SATYAM JOSHI
Hepatitis B virion:
"Dane particle"
739. 6 weeks pregnant how long will u wait to do a procedure?
(6 more weeks) 12th week is key!
1412. Last step of urea?
(Argenine-there derivatives are creatinine and urea) Last
The toxin of the gas gangrene organism has what kind of the enzymatic activity?
(C. perfringens) Lipase lecithinase
327. biceps NV?
(C5,6,7 ) musculocutaneous
Endomysium
(areolar CT around each muscle FIBER)/endoneurium (CT around myelin sheath/neuron axon)
521. question about proto/ oncogen? Chromosome 9
(c_abl)
Detergent kills bacteria by interfering with the function of cell membrane.
(destroy fatty cell parts)
Fungal Organisms NOT found in the soil
(know that Aspergillus, Blastomycosis, Histoplasma, Coccidioides, and Cryptococcus neoformans are in soil)
167. ph=1 glutamate will be?
+1
Phosphodiester bonds
- connect DNA | bone - connects 2 amino acids
Functional groups:
-Glucose in cerebroside -Choline in sphingomyelin -Bunch of sugars in ganglioside -Hydrogen in ceramide
Clostridium Tetani are all the following EXCEPT...
... (choose the option NOT listed below), Gram-Positive, Anaerobic, Spores, Rod-shaped- not a spore
851. Glucose clearance?
0mg/dl
1419. Most of the face formed by what brachial arches?
1 & 2 arches
1162. mand canine 3 different configurations?
1 root one canal, one root 2 canals, 2 roots 2 canals.
372. Alveolar crest. Where?
1-2 mm above CEJ
751. location of CEJ ?
1-2 mm over the alveolar bone
743. first evidence of calcification of premolars?
1.5-2 yrs
1418. TMJ forms which week?
12 week starting, 14 weeks-completion
1397. root completion, of Maxillary canine?
14
804. Fastest nerve velocity?
1a
146. external auditory meatus?
1st cleft
552. Obstruction of Ext. auditory meatus due to defect in?
1st cleft
1330. ear from which arch pouch?
1st pharyngeal pouch
793. number of variable components on a complete heavy chain?
2
815. Y shaped is formed by?
2 lingual and 1 facial Cusps of Mandibular 2nd premolar
244. how many fossae of MX canine?
2 lingual fossae
481. Crescent shape central developmental groove?
2 mandb premolar ( u shape)
508. At what age do premolars begin calcification?
2 years old
314. heat sensitive object sterilized with?
2% ethylene oxide
1298. 50% parents, what will offspring inherit?
25
Vitamin D
25 hydroxycholecalciferol gets converted to 1,25 dihydroxycalciferol where? Kidney
166. autosomal dominant 50?
25% in offspring
241. Mx 1 molar?
2MB 1P 1DB
450. How many canals in a max molar?
2MB 1P 1DB
554. hyoid bone mainly from which arch?
2nd and 3rd
780. What erupts after the last succedaneous tooth erupts?
2nd and 3rd molars
373. Embryonic origin of "body" of hyoid bone?
2nd arch
Buccinator muscle develops from which arch?
2nd arch
Hyoid bone develops from which arch?
2nd arch & 3rd arch (body of). Question asked about BODY of Hyoid bone3rd arch
Reichert's cartilage
2nd arch, makes stapes bone, styloid process, stylohyoid, CN VII
808. Facial muscles are derived from?
2nd brachial arch
1225. partial bone healing how many weeks?
3
1154. Mandibular PM?
3 pits | second PM only PM with 5 developmental lobes
240. Mx 2 molar?
3 roots 3 canals
1305. cranial nerves with parasympatheic function?
3, 7, 9, 10
277. fractured neck of condyle patient can open?
30 mm-remember usually its about 50mm, <30mm is pathology
Thymus gland is from the
3rd & 4th brachial pouches
Inferior Parathyroid is from
3rd Pouch
1331. glossopharyngeal and muscles name was there from which arch?
3rd arch
145. greater cornu of hyoid and glossopharyngeal nerve arise from?
3rd arch
652. A patient missing a tooth in mandibular posteriors,which tooth is most likely?
3rd molar>second premolar
475. Inferior parathyroid origin?
3rd pouch
97. separate diencephalon?
3rd ventricle
553. Inferior thyroid from which arch?
4-6 arch
Turners syndrome
45:XO
Klinefelter syndrome
47:XXY
125. how many pulp horns in MD 1 molar?
5
449. number of pulp horns in a newly erupted first mandibular molar?
5
967. number of Pulp horns n canals in mand 1st molars?
5 horns | 3 canals , can be 1 extra
609. If the anticodon on tRNA is 5' ACG 3', then which of the following is its corresponding codon on m RNA?
5' CGU 3'
850. PP of O2 on himalayas?
50 hhh
Pressure on a mountain is 250 mm Hg, what is the partial pressure of oxygen?
50 mm Hg. Oxygen = 20%, Nitrogen = 80% so 250 x 0.2 = 50 mm Hg
55. how much the occlusal table form over all?
50-60
1250. Occlusal table accounts for how much of occlusal outline?
50-60%
217. clindamycin inhibit?
50S
517. How long do you wait to treat her?
6 weeks
1394. failing endo to lower canine?
6% with 2 complete root canals-Bifurcate root Occasionally 2 roots (Labially and Lingually)
858. Dentin composition?
70% inorganic 20% organic 10%water
what can be time her accident has happened-
7th day
d. Age of girl?
9-10
What is the charge of glutamic acid @ pH
= 1? +2
1405. what increases action potential?
A generator potential acts to increase action potential frequency in response to increased stimulus intensity.
940. what is most likely found in interior of proteins?
A hydrophobic (non-polar) amino acid.
840. Dentist touches mucosa which fibers are activated?
A-beta
162. sharp pain?
A-delta
932. filamentous formation on angle of mandible?
A.A
931. bacteria cause foul odour?
A.A.
Blood type: Anti-A & anti-B both agglutinate. What blood type is it?
AB
178. anti a and anti b both agglutinate?
AB type
872. Legonnaire is due to?
AC cooling system
425. Cutting infundibulum without cutting hypophysial portal system, all of the following will be ceased EXCEPT
ADH and Prolactin
330. ADH and Aldosterone?
ADH on collecting duct and aldosterone on DCT and collecting duct
761. Adenosine movement via?
ADP/ATP translocation
Atherosclerotic plaque is most often found inTunica intima of large arteries??
ADRENAL MEDULLA
584. Allosteric activate?
AMP
559. What is allosteric inhibtor in glycolysis?
ATP
153. direct source of energy?
ATP= ADP + phosphorus
Where is atherosclerosis most common?
Abdominal Aorta
980. After endodontic treatment, biopsy done showsresorbed bone and a lot of neutrophils - pain again?
Abscess
Where do the 4th, 5th, and 6th intercostal veins drain?
Accessory Hemizygous (formed by the 4th-8th intercostal veins)
371. Where do Sharpey's fibers insert?
Acellular cementum- so they attach on alveolar bone and acellular cementum.
658. post ganglionic sypmpathetic neurotransmitter for sweat glands?
Ach
433. H filaments found in?
Actinomycosis
What secrets TNF-Alpha & IL-l?
Activated macrophages
Na+ - K+ pump is an example of what type of transport?
Active transport
1084. Cigarette smoking does NOT cause?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
434. What is the function of pilli?
Adherence/ attachment to host cells
361. Where can you find Raschkow Plexus?
Adjacent to cell free zone
Which one is the end organ of the sympathetic system?
Adrenal Medulla
870. Which endocrine gland is NOT important for humans?
Adrenal medulla
What organ is not stimulated by the anterior pituitary?
Adrenal medulla
Which endocrine gland is not essential for life?
Adrenal medulla
1345. What is the LEAST indicator to predict prognosis of breast cancer?
Age
280. worsen periodontal disease?
Aggressive periodontitis
323. Which is NOT found in collagen?
Alanine | Tropoelastin
322. what is always found INSIDE protein structure?
Alanine-its hydrophobic
1310. transports fatty acids?
Albumin- and chylomicrons
597. Cirrhosis commonly caused by?
Alcohol-also remember those mallory bodies
B. What does that indicate?
Alcoholic Hepatitis
Esophageal varices commonly seen in what?
Alcoholics or portal hypertension from cirrhosis
1349. Fluorosis can be seen in?
All enamel, cartilage, bones, and nails 1350. Decrease in O2 will stimulate? peripheral carotid and aortic bodies
1329. Ansa cervicalis supply which muscle?
All three: suprahyoid, suprathyroid, omohyoid
Product of enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase in TCA cycle?
Alpha-ketogluterate
919. what NOT absorbed in jujenum?
Amino acids and monosaccharides-some sources say H2O so idk
1339. sound in ear?
Amplitude
1447. Alzheimer characteristic which one is true?
Amyloid deposits are seen in Alzheimer's disease
Which term describes a lack of differentiation?
Anaplasia (found in more malignant tumors). Anaplasia is dedifferentiation (less-well differentiated is anaplastic)
1221. yellow on corner of mouth?
Angular chelitis
790. Sternothyroid and sternohyoid is innervated by?
Ansa cervicalis (c1-c3)
What makes up the carotid triangle?
Anterior border of SCM, posterior dine, superior omohyoid. Asked "which is NOT part of carotid triangle" humerus
501. Evidence of mamelons on teeth #8 and #9 indicate what?
Anterior openbite
1083. NOT cause of cancer?
Anthrocosis
1219. bacteria inhibiting an inhibitor?
Antibiotic resistant | Beta lactamase
What causes influenza to change year to year?
Antigenic Capsule (gene reassortment). Influenza Virus is an orthomyxovirus w/ outer envelope has spikes (H & N) for attachment to host cells. Tx w/ Amantadine inhibits viral attachment and uncoating. The main mode of prevention is the vaccine, which consists of killed influenza A and B virus.
Which of the following would you not expect with a neoplasm/not a characteristic of malignancy?
Aplasia
399. Hormone dependent physiologic/pathologic involution?
Apoptosis
How is Arbovirus transmitted?
Arthropods. acryonym: ARthropod-BOrne virus
Most superior part of larynx?
Aryepiglottic fold (Epiglottis)
159. why antibiotics relief peptic ulcer?
As proton pump inhibitors decreases acid secretion, also because they are eliminate H. pylori
Which one comes from the upper layer of the neural tube
Ascending Sensory Pathway
1313. what produces afatoxins?
Aspergillosis
Aflatoxin is what produced by what fungus?
Aspergillus
What medication blocks prostaglandins? Aspirin.
Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX 1 & 2) to decrease formation of precursor for Thromboxane A2 (a platelet aggregator that is released by blood platelets) & prostaglandins
526. disease of destruction bronchi and bronchiole with mucus?
Asthma-bronchopneumonia-emphysema
1491. What is the cause- hyperthyroidsm/ rheumatoid arthritis?
Auto-immune
47. SLE?
Autoantibody
406. Circumduction of arm?
Axillary
What brachial nerve & muscle is for circumduction of the arm?
Axillary (b/c of deltoids)
917. what nerve for circumduction muscles?
Axillary because of deltoid
1155. Mand PM biggest to smallest cusp?
B > ML > DL
734. Asthma medication?
B adrenergics
207. penicillin resistance?
B-lactamase
Know the function of B1 & B2 receptors..
B1 = heart | B2 = dilution, smooth muscle, alpha 1 & 2: nonepinephrine
992. action of beta blockers on heart and respiration?
B1 usually increases HR and B2 causes bronchodilation. So opposite will occur- decrease HR and bronchoconstriction.
574. More saliva when?
BETWEEN meals
Which produces these toxins: protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF)?
Bacillus anthracis (causes anthrax)
N-Muramic acid is part of
Bacterial Cell Wall, It occurs naturally as N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan, Function is a structural component of bacterial cell walls. Chlamydia has none.
Pt has swelling of submandibular, tenderness. Pt is alcoholic. Radiographic-mass radiopaque (sialolith)-circumscribed, 1 cm x 1 cm, what is the reason for swelling?
Bacterial infection
1437. Squamous epithelium metaplasia?
Barrett's esophagus
387. Which layers of epidermis does not have tonofilaments?
Basale
819. Melanin pigmentation which layer?
Basale
1259. least cells in wbc?
Basophils Mnemonic: never let monkey eat banana
Which type of WBC shows the lowest in blood?
Basophils. Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil)
1293. enlargement of lymph node?
Because of infection
When is alveoli pressure the most negative?
Beginning of inhalation
418. Diabetic pt using insulin. What cells are destroyed?
Beta
629. Albuterol mech of action?
Beta 2 agonist - bronchodilator
826. Mesodense is present where?
Between max centrals
1108. N glycosylation?
Between sugar and amino acid
809. Most carbon dioxide is excreted as?
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
340. MOA of aminoglycosides?
Binds to 30s RNA and inhibits translation.
Aminoglycosides
Binds to 30s ribosome & inhibits mRNA translation (protein synthesis, bactericidal)
Which stage of the zygote does implantation on the uterus occur?
Blastocyst
What describes oxygen transport?
Bohr effect
704. in flurosis where else the excessive fluoride will be seen?
Bone
Main role of calcitonin?
Bone resorption
341. all of the following is part of normal flora except?
Bordetella pertussis.
395. T/F The mandible grows by endochondral ossification while the cartilage is formed interstitially?
Both statements are false, condyles (and coronoid) grow by endochondral while the mandible is intramembranous. Cartilage is only formed by endochondral ossificationnot intramembranous.
389. Which organ has activated PCK?
Brain
634. Pulp blood dynamics similar to?
Brain
Prions affect which organ
Brain
1086. Pulp blood flow analogue?
Brain or Cranium
830. 2nd part of swallowing is controlled by?
Brainstem
What is the most distal portion of the brachial plexus?
Branches (Musculocutaneous, Axillary, median, radial, ulnar nerve)
968. Asthma is characterized by?
Bronchi construction
1080. Lung cancer?
Bronchial
1255. MOST common place to find lung cancer?
Bronchiolar- bronchial Small cell carcinoma / cigarette smoking- bronchioler
600. Small cell cancer ?
Bronchiolar-so to summarize SMALL CELL CANCER of lung is BRONCHIOLAR but METAPLASIA is ESOPHAGUS
1482. Squamous epithelium metaplasia, seen where?
Bronchus
In which can we see more squamous epithelial metaplasia?
Bronchus
1036. Max PM cusp offset to distal in table form?
Buccal cusp-remember the buccal cusp offset to the distal while lingual cusp offset to the medial
986. Sites where difficulty in scaling?
Buccal distal mesial to furcations
773. What are the working cusps in posterior cross-bite?
Buccal-upper; lingual-lower- its opposite of normal
What does that indicate?
Bulimia
Epstein Barr Virus is related to
Burkitt's Lymphoma
417. EBV related to?
Burkitt's lymphoma
525. Adenosine nucleoside crosses mitochondria how?
By translocation
1291. chronic hepatitis?
C
504. Patient sensitive to Hot on tooth #3, what fibers?
C fibers
701. dull pain in pulp?
C fibers
841. Burning is mouth which fibers are activated?
C fibres
Alternative complement pathway starts with
C5 (C5a = Chemoattractant)
Innervation that causes Rotation of the Arm
C5 (doc says C5-C6)
933. Esophagus start at which vertebrae?
C6
If a person can't flex their wrist, what nerves are involved?
C6-C7 (Ulnar n., Flexor Carpi Ulnaris m)
1446. All true about AIDS except?
CD4 is not important for diagnosis
1302. MHC 2 attach to?
CD4 t helper
1119. MHC class 1 binds to?
CD8
343. What nerve innervates the parotid gland?
CN 7- disagree, I think its CNIX and CNV3
What nerve innervates the salivary glands of the palate?
CN 7. posterior hard palate= greater palatine nerve
579. Edinger nucleus?
CN III Edinger is parasmpathetic ganglia and it sends efferent fibers to ciliary ganglion
1471. nerve that DOESNT pass through jugular foramen?
CN XII
1228. what is present between palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles?
CN9
137. posterior tongue papillae innervated by?
CN9
965. afferents involved in Gag reflex?
CNIX-remember afferents are CNIX and efferents are CNX
1066. Structure passing foramen rotundum?
CNV2
332. Foramen rotundum passing structures?
CNV2
1017. Nerve exiting from stylomastoid foramen damage to which muscle?
CNVII exits stylomastoid foramen- orbicularis oris (facial expression muscles)
1082. Chronic smoking with increased mucus?
COPD
1496. Most anterior superiot position?
CR
276. most anterior superior position?
CR
211. important in clot formation?
Ca
397. Mineral needed for coagulation?
Ca
1123. Proline in saliva?
Ca phosphate deposit
Prothrombin acts with which one to form thrombin?
Ca2+. Prothrombin + Ca+/Pl/Factor 10a thrombin (live
38. Parafolicular cells produce?
Calcitonin
All of the primary ions are in saliva except?
Calcium
What ion is related to endospores?
Calcium dipicolinic (heat resistance of the endospore)
356. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
Can be transferred between bacteria by conjugation
Multiple Myeloma
Cancer of Plasma Cells in bone marrow
1197. fungi in mouth?
Candida
1383. Fungi spread from person to person except?
Candida
1165. tooth with one pulp horn?
