decisions by the United Nations Environment Programme B) informal agreements reached by multinational corporations C) environmental impact statements D) distribution and use of pollution permits E) international conventions or treaties

E) international conventions or treaties

The social changes in the U.S. 20th century gave rise to environmental laws concerned primarily with ________. A) mining and homesteading B) management of private land C) the settlement of the West D) preserving endangered species E) reducing pollution caused by industry

E) reducing pollution caused by industry

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ________. A) was signed into law by Bill Clinton B) requires compensation to be given to anyone harmed by deliberate pollution from any business or corporate entity C) altered the amount of chemicals allowed in water as a result of industrial pollution D) put all federal land under stringent environmental protection E) required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government

E) required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government

Rising per capita consumption of goods and rising population growth lead to ________. A) less fossil fuel use and global climate change B) increased biodiversity and ecosystem services C) greater availability of goods to poorer nations and people D) more resource extraction, waste and pollution E) steady-state economics

E) steady-state economics

Responsible for U.S. water quality, air pollution and solid waste management

Environmental Protection Agency

Specific legal instructions, drafted by the president, for use by government agencies

executive order

Early environmental laws that gave the federal government the right to manage western lands

general land ordinances

A rule or guideline that directs individual, organizational, or societal behavior

policy

Specific rules based on more broadly written statutory law passed by Congress

regulations

Agreements with foreign countries

treaties