Canine and mandi 1st pm
355. What are the virulence factors of Neisseria meningitis?
Capsule
899. 8 molar urea denatures protein by 1.______ which brake2. ________ bonds in tertiary structure.
Carbamylation reactions, Disulfide bonds.
825. carboxyhemoglobulin is due to?
Carbon MONOXIDE binding to Hb
385. What measures partial pressure of O2?
Carotid body by chemoreceptors-remember baroreceptors are for changes inBP
1056. Canal NOT in sphenoid?
Carotid canal
Difference between staph and strep?
Catalase enzyme in staph
783. What will cause DNA mutation except?
Caused by xray, uv light, chemicals
Antibiotic used for meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenza
Ceftriaxone
What are the visceral arteries of the abdominal/descending aorta?
Celiac trunk & inferior mesenteric. Includes: Celiac trunk, renal & superior/inferior mesenteric (not inferior phrenic)
1384. N- glutamic acid found in?
Cell wall
1286. Secondary cementum, what you see?
Cellular
590. White rami?
Central in brain and peripheral in spine
852. Young permanent tooth that has pulp horns?
Central incisor
1037. Mand incisors comparision?
Central: More symmetrical crown, Minimal distal and mesial bulge of crown, Proximal contacts on the same level mesial and distal, Smaller than lateral in the same mouth, Lateral: Less symmetrical crown, Obvious distal bulge on crown, crown appears to tilt, distally, Mesial proximal contact more incisal, Larger than central in the same mouth
1481. What is vagus nerve responsible for?
Cephalic phase of gastric secretion
448. HOC on mesial of max canine?
Cervical 3rd
1300. result of exonulcease activity?
Changes DNA Sequence-remember endonucleases cut in the middle and exonuclease cut at the end
582. C5a?
Chemotactic
Most common cause of non-gonococcal urethritis
Chlamydia
Blindness results from -->
Chlamydia trachomatis (trachoma and adult inclusion conjunctivitis)
What kind of epithelium is found in the nasopharynx region?
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
What medication is a DNA gyrase inhibitor?
Ciprofloxacin. Fluoroquinolone, end in -oxacins
You only have minor amounts of this taste bud?
Circumvallate papilla
836. Fumarate joins to which cycle from urea?
Citric acid cycle
What produces mucous in lungs
Clara Cells (nonciliated bronchiolar secretory cells that make GAGs to protect the bronchiole lining)
Spore-forming bacteria
Clostridium & bacillus
791. What is the medication given for candidiasis?
Clotrimazole and nystatin
Myocardial Infraction
Coagulative Necrosis (ischemia, blood loss, <3/kidney). Liquefactive necrosis: enzyme digestion, infection (CNS). Gangrenous necrosis: large areas (lower extremities, bowel). Fat/calcified necrosis: pancreas, breast etc
591. MI after 24 hr?
Coagulative necrosis
370. Major component of periodontal ligament?
Collagen
875. Kelloid is formed by?
Collagen
21. Vit C is important for?
Collagen hydroxylation of proline
752. TMJ clicking is a result of damage to which ligament?
Collateral
487. What occurs during disc displacement of TMJ?
Collateral ligaments become elongated
1436. Organ below or near the right kidney ?
Colon liver duodenum
391. Innervations of carotid body/ sinus?
Combinations between IX and X
What in the carotid sheath
Common carotid, internal jugular, vagus nerve, NOT ansa cervicalis or phrenic N
1416. Basophilia etiology?
Common feature of myeloproliferative disorders and particularly prominent in chronic myelogenous leukemia
What type of bone do you see after 2-3 years at the site of injury?
Compact bone
339. MOA of sulfonamides?
Compete with PABA ( Para-amino benzoic acid) to inhibit folic acid synthesis.
Obstructive lung disease
Compliance goes UP. Obstructive Lung Disease is characterized by increased resistance to airflow (lower than normal expiratory flow rates) and high lung volumes. Decreased elasticity, Increases compliance. Examples: Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma. Restrictive Lung Disease is characterized by low lung volumes and Slightly Higher than Normal Expiratory Flow Rate (increased lung elasticity). Decreased compliance. Examples are Interstitial Fibrosis (lung hardening), Asbestosis, and Tuberculosis
1055. Curve of spee in mandible superior surface?
Concave-remember convex in maxillary and concave in mandibular
1042. Cementum fusion of root?
Concresence
969. fusion by cementum?
Concresence
1088. Inferior of TMJ?
Condylar head | Rotation
1386. Rough cocci get DNA from soft cocci through?
Conjugation
212. greatest genetic information transported?
Conjugation
365. transferring most genetic information?
Conjugation
Best method for bacteria to replicate & transfer most genetic information?
Conjugation, Transformation = bacteria takes up extracellular donor DNA, Transduction = donor DNA packed into virus (bacteriophage) that infects the bacteria (1 step), Conjugation = plasmid DNA transfer
1432. Owen ?
Contour lines of Owen (found in dentin) - can be analogous to Striae of Retzius (found in enamel)
1206. carotid sinus function?
Control BP
549. heart congestion lead to?
Cor pulmonale
1266. no filaments?
Cornium
What narrows the maxillary buccal vestibule when you open your mouth all the way?
Coronoid Process
1147. Steroid like fat cells in which zone of adrenal?
Cortex-reticular (Zones of Adrenal Cortex: GFR | G = Salt F = Sugar R = Sex)
27. zona fasiculata produce?
Cortisol (glucocortioid) which is stimulated by ACTH
28. Herpangina
Coxackie virus
Etiology of Q fever
Coxiella burnetii (can be in salivary gland) also CMV can be in salivary gland as well
880. S- shape of dentin is formed due to--?
Crowding of odontoblast
Most common cause of fungal meningitis?
Cryptococcosis
Lysyl oxidase
Cu is needed (cofactor)
1453. excessive ACTH cause?
Cushings disease is related to excess ACTH being produced (tumor) and cushings syndrome is more related to excess cortisol 1454. If internal carotid becomes blocked, blood still reaches the brain via? the vertebral arteries | Suboccipital Triangle - Deep in the triangle passes the vertebral artery and the Suboccipital nerve (aka dorsal ramus of C1)
817. Smallest cusps in oral cavity?
Cusp of carabelli
1079. Tooth swelling lined by epithelium?
Cyst
1290. tertiary structure of protein?
Cysteine
440. What is the main AA in the tertiary protein?
Cysteine
What is the main AA in the tertiary structure of protein?
Cysteine (disulfide bones)
543. amino acid in tertiary structure of protein?
Cysteine.
Glycan binds what in bacterial cell wall
D-alanine
532. cover articular surfaces?
DENSE fibrous C.T.
489. 8M urea brakes which type of bonds?
DISULFIDE BONDS
594. Smallest cusp in mand first molar?
DIstal
1196. PCR?
DNA fingerprinting
855. Most common US vaccine?
DPT
What is the most common bacteria vaccine given in the US?
DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis)
Treponema pallidum bacteria (causes syphilis)?
Dark field microscopy. Syphilis causes oral hard chancre, not painful, use Wassermann test
942. Increase in 2,3-biphsophoglycerate causes what?
Deceases affinity of Hb to oxygen. It shifts the reaction to right causing more O2 to be delivered to tissue thus decreasing affinity for O2.
320. kidney end of proximal convoluted tubule osmotic pressure?
Decreased
516. 6 months Pregnant woman testlet, what happens to her hormones if you compare them before she was pregnant?
Decreased LH and FSH. Increased HcG.
419. testlet patient with graves disease, after lab findings you will see:
Decreased TSH and increased T3 and T4
Most probable cause for prolonged bleeding time in a patient with LEUKEMIA
Decreased number of blood platelet. Leukemia is a diseases of the reticuloendothelial system involving uncontrolled proliferation of WBC. People with leukemia may have thrombocytopenia.
788. Over countering the labial surface of mandibular central incisor causes what effects?
Decreased overjet
1358. if the infundibulum was cut?
Decreases ADH. If portal than all decrease except prolactin or lactogenic
1129. Parasympathetic activity of heart?
Decreases heart rate
386. Hyperventilation alters the acid balance of arteries?
Decreasing CO2 and increasing PH
1214. varicose veins arise from deep or superficial veins?
Deep
1403. Disaccharide intolerance, why can't digest lactose ,what is the defect exactly or why
Deficiency of enzyme lactase in Disaccharide intolerance. Lactose intolerance occurs when the small intestine does not make enough of an enzyme called lactase. Your body needs lactase to break down, or digest, lactose
1430. Cementum originate from ?
Dental Follical-cementoblasts of th PDL
Difference between lamina propria & dermis?
Dermis has dense irregular CT
What exits the thorax at T12
Descending Aorta
1373. non-microbial component of plaque?
Dextran
367. Streptococcus mutans produces what?
Dextran (polyscharride part of plaque).
How is glucose and fructose associated with caries?
Dextrans and levans
848. Insufficient ADH SECRETION CAUSES?
Diabetes insipidus
916. autoimmune?
Diabetes type 1
1032. Incisal view of max canine?
Diamond
301. digoxin MOA ?
Digoxin inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium. The sodium calcium exchanger (NCX)in turn tries to extrude the sodium and in so doing, pumps in more calcium. Increased intracellular concentrations of calcium may promote activation of contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin). Digoxin also acts on the electrical activity of the heart, increasing the slope of phase 4 depolarization, shortening the action potential duration, and decreasing the maximal diastolic potential.Target Kind Pharmacological action Actions Organism UniProt ID Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1Protein
319. abnormal relation btwn crown and root?
Dilacerations-remember dilacerations are pathology to root and crown while flexion is just to the root only
MOA of amoxicillin?
Disrupts cell wall & inhibits cross-linking between peptidoglycan chains for gram (+)/(-)
98. smallest cusp in primary MD 1 molar?
Distal
1194. most concave side on max canine?
Distal maxillary canine from a facial view, the distal portion of the facial- surface is convex in the middle third and slightly concave in the cervical third.
602. Myasthenia gravis
Dopamine- I think this is wrong bc the NT involved in myasthenia gravis is nicotinic Ach and Parkinson's is dopamine.
812. What is Bowman's capsule?
Double layered,with parietal simple squamous visceral podocytes
472. Pregnant woman 6 weeks. What is present that the mother does not have?
Ductus arteriosus
Ligamentum venosum comes from what?
Ductus venosus. shunts left umbilical vein blood directly to the inferior vena cava, bypass liver. ligamentum teres = remnant of umbilical vein on the liver
716. disorganized atypical cells NOT invasive?
Dysplasia
Most indicative of cancer
Dysplasia
1100. Cancer do NOT involve?
Dysplasia- i would anaplasia if thats an option first
Which term is the best for a carcinoma that doesn't perforate basement membrane?
Dysplasia. Dysplasia is non-malignant cellular growth, but may precede malignant changes in the tissue. It is associated with chronic irritation of a tissue, tissue appears somewhat structure less and disorganized and may consists of atypical cells without invasion.
1172. endogenous spread?
E-coli | Strept
871. Bacteria found in feces?
E.coli
1188. burette lymphoma by?
EBV-associated, tumor occurs in Africa, usually, involves jaw and facial bones. In America, the abdomen is most affected. Cancerous cell = B cell causes marrow replacement
294. within the parotid?
ECA + facial N + retromandibular V-remember NOT the facial artery which was another question.
290. does NOT occur in shock?
Edema
625. Location of nucleus that opens pupil in dark
Edinger westphal nucleus
What part of the arm is most susceptible to ulnar nerve injury
Elbow
1054. NOT function of lateral pterygoid?
Elevation and retrusion
469. severe asthmatic patient will develop?
Emphysema
1093. Epithelial cell derivative lesion?
Enamel
972. Hereditary defect causes improper formation of what?
Enamel
When is intrapleural pressure the most negative?
End of expiration
413. Embryonic origin of hepatocytes?
Endoderm
620. Liver embryology?
Endoderm
909. hyperestrogenism is major risk factor for develop?
Endometrial carcinoma
403. What surrounds a myelin sheath neuron?
Endoneuron
1098. Pyramidine dimer break down by which enzyme?
Endonuclease
Rickettsia diseases are destructive for/target?
Endothelial cells of capillaries. Rickettsia are small, gram (-), aerobic coccobacillary bacteria
What are the virulence factors of Neisseria meningitis?
Endotoxin LPS (gram negative) WATERHOUSE FRIDERISCHEN SYNDROME
What aspect of Staph is responsible for food poisoning
Enterotoxin
Which is NOT associated with Neisseria meningitis?
Enterovirus (ex. Picornavirus)
605. What dilated pupils?
Epinephrine
1063. Dilate pupil?
Epinephrine-sympathetic
494. found blood in one of nasal fossa?
Epitaxis
Why doesn't Amphotericin B work against bacteria?
Ergosterol (fungi have in cell wall, bacteria don't)
458. Which one is NOT an autoimmune disease?
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Rash for Scarlett Fever
Erythrogenic Toxin of Group A Beta Hemolytic S. pyogenes
Which toxin produces scarlet fever
Erythrotoxin (erythrogenic exotoxin)
575. Cause of massive hemetamesis in alcoholic ...is due to cirrhosis which in turn leadse to portal hypertension and finally?
Esophageal varices-just know liver pathology is associated with this
831. What is an involuntary reaction?
Esophago-gastro
Thoracic duct is behind what?
Esophagus & aorta, question asked "In posterior mediastinum, thoracic duct is...?", Anterior to descending aorta, Posterior to esophagus
352. In which can we see squamous epithelial metaplasia?
Esophagus-some sources say esophagus some say bronchus but I would go with esophagus bc Barrett's esophagus.
1309. steroid hormones?
Estrogen progesterone cortex hormones
Which is an intracellular receptor?
Estrogen. Includes steroid, estrogen, progesterone, Vitamin D derivatives
1499. What would you expect in a Graves disease?
Exophalthmus
599. Toxoid vaccine inactivated?
Exotoxin
1010. Testlet of myasthenia gravis- Dyphagia - problem in which muscles?
Eye, face, swallowing most common muscles affected
647. RSV can be prevented by vaccination.
FALSE
Fac is fixed antigen binding site in immunoglobulins which is at top variable region....
FC is receptor binding site which determine isotope e.g.: Ige to mast cells in constant region below of immunoglobulin.
What is in the Parotid gland?
FEAR. FEAR: Facial N. External Carotid A. Auriculotemporal N. Retromandibular V
1458. facial artery in submandibular gland .. contents of parotid?
FEAR: facial nerve, ECA, auriculotemporal nerve, retromandibular vein
439. Substrate of thromboplastin?
FIBRINOGEN- think its prothrombin.
What hormone promotes spermatogenesis
FSH
1200. T cell receptor binding?
Fab
T-cell receptors (TCR) are similar to which one?
Fab
958. Height of contour in max molars facially?
Facial cervical 3rd
23. ATP needed for each except one?
Facilitated diffusion
Boy bleeds during extraction, his maternal uncle & male cousin have same problem. What factor is involved?
Factor VIII (Hemophilia A & sex-linked). Hemophilia B (Christmas disease) is due to a Factor 9 deficiency, Hemophilia C is NOT sex linked and is due to a Factor 11 deficiency. Characterized by having Prolong Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) and Normal PT/bleeding time
Which one of these helps in the retraction of blood clots
Factor XIII
645. Decrease in plasma osmotic pressure will cause diluted urine?
False
1218. crista galli attachment?
Falx ceribri
423. In this case, the receptor is similar to
Fc. Fc is fixed antigen binding site in immunoglobulins which is at top variable region. Fc is receptor binding site which determine isotope e.g.: IgE to mast cells in constant region below of immunoglobulin.
1124. Bacteria of oral cavity?
Fermentation
1374. Iron storage in body?
Ferritn
445. Articular disc made of?
Fibrocartilage
1363. Growth of bone in a scar?
Fibroplasias
taste buds are involved in all papillae except?
Filiform
Most abundant papillae?
Filiform papilla
822. What is NOT a taste bud?
Filiform papillae
461. Most abundant papillae?
Filliform
834. Actions of sympathetic?
Flight or fight
833. Purine synthesis?
Folic acid
1141. Functional unit of thyroid?
Follicle
34. From where the vertebral artery go to skull?
Foramen Magnum
Structure present in fetal heart that allows blood to pass from right to left atrium?
Fossa ovalis (remnant of fetal foramen ovale)
1295. somatostatin?
Found in pancreas, made in hypothalamus, inhibits insulin and glucagon
426. Defect of external meatus from which arch?
From 1st pharyngeal cleft
358. Anterior cerebral artery supplies which lobes?
Frontal and parietal
36. Fumarate link urea cycle?
Fumurate links urea cycle to TCA 37
500. has white plaques that can be removed with light abrasion. What is most likely to be the cause?
Fungal
Organisms that exhibit dimorphism and grow on Sabouraud's medium (low pH)
Fungi
What forms the palate?
Fusion of Intermaxillary & Palatal Shelves
1284. The LONGEST part of cell cycle?
G1
What phase is most variable in duration of the cell cycle?
G1
862. What maintains tissue and water balance?
GAG
496. Which Hormone is NOT a glycoprotein?
GH
689. which hormone is not glycoprotein?
GH
1022. shock and corpulmonale?
GI Bleeding
1423. Big toe?
GOUT
1426. Organ with no sub mucosa?
Gall bladder
Which of the following is used to phagocytize bacteria?
Gamma Fc receptor + C3b
1457. the immune system fight staph. aureus in body?
Gamma interferon
997. Cell to cell communication?
Gap junction
Which one is autosomal dominant?
Gardner's Syndrome
490. Which one is autosomal dominant?
Gardner's syndrome
1296. metastatic tumor with virshow nodes indicates a primary cancer of?
Gastric cancer
All will depress respiration, EXCEPT?
General Anesthesia, Nitrous Oxide, Cocaine
460. What protrudes the hyoid?
Geniohyoid
What PROTRUDES the hyoid bone
Geniohyoid helps move tongue and hyoid anteriorly
846. Chalymydia causes infection of which organ?
Genitals and eye
1185. circumvallet papilla innervations?
Glossopharyngeal
1292. structure between superior and middle constrictor?
Glossopharyngeal nerve | stylopharyngeus muscle
560. which enzyme is specific for liver?
Glucokinase
Streptococcus breaks down sucrose into what products?
Glucose + Fructose, Glucans Dextrans + Mutans + Levans
What needs a protein transporter to cross the cell membrane?
Glucose via GLUT 4 FAC BIDIRECTIONAL TRANSPORTION
Dextrans for polymers of?
Glucose, Dextrans + Mutans are polymers of glucose, Levans are polymers of fructose
UTP-Glucose reacts with which of the following in glycogen synthesis?
Glucose-1-Phosphate (G1P) -where is Glucose-1-Phosphatase found?
What is the main source of Glycerol?
Glucose/pyruvate
368. substrate for dextran?
Glucosyltransferase
What enzyme do oral bacteria use to create dextran & participates in bacterial aggregation on teeth
Glucosyltransferase
What enzyme primarily breaks down sucrose?
Glucosyltransferase (dextran sucrase)
438. What is the neurotransmitter for umami?
Glutamate
What the 3rd AA sequence in collagen?
Glycine - proline - lysine (Glycine-Proline-X or Glycine-X-Hydroxyproline)
Glucagon & Epinephrine both/have in common?
Glycogenolysis + GLUCEONEOGENESIS
349. Glucagon and epinephrine have in common?
Glycogenolysis. Epinephrine acts on alpha receptor inhibit insulin secretion by pancreas and in turn stumulate glycogenolysis in liver and muscle. Norepinephrine increases glucose production either by glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis, Glucagon binds with glucagon receptors in liver which then converts glycogen to glucose and releases into blood stream - (glycogenolysis). Also to make up/synthesize additional glucose it encourages the liver and kidney to undergo gluconeogenesis
778. What is found in the inner membrane of hepatitis virus?
Glycoprotein- I thought its made of a glycoprotein outer layer?
1120. Influenza antigenicity due to?
Glycoproteins-another answer said antigens
What doesn't give you granulomas?
Gonorrhea. Histoplasmosis, M tuberculosis and tertiary syphilis are granulomatous (immune system walls off).
877. Too much uric acid is body causes?
Gout
Lipid A with a polysaccharide core is in which organism?
Gram negative bacteria. Gram negative bacteria have lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Gram positive bacteria have teichoic acids.
What is true about myoglobin?
Graph is hyberbolic (hemoglobin = sigmoidal)
1062. Inervation max 2nd molar palatal?
Greater Palatine nerve
813. Superior orbital fissure is formed from?
Greater and lesser wing of sphenoid
292. why capillaries have the slowest flow?
Greater cross sectional area
774. Dentist lacerated palate posterior to mandibular second molar and extends to lower middle. Dentist sutures the incision but blood pulsates and oozes from suture. What nerve is lacerated?
Greater palatine
Nerve anesthesia for biopsy?
Greater palatine
359. Scarlet fever caused by?
Group A strep
1455. muscle contraction cause shortening of?
H & I Band
bonds between 2 DNA strands?
H Bond-remember within DNA molecules
943. Receptors in medulla sense what immediately?
H+
What determines protein turnover?
H-bonds & peptide bones: breakdown & synthesis of proteins
What disease causing agents have a polysaccharide capsule?
H. influenza, Streptoccocus, c neoforman. Even Some Super Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules: E. coli, S. pneumonia, Salmonella, K. pneumonia, H influenza, P. aeruginsosa, N. meningitis, C neoformans
Staph has catalase which gets ride of
H202
What is the chemical formula of the most common salt found in the bone?
HA Ca10(P04)6(OH)2
1312. protection against hepatitis B?
HBV vaccine, serum of IgG concentration is high
1414. Form of CO2 in blood?
HCO3-
1356. De Novo cholesterol formation?
HMG CoA Reductase
735. major regulatory enzyme in cholesterol synthesis?
HMG coA reductase
299. cholesterol?
HMG reductase
1450. Cervical cancer?
HPV
1068. Pancreas and liver AFFECTED by?
Haemochromatosis (occurs in bone marrow, spleen and liver)
1328. tensor veli palatini hook to?
Halamus
1What elicits an immune response when bound to carrier protein?
Hapten
What's a small molecule that can't elicit immune response on its own?
Hapten. Haptens are antigenic determinants, but are too small to elicit the formation of antibodies by themselves. They can elicit immune response when attached to bigger molecules.
498. Case of High school guy, like 17 years old, feels a lot of pressure on chest, have had episodes like that before, wheezing sound. Has what?
Has asthma Medication will be B2 agonist
1398. Hypothyroidism is associated with what ?
Hashimoto's
Person has acute hemorrhage, what occurs?
Heart Rate increases & BP decreases
If we put RBC in hypotonic solution
Hemolysis
796. what are the two visceral branches of abdominal aorta?
Hepatic and splenic
What has the longest incubation period?
Hepatitis B
What version of hepatitis is chronic?
Hepatitis C
1087. Nucleic acid analogue?
Hepatitis- i dont understand what this is asking
860. Hep C patient, you do fine needle aspiration of liver and find excess of what?
Hepatocytes
1452. a molecule that becomes active after binding?
Heptan, carrier protein
595. Vesicle on skin at nerve distribution either small recurrent cxp pox ???
Herpes Zoster
what is her most likely diagnosis?
Herpes from the traumatic ulcer
EBV and Varicella Zoster are members of?
Herpesviridae. EBV can cause Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, B-cell lymphoma, hairy leukoplakia, infectious mononucleosis
1323. condensed chromatin?
Heterochromatin
What is not transcriptionally active?
Heterochromatin (highly condensed, still zipped up in chromosome)
348. Glucose is sequestered by which enzyme?
Hexokinase
Glucose is sequestered by which enzyme
Hexokinase
Tay-Sachs Disease is a deficiency is what enzyme
Hexosaminidase. Tay-Sachs disease (hexosaminidase A deficiency) is an auto-immune autosomal recessive disorder causing deterioration of nerve cells due to accumulation of gangliosides (spinolipid) causing nerve death.
What does not cause edema?
High albumin (some sources say Shock)
548. blood flow relation in arteries and veins?
Higher
954. Salivary gland doesnt have?
Hilius
607. Tuberculate chlamydospore?
Histoplasma
Avian/bird related fungi
Histoplasma capsulatum
Which fungus are dimorphic?
Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitis, Coccidioides immitis, Sporothrix shenckii, Candidas Albicans
1117. Fungus reflect Tb?
Histoplasmosis
1387. Endothelial fungi?
Histoplasmosis
364. Systemic fungi?
Histoplasmosis
546. Intracellular fungus?
Histoplasmosis
Disseminated fungi?
Histoplasmosis
What does NOT cause a mucosal or epidermal rash?
Histoplasmosis
Which pathogen causes granulomatous lesion in lung resembling TB, similar symptoms?
Histoplasmosis
Which one can be seen as an intracellular organism?
Histoplasmosis capsulatum. In infected tissues, yeast cells of Histoplasmosis are found within macrophages.
Reed-Sternberg cells
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Apoptosis?
Hormone dependent physiologic involution
Herpes virus is the only virus that gets its cell wall from?
Host Nuclear Membrane. Herpes Virus dsDNA, enveloped, nuclear membrane, icosahedral nucleocapsid, establishes latent infection
1208. baby sutures?
Hyaline Cartilage
660. boney sutures in newborn?
Hyaline cartialge
446. Baby articular surfaces made of what?
Hyaline cartilage
474. Bone sutures in head of newborn?
Hyaline cartilage
555. cranial base of newborn is made of which cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage by endochondral ossification
1103. Alpha structure in protein holding bond?
Hydrogen Bond
1353. 8 molar urea?
Hydrophobic
What kind of force holds proteins in the lipid bilayer?
Hydrophobic Interaction
Vitamin C
Hydroxylation (of proline & lysine during collagen synthesis)
974. Collagen?
Hydroxylation of lysine for elastin
1381. vit C?
Hydroxylation of proline
1288. Which are NOT standard amino acids?
Hydroxylysine | Alanine
What is present in collagen, that isn't in elastin?
Hydroxylysine. tropocollagen is only found in collagen & reticular fibers, also has hydroxyproline & hydroxylysine. Elastin has glycine, alanine, proline, & hydroxyproline. It also has tropoelastin.
What happens when there is a decrease in extracellular K+?
Hyper polarization. Low extracellular K = hyperpolarization | high extracellular K = depolarization
335. microangioma from diabetes mellitus is due to?
Hypercholesterol
396. Patient with diabetes mellitus type 1 ( insulin 2 different injections daily), hypertensive but taking medication for it, during dental visit passed out while in chair. What is NOT the Reason?
Hyperglycemia
1133. Microangiopathy in diabetes?
Hyperglycemia (Also glycosuria, Hyperlipemia, and Ketonuria)
353. After metabolic / respiratory acidosis Which abnormality of electrolytes is morelikely... ?
Hyperkalemia
558. metabolic acidosis associated with?
Hyperkalemia
After metabolic or respiratory acidosis, which abnormality of electrolytes is more likely?
Hyperkalemia
420. about the above case the enlargement in the larynx is due to?
Hyperplasia
479. Leukoplakia?
Hyperplasia
588. Tb reaction ?
Hypersenstivity type 4
1316. edema may result from?
Hypertension
1132. Athrematous plaque in renal artery causes?
Hypertension If renal artery is occluded, you get secondary HTN - kidney thinks blood volume is low, so tries to compensate and you get HTN.
1179. Hyperthyroidism graves disease
Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis): -- Jared Corbridge | Imbalance of metabolism caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone Characterized by exophthalmos, tachycardia, heat intolerance, and fine tremor, warm moist skin, and fine hair | Caused by excess production of T4 (thyroxin).Graves' disease (most common form) | Hyperthyroidism with thyroid-stimulating/TSH receptor antibodies| Autoimmune disease occuring most frequently in women between ages 20-40 | Arises following an infection or physical/emotional stress | Diffuse Goiter | Symptoms: Range from anxiety & restlessness to insomnia & weight loss, Eyeballs may begin to protrude (exophthalmos) causing irritation & tearing
354. What would cause metabolic acidosis?
Hyperventilation- I would disagree bc hyperventilation is used to compensate for metabolic acidosis. The cause would be loss of bicarbonate or too much acid intake.
1409. Pitting edema?
Hypoalbumia
424. Pituitary deficiency causes?
Hypogonadism
926. pituitary deficiency?
Hypogonadism
1143. After thyroid surgery tetant due to?
Hypoparathyroidism bc parathyroid glands produce Ca and need Ca for muscles to work.
506. When swallowing, teeth should be in?
ICP
What cytokines are found in Osteoclastic Bone?
IL-1, IL-6, PGE2, TNF-alpha, MMPs
Purine metabolism intermediate and precursor of adenosine and guanine
IMP (inosine monophosphate)
Vital capacity
IRV + ERV + TV
350. Vital capacity?
IRV+ERV+TV
328. what antibody is found in saliva and tears?
Ig A
Antibody in mucosal surfaces?
IgA
1169. latex allegy?
IgE type 1 due to latex protein
192. gingival disease?
IgG
Immunoglobulin transfer from mother to fetus?
IgG via placenta
1198. dimorphism?
In histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioides, candida
577. Aorta at age ?
Inc systole no change with diastole
Enzyme: Competitive Inhibitor
Increase Km & Vmax Remains the Same. Noncompetitive Inhibitors Km stays the same and Vmax is reduced
1144. Aldosterone action?
Increase Na AND H20 absorption Aldosterone - primary effect is on the kidney tubules, where it stimulates Na+ retention and K+ excretion | collecting tube-reabsorbs water (controlled by ADH = vasopressin)
795. What is seen in cystic fibrosis?
Increase chloride in sweat test
787. What causes repolarization?
Increase pottasium
56. As the patient ages, the artery lose elasticity and what will happen to the patient?
Increase systole, decrease or no change in diastole due to increased elasticity of aorta
878. age increases, aorta becomes stiff, effect?
Increase systole, no change in diastole
303. Replace a dog aorta with rigid tube?
Increase systolic and decrease diastolic-remember the question about the patient aging and they lose elasticity in their artery (increase systole and decrease or no change in diastole)
1145. ADH action?
Increase water absorption
437. Pt with cystic fibrosis what you will find in the sodium chloride test?
Increased Na and Cl
470. Taller post cusps?
Increased overbite
What are the lab results of a person that has prostate cancer?
Increased serum acid phosphatase & Increase prostatic specific antigen. Prostate carcinoma w/ metastases to the bone results in increased PTH, high alkaline phosphatase & increase in Prostatic Specific Antigen (PSA)
99. steepness of the condyle ?
Increases crown height
991. Action of NE on HR and FORCE OF CONTRACTION?
Increases force of contraction | Increases vasoconstriction, HR
1297. ADH promotes the retention of water by increasing?
Increasing aquaporins
1069. Thrombosis cause?
Infarction
Which of the follow disease has Janeway lesions?
Infective Endocarditis
1091. Parathyroid blood supply?
Inferior thyroid artery
408. Where does esophagus begins?
Inferior to the cricothyroid membrane
929. sensory innervation of middle upper lip?
Infraorbital
1190. fluorouracil?
Inhibit thymidylate synthase
MOA of clindamycin?
Inhibits 50s ribosome
337. MOA of Rifampin?
Inhibits RNA dependent DNA polymerase.
1441. methotrexate mechanism of action?
Inhibits folic acid synthesis- because of folic acid's importance in the synthesis of purines and thymine its metabolism is the target of a number of antimetabolite drugs such as methotrexate (Think THF)
1490. IAN block didn't work. What is the cause?
Injected into parotid gland
What hormone stores glucose in adipose tissue?
Insulin
612. Tyrosine kinase receptor?
Insulin receptor
1223. col?
Interdental papillae
1064. Preganglion sympathetic nerve cell origin?
Intermediolateral gray column of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic sympathetic nerves that innervate the head
Intermediolateral horn of spine (T1-L2)
829. Where sigmoid sinus drains?
Internal jugular vein
What does the sigmoid sinus drain into?
Internal jugular vein
Cell immunity is most important for?
Intracellular parasite
456. What substance is used to measure GFR?
Inulin
430. which one of the following is the most common deficiency?
Iron deficiency
1462. If the pH becomes lower than the isoelectric point of a protein, then how will the protein respond in an electrophoretic system?
It will migrate to the negative pole
304. atmospheric pressure is given how much O2 tension should be?
Its 20% of given atmospheric pressure of oxygen = partial pressure of oxygen .
1033. Contact mesial point of max lateral?
Junction incisdal/middle third
233. mesial contact point on MX canine ?
Junction of middle third
What solute affects membrane resting potential?
K+
1181. HIV lymphoma?
Kaposi's sarcoma, Primary Lymphoma of brain, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
What type of cells are in stratum granulosum layer?
Keratohylain
Vitamin D deficiency
Kids: Rickets, Adult: Osteomalacia
Bordertella pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine is?
Killed vaccine
1315. dry heat destroys by?
Killing all spores
What amino acid is associated with taste sensation of umami?
L-glutamate
670. where can we perform spinal tap?
L3 L4
495. where can we perform spinal tap?
L3-L4
528. lumber puncture?
L3-L4
Mandible is
LATERAL to Meckel's cartilage in development.
1327. pain from right teeth which side of lobe?
LEFT PARIETAL The spinal trigmenal nucleus ( neuclus of fascial pail) cross over the contalatrl vpm and then to the parietal lobe. In case of normal sensation its the right lobe , because the main sensory nucleus will not cross over , so its ipsilateral
1269. oral contraceptives affect which or not?
LH decreases
1204. diff between cellular and acellular cementum?
Lacunae
686. crypt of liberkhun location?
Lamina propria of small intestine
1413. what innervates muscles below the vocal fold ?
Larynx: via branches of the VAGUS NERVE. Above the vocal folds the sensory innervation of the larynx is via the INTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE. Below the vocal folds it is by way of branches of the RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE.
837. All mandibular teeth are at same level except which tooth?
Last molar
What muscle constrict to produce sound?
Lateral & transverse cricoarytenoids
898. sound in the larynx btw 2 muscles
Lateral and transverse cricoartenoids
What protrudes the mandible?
Lateral pterygoid (Which head?
1287. Bifid tongue?
Lateral swelling
547. which movement is LEAST affected when you alter horizontal condylar guidance?
Laterotrusive
467. what is the LEAST likely to be reproduced in articulator?
Laterotrusive movement
1018. A broad facet present on the outer side of maxillary lingual surface on left side- caused due to what
Laterotusive | protrusive for anteriors
409. What is posterior to aorta?
Left Kidney
923. what is the LEAST likely to be reproducible on semi-adjustable articulator?
Left laterotrosive
What goes with ligamentum arteriosum?
Left recurrent laryngeal N.
480. Case - dead old lady with signs of liver cirrhosis and change on epithelium of uterus?
Leiomyomas
921. Preganglionic parasympathetic to or from otic ganglion?
Lesser petrosal
1366. parasympathetic fibers to the parotid?
Lesser petrosal branch of IX
455. Preganglionic nerve for otic ganglion?
Lesser petrosal nerve
1102. Protein inside amino acid?
Leucine
What are the ketogenic amino acids?
Leucine & Lysine. Ketogenic AA can be degraded directly into acetyl CoA, which is a precursor for ketone bodies
Which is NOT in seminiferous tubules?
Leydig cell (found adjacent to seminiferous tubules in interstitial tissues, regulated by LH)
Where is testosterone made?
Leydig cells
646. Right lateral excursion mesiofacial cusp of the maxillary right first molar passes through which of the following groves of Mandi right first molar?
Lingual
1075. Structure medial to hypoglossal?
Lingual artery and vein
What cusps would most likely cause this?
Lingual cusps. She is given a mouthguard what position do we put her mandible to prevent this from happening again? Maximum intercuspation.
234. caries on MX lat?
Lingual pit, development for root planning
884. herpes virus outer layer is made up of--?
Lipids, Glycoproteins
1265. gram negative bacteria have?
Lipopolysaccarhide
1166. brain abcess except tenia?
Liquefective necrosis (enzymetic digestion, suppuration, and loss of tissue architect)
Where is phosphoenol pyruvate found?
Liver
Most common cause of portal hypertension
Liver cirrhosis (can also lead to esophageal varices)
874. Effects of taking anti-fungal drugs for too long?
Liver damage
1422. Which description is accurate about the "Gingiva"?
Long connective tissue papilla
357. Where can you find the most osmolarity on renal system?
Loop of Henle
885. how could low carbohydrate in diet cause decrease weight?
Low insulin or low malonyl CoA
1508. pitting edema?
Low protein
Which organ most likely to undergo red infarction?
Lung. White infract affect solid organs (ex. spleen, heart, and kidney) while red infraction (hemorrhagic infarct) affects lungs & other loose organs like testis, ovary, SI due to loose tissues that allow RBC to collect in the infarcted zone.
520. Women secreting endometrium, which cycle?
Luteal phase
868. afferent and efferent are present in?
Lymph nodes
1078. Ketogenic amino oacid?
Lysine and leucine
342. RBC in hypotonic solution, what happens?
Lysis... but it used a Synonymous.
1347. Positive PPT except?
M. leprae
1163. second canal in maxilla which cusp?
MB
451. Where is the accessory canal in max 1st molar?
MB root
239. root with 2 canals frequently?
MD 1 molar (M root)
243. straight mesial?
MD canine
232. edge to edge MX lateral contact?
MD cent and lat
238. occlusal view of MX 1 molar?
MD lingually longer than MD facially
988. Why do CD8 lymphocytes respond to antigen associated with class 1 MHC?
MHC 1 deals with CD8/cytoxotic T cells.
cytotoxic T cells recognize?
MHC I
1046. Cusp of carebelli which cusp?
ML
124. which cusp distribute to oblique and transverse ridges?
ML
1392. The location of the palatal canal orifice on the access cavity, (under what cusp and where located to the other orifices)?
ML
1045. Largsest cusp of maxillary molars?
ML in perm | MB in primary
1393. The mesial view of the incisal edge of mandibular central incisor?
MMR = DMR. ■ D-I corner is equally as sharp as M-I. ■ Incisal edge lingual to long axis (from proximal)
122. trifurcated premolar?
MX 1 PM
148. all premolars have DMCR longer than MMCR except?
MX 1 PM
189. premolar with cusps closest in size?
MX 2 PM
1279. Which cross section is the biggest facial lingually?
MX canine- for the anteriors but MX 1 M is the largest overall
246. most anterior teeth deformities?
MX laterals
637. Cells MOST present in granulomas?
Macrophages
1199. action of macrophages on T cells?
Macrophages express MCH class 2 and attract t helper cells which in turn activates macrophages for phagocytosis to release cytokines
1311. IL 2?
Made by T cells- attract more t cells
937. demi-lunes found in which gland?
Majority are in sublingual; however, present in submandibular too
100. How increasing anterior overbite will affect the hight of posterior cusps ?
Make them taller/higher
What steps restores oxaloacetate in TCA?
Malate, malate dehydrogenase
Meckel's Cartilage makes what
Malleus & Incus (1st Branchial Arch)
A. On liver tests, they found?
Mallory bodies
Alcoholics & liver cirrhosis
Mallory bodies (inclusion found in the cytoplasm of liver cells, damaged intermediate filaments in the hepatocytes, usually found in people w/ alcoholic liver)
1495. Mamellon in 17 year old result of?
Malocclusion
primary molar lacks?
Mamelon
1039. Primary teeth lack?
Mammelons and root trunk
482. Very prominent triangular ridge?
Mand 1st premolar
279. primary teeth that resemble permanent?
Mand and max 1st permanent molars resembles the mand and max 2nd primary molars-accorrding to 300 dental anatomy facts the primary max first molar resembles the crown of a permanent premolar and roots of the permanent max molar
1289. Class II oclusion, patient retruded, maxillary canine oppose what teeth?
Mandi lateral
1148. Cervical ridge prominent on both facial and lingual in which primary tooth?
Mandibular 1st molar
1028. Square shaped PM?
Mandibular 2nd PM
1294. parotid, submandibular innervation?
Mandibular Nerve
477. Root with 2 canals frequently?
Mandibular first molar (MB root)
1256. Tooth that commonly requires separate MO and DO restorations?
Mandibular first premolar
324. TMJ sensory by which NV?
Mandibular, trigeminal
333. which muscle NOT affected by patient that had a stroke on the motor lesion on the left side below eye muscles?
Masseter, because its innervated by CNV3 while facial muscles are affected by CNVII. Also I think this is UML not LML.
585. In allergy, IgE binds to?
Mast cell
775. which primary tooth looks like which permanent tooth?
Max 2nd molar looks like permenant 1st molar and a maxillary 1st molar looks like a permanent premolar
935. crown with mesial concavity?
Max canine
1149. MO preparation difficult to do on which tooth?
Maxi 1st molar and mandi 1st premolar
754. Only tooth widest lingual?
Maxi 1st molar has the widest FL dimension of any tooth
454. Largest sinus infection in skull?
Maxillary
1029. PM with same lingual and buccal cusp heightt?
Maxillary 2nd PM
1151. Lingogingival groove?
Maxillary Lateral
- x ray of 1st molar, radiolucency is seen over teeth- what can it be?
Maxillary Sinus - what is the name of the surgery performed 3 yrs ago? Oophorectomy
1210. external carotid last branches?
Maxillary and superficial temporal
493. Terminal branch of external carotid?
Maxillary and superficial temporal
854. Pseudostratified lining came out during extraction of max molar. Where is that lining from?
Maxillary antrum/sinus
757. during lateral trusive movement lowest canine contact what?
Maxillary canine
1044. class 3 crossbite, mand lateral contacts what tooth?
Maxillary lateral contacts mandibular laterals and canine on retrusion in a class 3 anterior crossbite case
810. Occlusal table of molars?
Maxillary- rhomboid; Mandibular 1st-pentagon,Mandibular 2nd-Rectangular
Koplik's Spots
Measles (ssRNA paramyxovirus, transmitted by respiratory droplet)
471. TMJ Disc which embryonic cartilage?
Meckel's cartilage
1408. Muscle help in stabilization in maximum intercuspation?
Medial Pterygoid
464. Sling muscles:
Medial pterygoid and masseter
nnervation of the Thenar muscle (thumb)
Median Nerve. Thenar are group of muscles on the palm & at base of the thumb
789. Thenar is innervated by?
Median nerve
What innervates the anterior wrist?
Median nerve
1215. thumb supply?
Median nerve, sensory C6
1469. Testlet: Old woman , mentally compromised allergic to tomato. She has 5 years old hip fracture and takes medicines for mental issues and antihistamines. Has painful ulcer on palate from last 2 days , aggravates as she eats and gingival bleeding as probed. Biopsy was done for ulcer. Reason for gingival hyperplasia?
Medication
1043. Mesiolingual cusp of maxilla distobuccal cusp of mandible?
Mediotrusive
1164. broken filling in mesiolingual of maxilla?
Mediotrusive
764. Outer facet on ML cusp by which movement?
Mediotrusive
473. Which organ is a sympathetic receptor?
Medulla adrenal
Cell cycle immediately after fertilization
Meiosis II
1506. NOT in dermis ?
Meissner
What's not found in epithelium?
Meissner's corpuscle (fine touch)
818. What is formed from neural crest cells?
Melanocytes, Schwann cells, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla..
459. Patient with lower denture complaining on burning of buccal gingiva and side of lower lip, which nerve?
Mental nerve
763. during laterotrusive lower canine distally or mesially to upper?
Mesially
1047. Oblique ridge which part of mesiolingual cusp?
Mesiolingual to distofacial
762. all body cavity covered with?
Mesiothelium
414. Lining of visceral cavities?
Mesoderm- I think they meant to write mesothelium. Visceral cavities arise from the mesoderm.
1224. layer which lines the epithelium of organs?
Mesothelium, simple squamous
586. Soft tissue and bone in fracture?
Metaplasia
What is the pons derived from?
Metencephalon (pons & cerebellum). 5 Secondary Vesicles: Telencephalon + Diencephalon + Mesencephalon + Metencephalon + Myelencephalon
723. initiation codon is translated to which amino acid ?
Methionine
What's the difference between thymidine & uracil?
Methyl group on thymine
994. What is present in epithelium of microvilli?
Micro filaments | Simple cuboidal with goblet cells
126. patient has paralysis in facial muscles due to cerebrovascular injury .. which artery is involved?
Middle cerebral
Patient had a stroke. What common artery is occluded?
Middle cerebral artery. Stroke can be caused in infract in the brain
Patient got epidural hemorrhage, which artery was severed?
Middle meningeal artery
1116. Fungus around blood vessel?
Mucomycosis
1281. Which disease is most often characterized by hyphae growing in and around vessels?
Mucomycosis
1388. Mycotic organism?
Mucormycosis
894. chemotherapy affect the most?
Mucosa
912. pathologic fracture?
Multiple myeloma
What innervates the Brachialis (biceps muscles)?
Musculocutaneous (C5-C7)
631. Brachialis brachi innervations?
Musculocutaneous nerve
101. taking a canine from a mutually protected occlusion?
Mutually guided occlusion
264. most tooth incline MD?
Mx molar
1118. Fungus filaments?
Mycelium
What is dimorphism in fungus?
Mycelium (mold) or as yeast.
432. What is dimorphism in fungi?
Mycelium (mold) or yeast
1071. Acid fast bacillus?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
374. Acid fast stain?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1470. ATP is attached to which component of skeletal muscle?
Myosin Head
715. sweat test in cystic fibrosis
NA and CL are increased
Primary molecule for reduction biosynthesis?
NADPH
948. Painless hematuria all except?
NEPHROLITHIASIS
879. refractory period is indicated by?
Na channels close and delayed potassium opening
1009. Testlet -tonsils (adenoids) - removed due to upper airway obstruction? Present where?
Nasopharynx opening at concha
1502. What damage comes from the bite?
Necrosis
378. Gas gangrene is what kind of enzymatic activity?
Necrotizante
1376. Hapten?
Need carrier
886. most important complication in a child born from mother with gonorrhea?
Neonatal conjunctivitis
876. Cells can't stop dividing. What type is this?
Neoplastic/ anaplastic
566. All painless except?
Nephrolithiasis-kidney stones are v painful
1074. All painless urine except?
Nephrothliasis
49. Alzheimer?
Neurodegenerative, dementia
400. Predominant cell in acute inflammation?
Neutrophil
401. While draining an abscess from a lower molar, what kind of cell will predominate?
Neutrophil
1205. 1st cells to appear in acute infection?
Neutrophill
655. In acute inflammation which cell is more seen?
Neutrophils
What diseases are lysosomal deficiency?
Niemann-Pick, Gaucher's, Tay-Sachs
1439. Gout characteristic (one of the option kidney stone)?
Night pain, skin erythema, kidney stones
1285. How the osmotic presuure change in the distal part of proximal tubule?
No change
Resting potential is -70 mV & extracelllalar K+ increases & comes out of nowhere?
No change
1299. advantage of dry heat?
No corrosion of metals
936. mesial furcation in upper posterior?
No furcation mesially
766. Q fever spread by vector?
No-by aerosols by coxiella burnetti
In addition to Karposi's Sarcoma, which other malignant neoplasm is often observed with AIDS?
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
769. Hapten?
Non-antigenic protein, require protein carrier
784. If right max canine is missing what will it's counter effects be on the left max canine and left maxillary molars?
Non-working interference
Sphingomyelin/Sphingophospholipid: know characteristics
Not Responsible for RBC Recognition. Sphingomyelin Function: Plasma Membrane Constituent, Nerve Tissue Constituent (myelin sheath), lysosomes. Major constituent: ceremide & choline, accumulation is Neimann-Pick Disease
When taking away phosphate group from (named a nucleotide)?
Nucleoside
Carbon monoxide (CO) decreases
O2 content but PO2 is normal
In the amino acid metabolism, what are the 2 primary acceptors of amine groups?
OAA & alpha-ketogluterate
1160. bruxism which surface shows attrition?
Occlusal | area to area
911. PNET and Ewing sarcoma account?
Of primary malignant tumor- both are seen in kids
478. Distal concavity?
On max canine
540. found on mutation and cause improper metabolism?
Oncogene
1467. Testlet: 50yr old man comes in for ortho treatment. He has an FPD on #12-14. Need to remove the anterior abutment. What of the following is NOT likely to be a complication in the extraction of this tooth?
One root
798. Very fast replication of cells has what kind of effect on other stages of cell cycle?
Only S and M phase
1065. NOT in cavernous?
Optic- this in sphenoid bone
592. infarct healing?
Organization
638. Ulcer on palate?
Orthopoxvirus-remember orthopox is for smallpox (ulcers on mouth) while orthomyoxvirdia is flu virus.
What are housed in Howship's Lacunae?
Osteoclasts. Howship's lacuna = groove/cavity usually containing osteoclasts that occurs in bone which is undergoing reabsorption). Trabecular bone is 1st resorbed by osteoclasts, creating a shallow resorption put (Howship's lacuna). Then, osteoclast deposit compact bone in the pit.
900. which cell is NOT present in the periosteum?
Osteocyte
405. What is NOT in periosteum?
Osteocytes
What is not in periosteum?
Osteocytes
384. Who is the final electron receptor in electron transport chain?
Oxygen
1325. Histamine in produce by which gland?
Oxyntic gland
Sulfonamides compete with which molecule in their mechanism of action
PABA to inhibit folic acid synthesis. Therefore cannot make purines or pyrimidines
1239. amplification of dna?
PCR
782. DNA amplification?
PCR
1268. most ATP?
PCT
824. Which part of nephron takes up most ATP?
PCT
1067. Rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis?
PFK
The predominant cell in acute inflammatory response & in abscesses?
PMN
663. cutting the hypophyseal stalk, which hormone will still be secreted?
PROLACTIN
1061. Innervation of maxillary molar 1st to anesthsise?
PSA and MSA
505. Extraction of maxillary 1st PM Anesthesia to?
PSA and MSA
896. after extraction of max 1 n 2 molar pt came with HEMATOMA at site in middle insertion, why?
PSA nerve-hematoma
1324. warfin lab test?
PT
191. warfarin tested by?
PT
Which salivary glands are only mucus secreting?
Palatine salivary gland (in the submucosa). Only serous glands: Von Ebner's & parotid gland
1346. DNA fingerprinting, restriction sites?
Palindrome are the sites where DNA is cut & the enzyme used is restriction endonuclease
344. Acinar ducts where?
Pancreas
What will cover the hard palate after an ulcer heals?
Parakaratinized Stratum Squamous Epithelium
- what epithelium is of normal surrounding epithelium of biopsy?
Parakeratinized
442. Measles and rubeola, what virus?
Paramyxovirus
Measles (Rubeola) & mumps belong to which group of virus?
Paramyxoviruses. Mump cause parotitis & sometimes in adults, orchitis (inflammation of testes)
863. Eosinophilia is caused due to?
Parasitic infection
421. After surgery Pt suffers of hypocalcemia how you will explain it?
Parathyroid accidental recession
What is responsible for calcium regulation?
Parathyroid hormone (Increase Serum Calcium)
457. Which cells secret intrinsic factor?
Parietal cells
1178. Parkinson
Parkinson's disease: Tremor (at rest), Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural Instability Think TRAP for being trapped in your body | Associated w/ Lewy bodies and depigmentation of the substantia nigra | Due to loss of dopaminergic neurons in the caudate & putamen Rare cases have been linked to exposure to MPTP, a contaminant in illicit street drugs Signs/symptoms: Bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, masked faces, dementia
1505. lewy body?
Parkinsons
How would the parotid differ from sublingual (staining/histology) or mucous/serous gland:
Parotid = serous, more eosinophilic while sublingual = pale-stain due to mucus, bubbly appearance (foamy dark nuclei)
859. Purely serous glands?
Parotid and von ebner
1216. pain nucleus?
Pars Interpolaris-remember spinal nucleus made of oralis, interlopolaris, caudalis
10.
Patient with rash on sided of face, droopy eye lid, constriction of pupil, what nerve dysfunction? Horner's Syndrome = damage to SYMPATHTIC (Superior Cervical Ganglion)
541. diagnostic features of breast cancer?
Peau de orange appearence.. fixity to underlying tissues, Markers.. BRCA 1 & 2
1113. Niacin def?
Pellagra
What don't you treat patients with penicillin & erythromycin?
Penicillin only works on growing cells
What process makes NADPH?
Pentose Phosphate Shunt
1174. HIV NOT associated with what disease?
Periodontal
427. What kind of disease will cause lack of Vit B12?
Pernicious anemia
567. All has in respiratory EXCEPT?
Pertusis
618. NOT a normal pathogen of oral?
Pertussis
Which of the following is a cancer of the adrenal medulla?
Pheochromocytoma. Cardinal sign is persistent or episodic hypertension, often benign & results in irregular secretions of epi/norepi
1308. function of aryepiglottic
Phonation
Rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
918. glycolysis its enzymes and products?
Phosphofruktokinase | Pyruvate
613. Mech of action of glucagon?
Phosporylation of protein kinase
640. 1st step in correcting thyamine dimers?
Photoreactivation by photolyase enzyme is the 1st step
623. Diaphragm innervation by?
Phrenic
492. Innervation of lung?
Phrenic nerve and Vagus nerve
1507. multiple drug resistance?
Plasmid
514. Cells found in viceral layer of bowman's capsule?
Podocytes
576. What lines visceral side of kidney?
Podocytes
Hepatic Sinusoid drain what
Portal Blood to Central Vein
What is the only muscle to abduct (contract) the larynx (vocal fold)?
Posterior cricoarytenoid m.
465. Which muscle retrudes the mandible?
Posterior fibers of temporalis
847. When infundibulum is dissected which hormone is stopped?
Posterior pituitary (ADH & oxytocin)
410. Thoracic duct lies?
Posterior to esophagus
1493. Where in the nerve fibers is NE produced?
Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers
630. Most vertical?
Premolars
570. Proline in saliva?
Present during enamel formation helps in remineralization
Know Cytochrome P450. Choose exception
Present in all tissues of the body & help w/ hormone synthesis/breakdown, cholesterol synthesis, Vit D metabolism. Metabolize toxic compounds, mostly in liver
1431. Action of the oblique fiber of TMJ ligament-
Prevents excessive retrusion -Oblique fibers:
873. At what age mandibular root formation ends?
Primary 1-11/2 year; permanent 2-3 years
What happens with primary exposure to HSV1?
Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
510. Which primary tooth has a crown similar to a premolar and roots similar to a molar?
Primary Maxillary 1st molar
511. Unlike any other tooth?
Primary mand. 1st molar
Which one is not a function of the spleen?
Produce plasma cells
910. complication of fibroids?
Profuse, painful menstruation, infertality
What amino acids other than glycine is found in collagen?
Proline & Lysine. Lysine is involved in crosslinking
959. Primary mandi maxi molar cervical ridges?
Prominent on md 1st primary molar MF
Man has bony exocytosis with anaplastic glandular epi. What is it?
Prostate carcinoma, which metastases
883. lab test for patient on warfarin drug?
Prothrombin Time and International Normalized Ratio.
Lab test for warfarin?
Prothrombin test (increases)- Warfarin = anticoagulant, inhibits vitamin K reductase affecting extrinsic pathways & prothrombin conversion so ↑ Prothrombin Time (normal PPT & bleeding time)
1273. truncated cells in kidney present where?
Proximal
Over-treating with antibiotics, C. difficile, would show?
Pseudomembranous Colitis
351. Epithelium of respiratory tract?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Where does deep facial vein drain into?
Pterygoid Plexus .Deep facial vein connects the anterior facial vein & the pterygoid plexus
1307. structures in pterygopalatine fossa?
Pterygopalatine ganglion and innervations
Mitral Valve is messed up, what will you see?
Pulmonary Edema
326. what structure is affected in root of the lung cancer?
Pulmonary aorta
Sulfonamides block dihydrofolate & block what?
Purine & pyrimidines synthesis
435. Decreased size of nuclei and condensed chromatin?
Pyknosis. Karrohyexxis is nuclear fragmentation and karyolysis is nuclear fading.
What enzymes produce oxaloacetate?
Pyruvate Carboxylase (pyruvate oxaloacetate)
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in what enzyme?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Which is NOT from an insect/flea bite?
Q Fever Cox Burn
616. Rickets infection NOT transmitted by tick?
Q fever- know that Q fever does not need a vector!
944. Anemia - what is affected?
Quantity of hemoglobin (depends on type)
920. deviation of tongue to left?
REMEMBER- tongue deviates to the AFFECTED side. CNXII is tongue.
1258. basophilia in?
RER
215. Nissl bodies ?
RER
398. N- GLYCOSYLATION, where?
RER
Nissl body is
RER
557. how to measure nitrous oxide inhalation??
RMV-reserve minute volume
a. Which nerve on her forearm prone to damage?
Radial nerve
849. Aldosterone is partly responsible for?
Reabsorb water in the collecting duct-know this: ADH MAINLY COLLECTING DUCT and ALDOSTERONE IS MAINLY DCT
1142. After surgery not able to speak which nerve affected?
Recurrent laryngeal and transverse- transverse artyenoid muscle?
252. Pt has lung infarction and dies in 24 hr. What is found in histology?
Red Infarct, pulmonary embolism
If patient is on a low carb diet, he/she wants low levels of?
Reduce production of insulin with low level of Malonyl CoA
What occurs during Tracheostomy?
Reduced Airway Resistance, Reduced Dead Space
1379. Spinal cord in CNS solely responsible for respiration OR coordinated motor movement OR simple reflex??
Reflex
Type of fractured bone at this time?
Remodeled bone. Epithelium adjacent to biopsy? Parakeratinized Epithelium of Ulcer? Orthokeratinised
1131. Secondary hypertension renal cause?
Renal artery stenosis | secondary hypertension
393. Patient is on nitrous, what is the best way to measure efficiency?
Reserve minute volume
Patient is on nitrous, best way to measure efficiency?
Reserve minute volume
1081. Air left in lings after expiration?
Residual Volume
993. Immediately distal to terminal bronchiole?
Respiratory Bronchiole | Cuboidal cells
1209. hyperkalimia in?
Respiratory acidosis diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea
Spasticity is defined as Hyper
Responsive Stretch Reflex
1023. Which component of adrenal gland had steroid producing fat cells in it?
Reticular zone of cortex-remember kidney hormones are in glomular zone, cortisol is in fascicular zone.
411. Small vessel affected in diabetic patient?
Retinopathy
925. small vessel disease in diabetes?
Retinopathy
Metaplasia
Reversible replacement of one tissue type with another
667. which virus doesn't have latent phase?
Rhino
436. Which virus DOESN't have latent phase?
Rhinovirus
Which virus doesn't have latent phase? Rhinovirus & Poliovirus.
Rhinovirus & Poliovirus. These DO establish a latent infection EBV, HVS-1 & 2, VZV, CMV (all herpesvirus) HEH CV
502. What makes Cerebellum + pons?
Rhombencephalon
700. cerebellum and pons are called?
Rhombencephalon
Origin of the pons and medulla
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain, includes: medulla, pons & cerebellum). 3 primary vesicles: Prosencephalon + Mesencephalon + Rhombencephalon
731. proximal view of mandibular first molar?
Rhomboidal
What muscle adducts the scapula?
Rhomboids. Adduct = trapezius & rhomboids (major, minor). Abduct = serratus anterior, pectoralis
1459. last product of urea?
Ribose
Pyrimidine synthesis begins with what?
Ribose 5 - phosphate. R5P = Result of pentose phosphate pathway, makes ribose for nucleotide synthesis & NAPD for fatty acid/steroid.
377. Which of the following is carried by vector?
Ricketssia
Typhus fever
Rickettsia
Which one needs arthropods vector (insects) or fleas?
Rickettsia except Cox Burn
Tongue moves to the Right
Right CNXII (hypoglossal nerve) Damage. Damage/lesion to CN 12 shows deviation towards paralyzed side when protruded b/c of weaker genioglossal muscle.
What is posterior to the aorta
Right Kidney, Liver, Colon (& pancreas are anterior to the abdominal aorta)
484. Where is crista terminalis?
Right atrium
Crista terminalis is located on the
Right atrium. It is the junction between the sinus venosus & the heart in the embryo
What supplies the SA node
Right coronary Artery
952. how the mandibular molars differ from 1st to 3rd ?
Roots more distally inclined, shortest root of any tooth, and crown smaller
In cells, N-glycosylation occurs in where?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (in all cells). N-glycosylation is the attachment of sugar glycan to nitrogen (ex. amide of asparagine)
1395. lower canine canal shape?
Roughly Oval
What stage is DNA synthesis in the cell cycle?
S `
801. Secretin is secreted by?
S cells in duodenum
329. secretin is released in?
S cells of duodenum
644. normal flora of nasopharyngeus?
S epidermis-common in mucosa and skin
1139. Glucosyl transferace?
S mutants Cariogenic bacteria synthesizes glucans (dextrans) and fructans (levans) from their metabolism of dietary sucrose (via glucosyltransferase), which contribute to their adherence to tooth surfaces. As a consequence, lactic acid is formed, reducing salivary pH and creating sites of enamel demineralization and cavitation
1241. instead of replication used multiplication occurs most in?
S phase
Histones are synthesized in which phase of the cell cycle
S phase
210. NOT in plaque?
S. pyogenes
Most common bacteria on the dorsum of the tongue
S. salivarius
522. Adenosine deaminase deficiency causes what disease?
SCID
1351. Adenosine deaminase deficiency?
SCIDS disease
431. Lateral shift of spine?
SCOLIOSIS
Type of agar used for most fungi?
Sabouraud agar
Why is saliva hypotonic?
Salivary duct cells reabsorb Na+ & Cl- in exchange for K+ and HC03-. Saliva is hyposmolar b/c reabsorption of water by striated duct cells is less than reabsorption of Na+
What is NOT derived from neural Crest?
Salivary glands & enamel
561. Difference about shigella and salmonella?
Salmonella has flagella
1442. Not part of CNS?
Schwann
1362. yellow spots on the buccal mucosa?
Sebaceous glands
1089. TMJ develops from?
Secondary cartilage, articular disc from meckles cartilage
1014. What is present in saliva, tears, eyes ?
Secretory IgA
444. Immunoglobulin in saliva?
Secretory IgA
807. Gemination?
Seems like two teeth developed from one-aka twinning but same number of teeth as normal
428. motion in small intestine?
Segmentation
1378. mechanic proprioception in PDL?
Send to mesencephalic V
What residues are phosphorylated to activate/deactivate an enzyme (like glycogen synthase or glycogen phosphorylase)?
Serine
What type of cells make up the demilunes of mucous something of sublingual glands?
Serous cells
What parotid salivary glands resemble pancreatic ductal cells?
Serous gland & Intercalated ducts
407. which one does NOT contribute to the posterior wall of the axilla?
Serratus Anterior
Which one does not contributed to the posterior wall of the axilla?
Serratus anterior, Humerus (?). Posterior wall = Subscapularis, Teres Major, Latissiumus Dorsi, & Scapula
Granulosa cells of females are similar to what cells found in males?
Sertoli Cells. Sertoli cells help with spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules, activated by FSH
376. Which factor plays an important role in detecting the initiation factor for RNA transcription?
Sigma
Which one plays an important role in detecting the starting codon (initiation) for RNA transcription?
Sigma Part
163. lining of stomach?
Simple columnar epi
1380. internal lining of systems with mesothelium?
Simple squamous
Where do you get Vitamin D from?
Skin, liver, kidney
1137. Vaccinia is vaccine for mollascum contagiosum, which is for-
Small pox
786. What is the reason for refractory period?
Sodium channel inactivation and delayed closing of K channel
-
Spasticity is a hypertonus state of the affected muscles due to a releases of the tonic inhibition of the brainstem, facilitatory info which leads to gamma motor neuron excitation. Thus, hyperactivity of the gamma fibers
485. Ligament attached to lingula?
Sphenomandibular
990. What is incorporated in cell membrane of nerve cells?
Sphingomyelin-which has lecithin also
1095. Pain nucleus?
Spinal
130. pain transmitted by which nucleus ?
Spinal
1433. NOT part of enamel?
Spindle
1203. sphenomandibual ligament origin from what part of sphenoid?
Spine of sphenoid
Direct branch of the Celiac Trunk?
Splenic Artery (also Left Gastric and Common Hepatic A)
394. Which of the following will NOT happen in a diabetic patient?
Splenomegaly
What bacteria causes endocarditis in IV drug user?
Staph Aureus
569. Bacteria in abcess?
Staph aureus
785. What's responsible for taller cusps?
Steeper anterior guidance, increases condylar guidance
Trachea Bifurcation
Sternal Angle
513. All elevate the larynx EXCEPT?
Sternohyoid
1076. Muscle NOT innervated by 9 via 10?
Stlyophryngeus
What specific organs does the portal vein drain?
Stomach (Also drains spleen, pancreas, SI, LI)
1031. Canine mesial view of mandible?
Straight
1445. Keratohyalin granules from ?
Stratum granulosum
1483. Keratohyalin granules seen where?
Stratum granulosum
What is not present in an orthokeratinized layer?
Stratum lucidium (listed all the other stratums)
892. normal flora of oropharynx?
Strep mutans
Which of the following does NOT cause pneumonia:
Strep mutans, H influenza, S pneumoniae
Which of the following is NOT an oral bacterium & not found in dental plaque?
Strep pyogenes
1335. microorganism on surface of tongue?
Strep. Salivarius
Most common type of endocarditis
Streptococcus Viridian (α-hemolytic strep)
Postural Reflex
Stretch Reflex
161. afferent of breuer reflex of the lung?
Stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex) of the lung is carried by vagus nerve (CN 10) to prevent over-inflation
Which salivary gland cell is more like proximal convoluted tubule in the kidney?
Striated Duct cell
1400. Which duct of the salivary similar to kidney?
Striated duct
1175. striated duct?
Striated ducts contain mitochondria for electrolyte & water transport; simple, low columnar epithelium | Striations of salivary glands are related to a combo of foldings of basal cell MBs & radially arranged mitochondria
1301. eagles syndrome?
Stylohyoid Syndrome
1049. Ligament protrusion?
Stylomandibular
486. Ligament attached to inferior border of mylohyoid line in mandible?
Stylomandibular
565. Ligament during protrusion?
Stylomandibular
794. What passes between palatoglossus and palatopharyngeous?
Stylopharyngeus muscle and glossopharyngeal nerve
b. Chin deviated to right side, what affected?
Sub Condylar fracture on right side
345. Serous demilunes in which gland?
Sublingual
768. Where does submandibular gland duct eject?
Sublingual caruncle
Serous demilunes are in which gland?
Sublingual gland. Serous demilunes are the serous cells at the distal end of mucous tubuloalveolar secretory unit of sublingual salivary glands. They secrete the proteins that contain lysozyme, which degrades the bacteria cell walls.
1121. Anterior skin drain in to superficial lymph node?
Submandibular
649. Infection from tooth no 19 goes into which lymph node?
Submandibular
What neurotransmitter is found in nerves that transfer pain?
Substance P
1001. Testlet: Wht affectd in parkinsonism?
Substansia nigra
1429. Why enamel harder than bone ?
Substantia Adamantina
628. Affected in Parkinson?
Substantia nigra
1125. Flurouracil MOA?
Suicide inhibitor of thymidylate synthase
Which one is the mechanism of action of Fluorouracil?
Suicide inhibitor of thymidylate synthase. Fluorouracil is a pyrimidine analog, anti-neoplastic, interferes w/ DNA synthesis by blocking thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.
338. MOA of fluorouracil?
Suicide inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase
336. Which branch of carotid artery is NOT in the carotid triangle?
Superficial temporal
Terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
Superficial temporal & maxillary artery
1211. which branch of the ECA is not in carotid sheath?
Superficial temporal artery
In the carotid triangle, what branch of the ECA wouldn't you see?
Superficial temporal artery
Most frequent form of varicosities/varicose veins?
Superficial veins in the Legs
1053. Condylar disk stabilized by which muscle?
Superior belly of lateral pterygoid
1368. sensory to the upper lip?
Superior labial branch of infraorbital nerve
Hepatic portal vein contains blood from the?
Superior mesenteric & Splenic Vein
Initial venous drainage of the jejunum?
Superior mesenteric vein
1057. Structure in sphenoid?
Superior orbital fissure and optic canal
857. What stops immune reaction in tissues?
Suppressor T cells
556. epithelial lining from ventral to dorsal surface of tongue due to?
Surgery
1372. A RBC in hypotonic solution?
Swell | Lysis
What structure is posterior to the carotid sheath that runs along the Longus Capitas muscle
Sympathetic Chain Ganglia
1106. Fluid in TMJ?
Synovial
572. RA first affect?
Synovial joints
977. hepatocyte-
Synthesis of albumin
987. related to cell surface receptors with CDR complex?
T cells
Which of the following is for a delayed hypersensitivity/latent infection?
T cells & macrophage, lymphocytes
441. What cells are involved in the type IV hypersensitivity?
T cells and macrophages
Where does this arise in the spinal cord: sympathetic preganglionic cervical ganglion (SCG)?
T1-T8
1226. silicosis?
TB | inhalation of silica (type of pneumoconiosis) may lead to mesothelioma
564. Ligament during yawning?
TMJ
811. What is NOT seen in 10 weeks pregnant lady?
TMJ-made past week 10
An infection of the epithelial cells of the eye that can sometimes enter back into the nasopharynx?
TRACHOMA due to Chlamydia trachomatis
724. vital capacity?
TV+IRV+ERV
Rifampin works as a RNA Synthesis Inhibitor
TX OF TB!!!!. inhibits DNA-dependent RNA-Polymerase, which stops mRNA transcription
1377. Ganglioside GM2 accumulation?
Tay sachs disease
772. Ganglioside GM2 accumulation?
Tay-sach
507. How you measure basal metabolic rate?
Temperature
466. Template and product for reverse transcriptase?
Template: RNA Product: DNA
1012. Patient with night bruxism - which muscle painful ?
Temporalis
1051. Insertion coronoid?
Temporalis
463. Muscle attached to coronoid?
Temporalis
5. Which muscle inserted to coronoid?
Temporalis
679. which muscle is attached to coronoid process?
Temporalis
563. All do brain abcess except ?
Tena podia
Weil Felix test is used for?
Test for Rickettsia infections
512. How do you differentiate a mandibular central from lateral?
The crown of mandibular lateral tilts distally in relation to long axis.
When doing ext of mandibular 3rd molars
The glandular tissue most likely to be, bichard glands.
1434. Sympathetic effect eye?
The ophthalmic nerve (CN V: V1) is one of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve, the fifth cranial nerve. It carries sensory information from the face/scalp and sympathetic fibers for pupil dilation in the long ciliary branch of the nasociliary nerve mydriasis
208. not a step of PCR?
There are three major steps involved in the PCR technique: Denaturation, Annealing, and Extension (in sequence)
390. What are the steps of DNA amplification?
There are three steps involved in the PCR(polymerase chain reaction) technique: Denaturation, Annealing, and Extension (in sequence)
1254. Polyenes are selective for fungi in what way?
They bind to ergosterol in the fungal membrane
What is NOT true regarding hexokinase & glucokinase?
They have same Km (glucokinase is higher, more affinity).. Glucokinase is a isoform of hexokinase found only in the liver & only uses substrate glucose
Veins
Thick Tunica Adventitia | Muscular Arteries Thick Tunica Media
842. What is the characteristic of aortic arch?
Thick tunica media with elastic fibres
468. Parasympathetic stimulation to salivary gland cause?
Thin saliva (watery saliva_
1092. Thymus origin?
Third pharyngeal pouch
1449. Herpangina?
Throat, palate, or tongue, the oral lesions A viral disease with oral manifestations | 3-yr-old w/ fever, vesicles / ulcers on soft palate, pharynx → herpangina | Herpangina & Coxsackie virus - you can make the connection, right... | Hand-foot-and-mouth disease - buccal mucosa and gingiva
799. What is NOT present in blood?
Thrombin
What is NOT normally present in plasma?
Thrombin
792. Endothelial cells are affected what happens?
Thrombus formation
538. Myasthenia gravis related to which tumor?
Thymoma
698. patient with myasthenagravis disease most likely to have what kind of tumor?
Thymoma
497. Patient with myasthenia gravis most likely to have what kind of neoplasia?
Thymoma-thymus tumor
Where does the INFERIOR thyroid artery come from
Thyrocervical Trunk
What creates the Laryngeal Prominence
Thyroid Cartilage
821. Prominence of throat is due to?
Thyroid cartilage
970. Accellular cementum formed at root?
To compensate occlusal wear | because it is formed first in hertwig epithelial root sheath predominates in coronal of root whereas cellular newly formed frequently on apical half
856. Why is non-alive vaccine better than alive vaccine for polio?
To inhibit deactivation in live
488. Centric occlusion?
Tooth guided position-remember CR is muscle guided
865. Gomphosis?
Tooth with socket
380. What protozoa are spread in cat feces?
Toxoplasma gandi
What protozoa are spread in cat feces?
Toxoplasma gondii
779. Bronchial tree sequence?
Trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi -tertiary bronchi - terminal bronchiole - respiratory bronchiole - alveoli
382. iron is carried in serum plasma?
Transferrin
What carries iron in the plasma
Transferrin
1344. Adenosine nucleoside cross mitochondria via?
Translocation
491. Parasympathetic to which part of colon?
Transverse
1112. Adduct scapula?
Trapezius and rhomboids
Reason for ulcer?
Trauma from food
476. Cervical cut in max central ?
Triangular
895. cross section of middle of root of CENTRAL INCISOR?
Triangular
Which muscle in the arm is innervated by the radial nerve (supplies upper limbs)
Triceps
362. Organism that causes athlete's foot?
Trichophyton
363. Which fungal infection leads to superficial skin infection?
Trichophyton
Organism that causes athletes foot (tinea pedis)
Trichophyton
Which fungal infection leads to superficial skin disease?
Trichophyton, - Epidermophyton & Microsporum cause dermatophytosis. Tx w/ Griseofulvin
608. NOT in cell membrane?
Triglyceride
550. skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle have in common?
Tropomyosin, less regenerative capacity, sacroplasmic reticulum, and nucleus
1030. PM2 has rounded outline compared to PM1 of maxilla?
True
1040. Primary 1st Molar 1 has no groove on buccal and has groove on lingual first t/f?
True
1503. TMJ load bearing?
True
964. Primary 1st molar facial surface has no develpmental groove?
True
168. which fungus cayse athlete feet?
Trychophyton
What structure in branchial arches failed if baby has bifurcated tongue?
Tuberculum impar
976. Latex allergy?
Type 1
633. Asthma?
Type 1 hypersensitivity
Infant has trouble breathing, what cells are causing problems?
Type 2 Pnuemocytes
1171. PPDis hypersensitivity?
Type 4
975. Doctor develops urticaria (hives) after donning latex gloves - which reaction?
Type1 allergy protein | Chemical 4
165. insulin receptor?
Tyrosine kinase
1217. ligament teres?
Umbilical vein
415. Origin of ligamentum teres?
Umbilical vein
866. Basal cell carcinoma occurs where?
Upper face and nose
1448. paralysis of the face muscle below zygoma right side of the face ?
Upper motor neuron lesion
770. What is NOT found in DNA?
Uracil
1101. Purine metabolism product?
Uric acid
908. Most common benign tumor of women?
Uterine leiomyomas
1277. pain face?
VPM
443. Varicella and chicken pox, what virus?
VZV
1207. innervation of lung ?
Vagus and T2-T4
839. Which nerve innervates lungs?
Vagus and T2-T4
583. C3a?
Vasodilation- C5a is more potent than C3a
1492. Infundibular stalk cut, which hormone ceased?
Vasopressin (ADH)
1479. Lower Motor Neuron where in the spinal cord?
Ventral horn
259. leukocytes leave vessles at?
Venules
Acute Staph Subacute which is more common is
Viridans
1460. which one is important for enamel and bone options?
Vit A,D- someone else said vitamin C and vitamin D....
404. What vitamin is required for hydroxylation of proline?
Vit C
1097. Vitamin for PDL and bone?
Vit C and D
Which of the following acts as nuclear receptor?
Vitamin D. Nuclear receptors include endogenous hormones, Vitamin A & D
What is NOT needed for synthesis for collagen?
Vitamin K or Folic Acid
1484. What is not absorbed in the Jejunum?
Water
429. What is NOT absorbed in duodenum?
Water
Patient has ulcers in the gingiva. Lab values are 1200 WBC, 98% lymphocyte, normal platelet/RBC?
What does the pt have? Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). ALL & CLL have high # of lymphocytes. The leukemia cells survive longer. What do you find in the sweat of a person with Cystic Fibrosis? Increased sodium & chloride (NaCl)
1485. Preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers, where in the spinal nerve?
White ramus communicans
What are symptoms of Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)?
Wide neck, Flat nose, Small mouth
1011. In bruxism - which cusp flatten out?
Working cusps
835. 1 month of fractured bone?
Woven bone
523. An 8-month-old male infant is admitted to the hospital because of bacterial respiratory infection. The infant responds to appropriate antibiotic therapy, but is readmitted several weeks later because of severe otitis media. Over the next several months, the infant is admitted to the hospital multiple times for recurrent bacterial infections. Workup reveals extremely low serum antibody levels. The infant has no previous history of viral or fungal infections. The most likely diagnosis for this infant is?
X-linked agammaglobulinemia of Bruton
1337. replace pig organ into human?
Xenograft
1099. Isoelectric point of tetrapeptide?
Zero
562. Tertrapeptide isoelctric ?
Zero charge-isoelectric means no charge
Mineral for coagulation?
Zinc & Ca+
Phenylketonuria is
a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH).Phenylalanine hydroxylase is responsible for the conversion of phenylalanine AA to another amino acid, tyrosine.
Hutchinson's teeth is
a sign of congenital syphilis infection
Which fungus causes cerebral/brain infarct?
a.Cryptococcus may spread into the meninges and cause Cryptococcal Meningitis b. Aspergillus causes aspergilloma "fungus ball" in the lungs causing pulmonary infection in ppl with AIDS or have undergone organ transplant Mucormycosis Pt's w/ diabetic ketoacidosis, burns, or leukemia are particularly susceptible. It results in a. black, dead tissue in the nasal cavity and blocks the blood supply to the brain. -Mucormycosis is found in blood vessels (endothelium) & is often related to diabetic pts
1041. Primary molar below plane of occlusion unerupted?
abcence of permanent tooth bud
1333. visceral branch of celiac?
abdominal aorta has 3 single anterior visceral branches (coeliac, SMA, IMA), 3 paired lateral visceral branches (suprarenal, renal, gonadal), 5 paired lateral abdominal wall branches (inferior phrenic and four lumbar), and 3 terminal branches (two common iliacs and the median sacral)
706. located in apical 1/3 in root, there are few, more than one, and help communication between PDL and root pulp?
accessory canals
1186. acellular cementum deposited?
acellular in coronal portion (cellular in apical portion)
710. access with filament and sulfur granule:
actinomyces A-sulfur granules always think AA
1220. sulphur granules?
actinomyces israelii
402. same case, bacteria most likely to be found in foul smell purulent abscess, abscess was on lower border of mandible?
actinomyces.... ( lumpy abscess)
568. Sulfur granule?
actinomycoses
984. Swelling with sulfur granules?
actinomycosis | Lumping jaw
1115. GTP action?
activate and inactivate adenyl cyclase or cleaved by proteasome
129. IL1 released by?
activated macrophages
L. acidophilus:
added to milk products to aid in digestion of milk products
1477. Rathkes pouch give arise?
adenohypophysis
1073. Acetyl CoA NOT synthesized by?
adenosine
230. cervical lines?
adjacent cervical lines are the same
659. which organ is a sympathetic receptor?
adrenal medulla
X-linked
agammaglobulinemia (lack of gamma globulin in the blood causing immune deficiency)
Residual volume
air remaining after max exhalation
914. laboratory investigators donate she had multiple nodular cirrhosis, cause?
alcoholism
261. which of the following is incorrect?
alcoholism cause gammatous necrosis-syphylsis does
844. Sucrose is formed by?
aldose
1303. blood supply, nerve supply of larynx??
all the muscle of larynx supply by RECURRENT LARYNGEAL except cricothyroid by external branch of superior laryngeal nerve
1334. dextran is?
alpha 1-6
694. which one is NOT derived from ectoderm?
alveolar bone-this is from mesoderm
1222. mucogingival junction?
alveolar mucosa and attached mucosa
542. nitrogen source in urea?
ammonia and aspartate
1451. Most or best fungal medication?
amphotecerin-for systemic fungal infection
Hepatitis C Virus is
an RNA virus & is blood-borne. (ssRNA, flavivirus)
745. a patient 16 years old, with second primary molar in place what is the reason?
ankylosis
Submental triangle consist of
anterior digastric, hyoid bone & mandible.
1213. anterior/ middle cerebral supply?
anterior for medial surface of parietal and frontal lobes. MIDDLE for a portion of the frontal lobe and the lateral surface of the temporal and parietal lobes, including the primary motor and sensory areas of the face, throat, hand and arm, and in the dominant hemisphere, the areas for speech
221. relation of lingual nerve to inferior mandibular nerve?
anterior medial
What develops from Rathke's pouch (ectoderm)?
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
157. exotoxin with 3 factors?
anthrax
1371. example of a suicide inhibitor?
anti-cancer drug, fluorouracil
989. For immunization, what do you inject in a toxigenic infection?
anti-toxin
422. MOA of hyperthyroidism and TSH receptor?
antibodies against TSH receptors
1497. Why is TSH decreased?
antibodies against the TSH receptors of the Thyroid cells.
127. NOT a function of CD4?
antibody release
381. antigenicity of diseases that change from season to season?
antigenic capsule
247. neoplasia except?
aplasia
1246. DOESNT cause fatty liver?
apoxia
1354. Precursur of urea (aspartate+ ..........)?
arginine
1359. The highest osmolarity is seen in?
ascending loop of handle
106. aflatoxins produced by?
aspergillus
206. inhibits prostaglandins?
aspirin
995. Where does lamina propria attach directly to mucoperiosteum?
attached gingival
1245. sensory to TMJ?
auriculotemporal
922. semi-critical items infection control?
autoclaving if not heat sensitive
699. cause of diabetes mellitus?
autoimmune
1180. Myesthemia gravis ?
autoimmune , attack ACH receptors , associated with thymoma. Neuromuscular disorder characterized by variable weakness of voluntary muscles | Often improves w/ rest & worsens w/ activity | Condition is caused by an abnormal immune response | Immune system produces Ab/s that attack ACh receptors that lie on the muscle side of the neuromuscular junction | This decreases responsiveness of muscle fibers to ACh released from motor neuron endings | Characterized by: Muscle atrophy |Thymic hyperplasia or neoplasm (THYMOMA) | Antibody to acetylcholine receptors |NOT CNS degeneration
1382. Organism with poly peptide capsule?
bacillus anthracis
300. after dental prophylaxis?
bacteremia
Penicillin resistance comes from
bacteria that contain what enzyme? Beta-lactamase
996. Hemidesmosomes present were?
basal lamina
800. Least seen WBC?
basophils-Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (from most abundant to least abundant WBC's)
890. why we dont prescribe penicillin with erythromycin?
bc penicillin inhibits the last step of wall synthesis and erythro will inhibit cell division (no more cell synth) so penicillin loses its effect on the bacteria
687. a diabetetic type 1 patients decides to work out more and he was able to reduce the amount of injected insulin, why?
because exercise need energy source and glucose is an energy source so in type 1 diabetes glucose remain in the blood leading to high blood glucose; The the less glucose in the body the less need of insulin intake, because insulin receptors won't need to to take glucose molecules
150. DEJ forms at?
bell stage
1159. increased saliva?
between meals
140. supinator of the arm?
biceps
Supination of the Radio-ulnar joint?
biceps brachii
719. something about rosacea?
big red nose
1420. Sagittal sinus?
biggest cranial sinus (dural venous sinus)
1127. Polymixin b given only fungal not bacteria why?
binds to ergosterol in fungal wall
175. Cytochrome p450?
biotransformation of drug effects inner of membrane of mitochondria, in pericentral vein zone in liver, help metabolism of toxin meds ect...
1461. patient with cut from T4 during dental treatment what u will afraid off?
bladder empty
What is the name of the cellular mass after fertilization but before implantation
blastula
738. a pregnant patient you recommend having a cleaning because of what complication of pregnancy?
bleeding gums
1183. Death body beach stab?
bleeding nose right- condyle fracture
971. Secondary cementum has all EXCEPT?
blood
1486. When secondary cementum is built, everything is expected to occur except?
blood vessels.
Auerbach's Plexus
both Parasympathetic and Sympathetic (motor innervation to both layers of tunica muscularis)
169. rickettsia and viruses?
both require host to grow
Similarity between Type I & Type II hypersensitivity:
both require previous sensitization
321. prions causes which disease?
brain, Creutzfeldt | Mad Cow - Jackobi disease
888. root of lung? and supplied by?
bronchial artery vein and nerves, Left lung-2 bronchial arteries; right lung- 1 bronchial artery
881. lactase is produced by which organ--?
brush border of small intestine
1016. Testlet on parkinsonism - Dentist while performing endo treatment on max 2nd molar , patient moves and handpiece accidentally slips and penetrates cheek, pulsating wound seen - which structure involved
buccal artery
678. innervation of upper lip?
buccal branch of facial, infraorbital
748. innervation of up lip?
buccal of facial and infraorbital
1504. whats NOT from 1st arch ?
buccinataor-this is muscle of facial expression from 2nd arch
1025. erosion on maxillary teeth?
bulimia
1487. Allosteric activator of Glycolysis?
cAMP
347. Glucagon signals through?
cAMP
730. what is the secondary messenger for glycogen?
cAMP
Glucagon signals through?
cAMP (intercellular 2nd messenger).Glucagon receptor is a 7-transmembrane receptor coupled to a G-protein + cAMP
What is intracellular element of glucagon?
cAMP, AMP, ATP, ADP
805. Parafollicular cells of thyroid secrete?
calcitonin
1140. Y carboxyl glutamate binds to what in blood clotting?
calcium
360. What can you find in a spore?
calcium dipicolinic acid
737. a patient with hypertension not willing to take his premedication, insisting on having a dental procedure, what should you do?
canceling the appointment prioritizing the overall health of the patient to his dental health
1406. carcinoma insitu?
cancerous cell NOT invading basement membrane
1182. Denture stomatitis?
candidiasis
224. frequent viriolence factor?
capsule
1173. salmonella shigella difference?
capsule-some other answer said salmonella has flagella
198. nitrogen sources in urea cycle?
carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate
536. Patient had dysphonia, dysphagia, weight loss, long term heavy smoker?
carcinoma of larynx.
1440. Sudden cardiac arrest ?
cardiac temponade
109. which triangle bounded by superior belly of omohyoid + anterior borders of SCM+ posterior belly of digastrics? caroti
carotid
674. drop in O2 pressure detected by?
carotid body
1007. NOT present in sphenoid bone?
carotid canal
331. which is NOT found in greater wing of sphenoid?
carotid canal
593. All in sphenoid except?
carotid canal
639. NOT in sphenoid
carotid canal
Stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex) of the lung is
carried by vagus nerve (CN 10) to prevent over-inflation
Hyperventation can
cause alkalosis
110. abdominal aorta branches?
celiac + superior mesentric + inferior mesentric
179. not in liquid necrosis and inflammation?
cell autolysis
147. graft rejection?
cell mediated type 4
619. Antigenic drift due to?
cell membrane antigens
213. transduction include the following EXCEPT?
cell to cell contact
1150. Groove from mesial to cental pit in max molar?
central groove
744. height of contour of maxillary central incisor?
cervical third
1463. A patient has Xerostomia , she licks lollipop to moist her mouth, what would the dentist recommendation for her instead of this habit?
chewing gum
1248. gustatory to tongue ant 2/3rd?
chorda tympani
Cell producing epinephrine & norepinephrine?
chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
524. Women is suffering from ulcerative gingivitis , lab shows 1200 ct of leukocytes, 98% of which are lymphocytes. Red blood cells count normal,thrombocytes are normal too, what can be diagnosis ?
chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
289. triglycerides transported to liver by?
chylomicron - albumin
632. NOT involved in thoracic cage?
clavicle
1385. Tay -sachs cause what?
cns degeneration, developmental retardation, cherry red spot on macula, its rapidily fatal
1456. Myocardial infarction?
coagualtive necrosis
107. systemic fungal infection?
coccidioides, histoplasmosis
758. space buccoling in interproximal area?- no idea what this is asking.
col mandibular first PM
Thyroid hormone is stored in the
colloid
274. inferior borders of TMJ formed by?
condyle
275. TMJ ligament attach to?
condyle
601. HPV infection NOT cured by?
condylomata acumintum
1235. root of max canine?
conical
711. the greatest amount of genetic info transferred by?
conjugation
820. Most genetic information is passed by which mechanism?
conjugation
767. Concave?
convex surfaces of curve of spee Concave- mandibular; Convex-maxillary
654. voluntary movement in muscles which tract?
corticospinal
263. extracellular?
cross link of collagen
941. Why does crown of mandibular canine look longer?
crown look slender due to small mesiodistal dimension as compare to max canine
887. combination of wilson and spee?
curve of monson
142. to reach submandibular gland duct?
cut through mucus membrane only
121. sac like with epithelium lining?
cyst
1264. non keratinzed sac in testlet?
cyst
981. testlet of women with leiomyoma-tongue with swelling lumen lined with epithelial cells?
cyst
1230. tertiary structure of protein?
cysteine
269. protein tertiary structure?
cysteine
671. patient after thyroid surgery hypocalcemia why?
damage to parathyroid
102. overcontouring lingual suface of anterior teeth will?
decrease overjet
771. Tay sachs?
deficiency of hexosamindase A causes accumulation of gamma gangliosides
Atelectasis
deflated/collapsed alveoli (reduction in gas exchange)
902. Parkinson disease-
degenerated Substantia nigra of the basal ganglia
1243. parkinsons and alzheimers?
demenetia
114. parkinson and alzahimer have in common?
dementia
346. Origin of periodontal ligament?
dental follicle-remember dental follicle makes cementum, alveolar bone, and PDL
838. Splanchic nerve?
descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum (S2-S4)
Lancefield is
determined by carb composition of cell wall
Strep mutans produces
dextran, which is glucose linked in alpha 1,6 linkage
1156. Primary maxillary canine facial surface?
diamond-disagree, its pentagonal
Clostridium difficile causes
diarrhea & intestinal colitis. CLINDAMYCIN
286. MX canine?
dictates the morphology of bone
1072. Transformation of tumor meaning?
different tumor at same site
236. MX cent cingulum offset to?
distal
901. in four canals mandibular first molar where is the fourth canal?
distal root, In upper first molar MB root- should be mesial root i think
1247. difference between lower CI and LI?
distolingual twist in LI
1111. Mediotrusive movement condyle postion?
downward and mesial
Right superior intercostal muscles
drain into the right side azygos vein
675. stimulation of carotid sinus leads to?
drop of blood pressure
657. which structure is present in fetus that the mother does not have?
ductus arteriosum
1474. submucosa found in?
dudonum
284. pulp decrease in size?
due to injury, increased fibers in the pulp (collagen) will decrease its size
184. produce secretin?
duodenum
196. different between dystrophic calcification and metastatic calcification?
dystrophic occures in necrotizing tissues
1135. Opsonized bacteria?
easy to phagocyte
what is it called that is formed around her eye-
ecchymosis -
816. Cementoblasts are formed by?
ectomesenchyme
499. oral examination they noticed yellowish liquid on buccal glands?
ectopic sebaceous glands
697. what are fordyce granules?
ectopic sebaceous glands in (oral area) in cheek
947. What is NOT a sequelae of shock?
edema
1060. Preganglionic nucleus for sphincter pupil?
edinger west pal
151. what occurs first?
elongation of IEE
1005. Type 1 collagen is a main constituent of all except?
enamel
Hepatocytes & pancreatic acinar cells are from what embryonic tissue
endoderm. Endoderm - Gastrointestinal tract, Respiratory tract, Thyroid, Thymus, Endocrine glands and organs, Auditory system, Urinary System, Liver, Pancreas. Ectoderm - Epithelium of skin, Nervous tissue. Mesoderm - Connective tissue, bone, cartilage, blood cells, all muscles (cardiac, smooth, skeletal), body cavities and some cardiovascular and urinary systems
692. connective tissue that covers only one muscle fiber?
endomysium
1170. latex allegy angioedema cells seen?
eosinophils
Sperm stored/mature in
epididymis
144. most superior part of larynx?
epiglottis
677. blood in the nasal cavity of a dead body due to?
epistaxis
1201. blood flow from arteries to veins like in aorta is?
equal
1193. cause of rashes in scarlet fever?
eritrogenic toxin | (Exotoxins, if eritrogenic not in option)
1026. testlet: worn out lingual surfaces of maxillary and mandibular teeth?
erosion
1473. alchesia is related to what?
esophagus
105. achalasia is most related to?
esophegus
219. long-onset long effect?
estrogen
171. infection in the posterior wall of maxillary sinus will spread to?
ethmoidal
1109. Deciduous replaced except?
except molars
185. all cause atrophy in muscle except?
excessive hormonal stimulation, atrophy is caused by disuse
960. Primary teeth cervical ridges prominent in?
facial AND lingual
1249. structure NOT in parotid gland?
facial artery
614. Problem in root planing common to all posteriors?
facial cervical bulge
1411. Lower motor neuron defect?
facial paralysis
188. MX cent erupt occlusally and?
facially
383. It is an organelle except ?
fat droplet
FSH promotes follicle development in
female & stimulates Sertoli cells to produce androgen-bind protein, which stimulates spermatogenesis. LH promotes testosterone production in males & estrogen production in females).
The ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of what embryological structure?
fetal left ductus arteriosus. Ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta to bypass the fetal lungs, doesn't disappear immediately after birth
680. substrate for thrombin?
fibrinogen
What is the substrate of thrombin?
fibrinogen
226. form collagen elastin reticular fibers?
fibroblast
Which of the following is not found in compact bone?
fibroblast
447. Tissue covering articular surfaces on tmj?
fibrous connective tissue
693. most abundant papilla of the tongue?
filiform
1251. Most numerous papilla on the tongue?
filliform papilla
747. tooth that most likely has two canals in medial root?
first mandibular molar
904. embryonic origin of external acoustic meatus?
first pharyngeal cleft
1428. Which of the following describe the LEAST effect of fluoride on carries by which meaning?
flouride inhibits enolase
843. What is similar between aortic arch and systemic blood supply?
flow rate is same
282. mottled teeth?
fluorosis
265. magaloblastic anemia?
folic acid deficiency- megaloblastic is def in vitamin B12 and B9 (folic acid) and pernicious anemia is just vitamin B12
1024. functional unit of thyroid?
follicle
985. Inanimate objects passing infection?
fomites
369. dental plaque other than bacterial acidic enzyme?
food debris
112. vertebral artery inter the skull via?
foramen magnum
271. between atria?
foramen ovale-remember this becomes fossa ovalis
539. replication of histones in DNA-which phase?
formed in G1, replication in S phase
534. meckel's cartilage?
forms at 4th week in utero
288. pitch of sound?
frequency
615. Central groove of mx molar?
from mesial fossa to central fossa
An impulse can travel
from one nerve to another in one direction because the synapse limits the direction of travel.
891. TMJ nourishment?
from the fluid of the synovial membrane
1274. face formation from ?
frontal and 1st arch
531. anterior cerebral art. Supply?
frontal and parietal
202. substrate of dextran formation?
fructose
1152. Difficult to scaling?
furcation
What protrudes the tongue
genoioglossus
957. Contact areas over a period of time?
get broad
518. Tell her to take care of oral health, why?
gingival bleeding
956. Taste sensation to circumvallate papillae?
glossopharyngeal nerve
200. last step of gluconeogenesis on liver?
glucose 6 phosphatase
201. dextran?
glucose units on hydrolysis yield fructans (levans) by glucosyltransferase
1236. Allows bacteria to stick to teeth?
glucosyl transferase
225. glucagon phosphorylate?
glycogen phosphorylation
15. Epinephrine and glucagon cause?
glycogenolysis
291. NADPH NOT necessary for?
glycolysis
181. bonds btwn GAGs?
glycosidic bonds
Which organ DOESN'T make estrogen?
graafian follicle (after 1st meiotic division, 2N haploid stage), corpus luteum hCG stimulates corpus luteum to secrete estrogen, adrenal medulla, the adrenal CORTEX secretes estrogen, the medulla secretes catecholamine, theca interna
307. myoglobin?
great affinity to bind O2, myoglobin has 4 times more affinity then Hb-remember myoglobin is hyperbolic and hemoglobin is sigmoidal
1500. All hormones are present in her pre-pregnancy state except?
hCG
What sustains the Corpus Luteum after the 1st trimester
hCG. Human chorionic gonadotropin made by placenta, allows corpus luteum to maintain high progesterone
D. She had an epithelial lined tract opening from dorsal surface of the tongue to the ventral surface. Is it?
healing after surgery
714. process of scar formation?
healing by "third intention"
906. pitting seen in?
heart failure, varicose veins, insect bites, thrombophlebitis. Non-pitting-lipedema, myxedema, lymphedema
1263. esophageal varices?
hematemesis
Esophageal varices can cause
hematemesis (vomiting blood)
727. RBC put in a hypotonic solution leads to ?
hemolysis
120. enamel pearle?
hertwig remnant
119. inactive chromosome?
heterochromosome
732. which enzyme converts glucose to glucose 6 phosphate?
hexokinase
227. bone and cartilage share the following except?
highly vascularized- cartilage is not vascularized
194. H2 receptors increase gastric acid secretion?
histamine
1189. intracellular cell damaging organism?
histoplasma capsulatom
742. cervial cross section of maxillary central incisor?
hourglass
170. articulating surfaces in new born covered by?
hyaline cartilage
781. Fumarase is what kind of reaction?
hydration
Alpha helix & beta sheets form (2ndary protein structure) via
hydrogen bonds
1128. Medulla sensitive to?
hydrogen ions- When PCO2 goes up, also increases H+ because CO2 + H2O forms carbonic acid, which then disassociates to H+
683. which interaction keeps the cell membrane intact?
hydrophobic bonds
1070. Blood flow in capillaries?
hydrostatic pressure
1252. the main mineral in bones is?
hydroxyapatite
312. matastatic calcifications?
hyperparathyroidism-increase calcium
250. leukoplakia?
hyperplasia
636. Injection of Tb in previously infected?
hypersensitivity type 4
Metabolic acidosis
hyperventilation. RUB MUB Respiratory Uses Bicarb, Metabolic Uses Breathing
138. does NOT pass from jugular foramen?
hypoglossal
1146. Anterior pituitary not functioning what happens?
hypogonadism
702. deficient anterior pituitary causes?
hypogonadism
814. Hunger is felt in which part of the brain?
hypothalamus
203. respiratory acidosis?
hypoventilation..inc temp..inc bpg In acidosis: Extra Hydrogen goes into the cell and potassium then leaves the cell which causes transient hyperkalemia. Asthama, emphysema are acidosis In alkalosis: Hydrogen leaves the cell and potassium enters the cell leading to transient hypokalemia.
897. crypts of leiburkuhn
ileum- found in small AND large intestine
Azygous vein leaves
impression on right lung
721. Liquefactive necrosis?
in brain and spinal cord
462. Crypt of liberkhun where?
in lamina propia of small intestine
527. centroacinar cells?
in pancreas
1476. Blastomycosis?
in soil
533. phagocytes in TMJ are found?
in synovial membrane.
tRNA wobble is
in the 3rd position of the codon
1410. Rheumatoid arthritis why cause infective endocarditis-
in the synovial fluid (by the rheumatoid factor) findings in endocarditis (viridans streptococcui are the most common causative organisms in infective endocarditis)
1343. colloid?
in thyroid
1355. Carbomyol phosphate, citrulline, aspartate & ammonia are sources from which nitrogen is derived from?
in urea cycle
283. calcification begins at?
incisal edge ( if DEJ is not in ops)
what can be the reason for radiolucency between the teeth-
incisive foramen
535. cystic fibrosis is diagnosed by?
increase in sodium and chloide.
Decreased insulin will result in
increased gluconeogenesis
930. type 1 diabetic do exercises to decrese his insulin uptake so?
increased insulin sensitivity
311. DOESNT cause elevation of BP?
increased venous resistance- systemic vascular resistance increases BP
318. Which of the following scenarios would cause the greatest DECREASE in resistance in a single artery 2mm long, and a radius of 1.2mm?
increasing the radius of the artery by a factor of 2
1202. lower compartment of TMJ?
inferior area of disc and superior area of condyle
Esophagus begins at what level
inferior to cricoid Cartilage (at C6), inferior to the cricothyroid
- what cells are seen in the superior of the ulcer?
inflammatory cells /neutrophils
1489. What would NOT elevate larynx?
infrahyoid muscles
158. ansa cevicalis?
infrahyoid muscles
272. pain of upper lip?
infraorbital
172. max molar infection spread to?
infratemporal
635. What we DONT need to correct in myasthenia gravis?
infrequent blinking
882. if you cut infundibulum which hormone secretion is ceased-- ?
infundibulum is the connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary, so the hormones produced by posterior pituitary will be ceased (ADH and OXYTOCIN)
305. diuretic medication of hypertension?
inhibit ADH
115. calcitonin?
inhibit bone resorption
1192. rifamin action?
inhibit protein synthesis by inhibiting RNA polymerase
195. interferon anti viral effect?
inhibit replication
218. aminoglycoside?
inhibit translation
MOA of digoxin is
inhibition of Na/K ATPase that causes an increase in intracellular Na levels
Mechanism of action of the tetanus toxin?
inhibition of neurotransmitter release (prevent release of GABA and Glycine)
379. MOA of tetanus toxin?
inhibition of the neurotransmitter release, clostridium tetani
1336. how digitalis work?
inhibits Na/K pump
893. MOA of rifampicin?
inhibits RNA synthesis and transcription by inhibiting the DNA dependent RNA polymerase
Streptomycin
inhibits protein production (translation)
1167. arbovirus?
insect vector (orthopod born)
1019. Cusp height in a cast restoration LEAST affected by?
intercondylar distance
1038. Cusp height and fossa NOT influenced?
intercondylar distance
650. during swallowing teeth position?
intercuspation
1191. Sulfonamides action?
interfere with folic acid synthesis by preventing PABA
1282. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers to the head have their cell bodies of origin in the?
intermediolateral horns of the thoracic spinal cord
which fibers were NOT responsible for the teeth to become loose-
interradicular-these kinds of fibers are only on multi-rooted teeth
128. cellular immunity most immportant to detect?
intracellular
656. mandible formation?
intramembranous-body, condyle-cartilagenous (endochondral)
1021. Mechanism of filling of air in lungs?
intrathoracic pressure (pleural pressure) reduces, so air is flown inside the lungs
928. cause protrusion of cricoid cartilage?
investing layer of deep cervical fascia
176. Na K example of?
ion channel - primary active transport
1094. Receptor of salt?
ionic receptor
802. LMN paralysis?
ipsilateral flaccid paralysis of the face
1370. pyknosis?
irreversible damage of chromatin
Naproxen (Aleve)
is a reversible non-selective COX inhibitor that is more potent than aspirin.
Live attenuated vaccine (ex. Polio sabin vaccine)
is an active immunity. Polio vaccines: sabin (oral/attenuated/ alive) vs salK (injection of killed bacteria)
Absolute refractory period
is by NA channel inactivation
Bacillary dysentery (Shigellosis)
is caused by Shigella.
1006. Collagen structure read about it -
is it a trihelical structure
1478. When does a lower premolar erupt?
it erupts before the completion of the root formation
722. pitting edema?
it indicates acute disease
961. Mandibular lateral distinguishing feature from maxi central?
it is narrower mesiodistally than max central,have slight budge on distal side,from mesial aspect there is distolingual twist of the incisal edge in man laterals |root tipped on distal | Mandibular lateral crown is slightly distal when compared to central crown or distal crown tilt
1488. Tooth #17 has to be extracted. Each of the following justifies the extraction, except?
it would cause resorption of the distal root of mandibular right second molar
1401. The proximal contact area between max central and lateral?
junction
268. irreversible?
karyolysis
Epithelium of palate
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. hard palate, attached gingiva, dorsum of tongue = keratinized SSE
118. granulosum stratum contains?
keratohyalin
388. What would you find in stratum granulosum?
keratohyalin granules
703. deeply stained granules in oral mucosa are:
keratohyaline
861. testlet- A young guy comes and complains- My gf says my mouth stinks. He is obese, Diabetic type 2, Alcoholic. what can be the reason for bad odor?
ketoacidosis
913. the beach testlet, a woman was killed on the beach lacerated neck, knife puncture on her back left side 12cm. What organ is most likely injured?
kidney
197. fumatare links urea cycle to?
krebs
551. regeneration of pyruvate by???
lactate dehydrogenase
222. aciduric?
lactobacilli/S. mutans
581. Space btw teeth with age?
larger
530. muscles of sound?
lateral and transverse cricoartynoids
651. A patient with a peg tooth in maxillary arch which tooth is most likely ?
lateral incisor
1475. caries most likely to develop on which ant teeth?
lateral max
254. protrusion?
lateral pterygoid
1364. the main cause of pulmonary congestion?
left sided heart failure
209. PPT positive indicate all except?
leprae
1000. Protein bodies in parkinsons?
lewy bodies
228. primary teeth have?
lighter color
190. Y pattern of MD 2 pm formed by?
lingual and central grooves
955. Medial to hyoglossus?
lingual artery-remember lingual artery located bt genioglossus and hyoglossus
245. which of the following bordered by incisal edge and marginal ridges?
lingual fossa
676. submandibular glad innervations?
lingual nerve
310. sensory to ant 2/3 of tongue?
lingual nerve- remember taste is chords tympani while sensory is lingual nerve
682. which one is NOT an organelle?
lipid droplet
223. NOT in step. Coccus?
lipopolysaccharide (only in gram -)
982. LEAST resistant to change in pH?
liver
589. Alpha antitrypsine?
liver and pancreas
1320. Alanine released by the muscle increases blood glucose levels by?
liver taking in alanine for gluconeogenesis
108. sensory (pain) innervation from the buccal vestibule of the mouth?
long buccal nerve (V3)
1391. Longest and shortest root of maxillary molar?
longest-palatal & shortest-DB
627. Transect pyramids?
loss of fine motor
Female secreting endometrium - what cycle is she in?
luteal
1365. Secretion phase?
luteal phase
1276. afferent or efferent?
lymph nodes
In collagen synthesis, what part happens outside the cell?
lysyl oxidase (LOX) for cross-linking collagen
1238. ascorbic acid acts on which enzyme?
lysyl oxidase or hydroxy proline dehydrogenase
Legionnaires pneumophila is
mainly found in air-conditioning systems. (prefer aerosolized water)
366. pt w/cirrhosis?
mallory bodies-remember its associated with alcoholism
746. mamelon in 17 year old result of?
malocclusion-remember open bite
755. Premolar with prominant triangular ridge?
mand 1st premolar
483. Largest crown compared to max can?
mand canine
1158. tooth in long axis?
mand incisor
1122. Submental lymph nodes affect which tooth?
mand incisors
1161. tooth with three canals?
mand molar
750. Y occlusal surface is seen in?
mand second premolar
1187. most sharpest incised angle?
mandibular CI (mesial side)
452. Mesial straight where?
mandibular canine
1396. PSA to upper second molar, what other nerve with the same injection could get anaesthetized too?
mandibular nerve (Under PSA complication:1)Hematoma 2)mandibular anesthesia.the mandibular division of the 5th cranial nerve (V3)is located to the PSA nerves.Deposition of local anesthetia lateral to the desired location may produce varying degrees os mandibular anesthetia.) 19. Root and incisal edge comparison between lower central and lateral-.root... LI= longer than CI ///// edge. CI=perpendicular to B-L bisector.....LI=twisted disto-lingually. ///// both CI & LI = incisal edge lingual to long axis.
313. hydrolysis of which of the following will NOT yield glucose?
mannose
690. what is the mandibular sling made of?
masseter and medial pterygoid
1034. Congenital missing?
max 3rd molar > max lateral > mandibular 2 pm
1275. size of mouth defined by?
max and mandibular processes union
962. Pulp chamber triangular becomes ovoid mid root?
max central
681. the largest paranasal sinus?
maxillary
Macrostomia (large mouth) is failure of fusion of
maxillary & mandibular process
927. terminal branch of external carotid?
maxillary & superficial temp
1234. Most likely tooth to have 3 cusps?
maxillary 2nd molar-heart shaped
672. two terminal branch of external carotid?
maxillary and superficial temporal 673. which cerebral lobe is located in middle cranial fossa? TEMPORAL
1369. the largest sinus the the cranium?
maxillary sinus
797. White spots present in child's mouth?
measles
Philtrum of the lip is formed from
medial nasal processes & maxillary processes
113. anterior wrist innervated by?
median
1404. Palm Thumb area innervation
median nerve
453. Broken cusp what kind of movement?
mediotrusive-non working
1096. Salivatory nucleus location?
medulla
1321. Salivatory nucleus is found in?
medulla 1 The primary motor response to an acceptable taste stimulus (or its anticipation) is autonomic: salivation and secretomotor activity of the upper gut are stimulated. The tongue is pressed against the teeth and palate. The excess of saliva evokes the swallowing reflex. Afferent fibres in cranial nerves VII and IX enter the gustatory nucleus (an enlarged upper part of the solitary nucleus) and are relayed bilaterally via the thalamus to the insular cortex for taste sensation and to salivatory nuclei, and X and XII efferents. The nucleus ambiguus (X) inhibits the respiratory centres.
1340. brown colour, 1* 1 size nodule near nose?
melanoma
295. sensory to lower lip?
mental nerve
803. Proproception nucleus?
mesencephalic
1278. Proprioception?
mesencephalic of CN5
1035. Tooth difficult to restore?
mesial PM 1 and distal of max molar 1 > lateral incisor palatally
1153. Maxillary furcation?
mesial distal and buccal Mn Molars have Bifurcations (F/L) and Mx Molars have TRIfurcations (F/ML/D)
1262. ML developmental groove?
mesial of mandibular 1st premolar
753. which root in primary mandibular first molar has the root longer wider and flattened apex?
mesial root
242. root with 2 canals?
mesial root of mandi first molar
1048. Height of contour in class 5 mesial to distal?
mesio cervical
Ureter in kidney
mesoderm
251. squamous cells in lungs?
metaplasia
214. actin filamints in cilia similar to?
microtubules
1008. Maxillary paranasal sinus drains into?
middle meatus
1438. Epidural hematoma?
middle meningeal artery
765. Tetracycline stain is due to defect in mutation?
missense
1501. All is used to identify a dead body EXCEPT?
mitochondrial mRNA
osteoclasts
monocytes
827. Stretch receptor what type of synapse?
monosynaptic
509. Primary teeth compared to permanent teeth are?
more bulbous and constricted
1020. More the condylar guidance-
more the cusp height may be (not must be)
573. Submand gland?
more volume of saliva- submandibular is 70%, parotid is 25%, sublingual 5%
1126. Nystatin?
most common antifugal
132. palatal glands?
mostly mucous
Rubella can be transferred from
mother to fetus & is associated with congenital abnormalities. Teratogen: ToRCHeS (toxoplasmosis, rubella, CMV, Herpes simplex, Syphilis)
1342. increase condylar guidance?
mouth breathing
Having Bence Jones protein in urine indicates
multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma has bench Jones protein (immunoglobulin light chains produced by neoplastic plasma cells), Russell bodies (IgE inclusion), punched out appearance, increased susceptibility to infection
72. latent virus in saliva
mumps- or CMV?
187. gamma fibers?
muscle tone
1027. nerve innervating biceps brachii?
musculocutaneous
1399. MG-
muscurain receptors
Another source said ESOPHAGOUS
my test had BOTH bronchus and esophagus as choices. Which one is it?!
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis has
mycolic acid that block antibiotics from penetrating.
80. not found in dermis?
myelenated nerve fibers
116. myasthenia gravis a defect in?
myoneural junction
1077. Death due to infarction after 24 hrs?
necrosis of inflammatory cells
529. tetrodotoxin?
neurotoxin inhibit SODIUM voltage gated
1322. acute infection shows what?
neutrophils
What causes pus?
neutrophils
Which WBC is most abundant?
neutrophils
1498. angina?
nitroglycerin
720. guiding cusps?
non functional cusp
978. Epithelium of the cervix?
non keratinized stratified squamous, Ectocervix: nonkeratinized stratified squamous, Endocervix: columnar
249. precancerous?
non malignant
759. if mandible moves to right and contact occur on left they called?
non working interference
Floor of the mouth is
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium .Soft tissue structures that are nonkeratinized? Soft palate, buccal mucosa
Tidal volume
normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation & exhalation when no extra effort is applied (500 mg)
610. mRNA by which blot
north- know that RNA is northern, DNA is southern, and proteins is western
1134. mRNA fragments?
northern blot (Mnemonic SNOW-DROP)
86. blood brain barrier is efficient because?
not fenestrated
Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) is
not found in the muscles
1415. Plasma DOESNT contain ?
nucleus, ribosomes
596. Ergosterol synthesis is blocked by?
nystatin
1050. Ligament yawning?
oblique fiber of TMJ closest | Spheno and stylo both
154. protect against occlusal forced?
oblique fibers
Hypoglossal nerve (CN 12) comes from
occipital somites (not pharyngeal arches)
740. junction of proximal ridge and cusp ridge makes ?
occlusal table of triangular fossa
CNS myelin sheath formed by
oligodendrocytes. PNS myelin formed by Schwann cells
HIV (retrovirus) is an
oncogenic RNA virus. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma are cancers of lymphoid tissue with the involved tissue being enlarged and are accompanied by night sweats & fever.
1261. gag reflex?
only CN9
Meisseiner plexus
only parasympathetic
999. Which nerve WONT be directly affected if infection in cavernous sinus?
optic
578. Dissect after stylomastoid foramen which one affect?
orbicularis oris- remember CNVII goes through stylomastoid foramen and muscles of facial expression innervated by CNVII
334. after an infarction the result will be
organization
174. oxidative decarboxylation?
ornitin decarboxylase - pyruvate carboxylase
287. crepitus of TMJ?
osteoarthritis
281. NOT found in PDL?
osteoblast- I think this is wrong, there are osteoblasts/osteoclasts in PDL but no myofibroblasts.
173. howship lacunae?
osteoclasts (bony remodelling)
741. cervical cross section of mandibular lateral incisor?
oval with flattened MD
949. Herring breuer inflation reflex?
overinflation of lungs | expansion of alveoli
1424. Eject milk by ?
oxytocin
1472. increase in acid phosphate and acp ?
pagets
1231. purely mucous salivary glands?
palatal
309. NOT innervated by hypoglossal?
palatoglossus (CN X)- remember CN X innervates the exceptions of palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, levator veli palatini
1332. all are innervated by glossopharyngeal EXCEPT?
palatoglossus-CNX
1468. testlet. Woman present with traumatic ulcer and chief complaint my mouth hurts. Referred pain from three days ago. Multiple ulcers 1-2mm in gingival palate and tongue. Presents lympadenopatia bilaterally biopsy was done and next to the ulcer that was bipsy what is the epithelium called?
parakeratinized
392. lower blood pressure?
parasympathetic
1427. Lung innervations?
parasympathetic via vagus (Sympathetic-T2-T4; Parasympathetic - Vagus)
260. secrete HCl?
parietal cells
Carotid body measure
partial pressure of O2
713. immunity from mother to fetus?
passive natural
220. buccinator?
penetrated in inferior block
1138. Penicillin and erythromycin not given together why?
penicillin act on cells which multiply
946. Testlet -What causes acute gastric bleeding?
peptic ulcer, esophageal varices
776. During desaturation of protein all bonds are destroyed except?
peptide
756. Excessive symp stimulation inhibit what?
peristalsis
945. Atrophic gastritis?
pernicious anemia
709. which one is NOT part of the oral normal flora?
pertusis
306. phenelketonuria (PKU) which enzyme is defected?
phenylalanine hydroxylase
180. bond btwn DNA units?
phosphodiester
733. what is the pace setting enzyme for glycolysis?
phosphofrucokinase
199. regulate glysolysis?
phosphofructokinase
1114. Enzyme action?
phosphorylation of serine
164. activation of an enzyme include?
phosphorylation of serine residue or hydrolysis of a peptide unit
950. in SCC , what is affected along which is anterior to root of bronchus?
phrenic nerve
696. what is the nerve in pericardium?
phrenic-so heart is innervated by CNX but pericardium is phrenic.
Parotid gland duct (Stenson's duct)
pierces the buccinator muscle & is located near maxillary 1st molar
622. Visceral cells in bowman capsule?
podocyte
1176. kidney visceral?
podocytes
70. Bowman
podocytes
193. secretion of saliva?
polymeric IgA
308. to form prostaglandins
polyunsaturated FA is needed
The difference between the inferior vena cava & portal veins
portal contain no valves
Norepinephrine is a
post-synaptic sympathetic NT.
1110. Mutally protected all except?
posterior contact during lateral movement
760. Retrusion of mandible
posterior fibers of temporalis
934. thoracic duct is located in?
posterior mediastinum the thoracic duct empties into the left venous angle between the left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein
749. increased overbite can cause?
posterior teeth with more cusp inclination
544. thoracic duct position?
posterior to esophagus
662. location of the thoracic duct ralative to trachea,esophagus,kidney=
posterior to esophagus
889. location of nucleus that opens pupil?
posterior to main motor nucleus (occulomotor nucleus) and anterolateral to the cerebral aqueduct in rostral midbrain at the level of superior colliculus
1435. Hard palate behind the central, formed by what ?
premaxilla, by medial nasal processes
864. Testlet- Patient underwent canine RCT and there is infection in the same tooth after 5 years. what can be the probable cause?
presence of accessory root canal
1272. splanchnic nerves?
presynaptic
123. shorter incisogingivally than mesiodistally?
primary MX central
235. left Mx 2nd premolar replaces with tooth?
primary second molar
Anomalous development of external acoustic meatus?
problem with 1st pharyngeal groove/cleft. Also 1st arch = incus & malleus, 2nd arch = stapes
MOA of staph aureus for drug resistance
produces enzyme that breaks down penicillin, beta lactamase
571. Ksp solubility constant of ions- they were asking how do ions precipitate ? options?
product concentration of ions
963. Ksp solubility constant of ions- how do ions precipitate ?
product concentration of ions precipitation occurs when cations and anions are combined in aquaeous solution to form insoluble ionic solid, The 5.0 x 10-9 is the most the product of the concentrations of thes two ions can be. If we put any more Ca2+ or CO32- in at this point, the solution can't hold any more, and a precipitate will form.
1085. Liver not function?
production of digestive enzymes
156. acid phosphatase?
prostate cancer
1341. increase in serum phosphate and alkaline level?
prostate carcinoma
1367. Prostate cancer?
prostate specific antigen and increase in acid phosphatase
718. patient with elevated level of PSA (prostate specific antigen) and serum acid phosphate are in risk of?
prostatic adenocarcinoma
1227. Increase PSA and acid phosphate in- benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic carcinoma?
prostatic carcinoma
1015. which ligaments PREVENT protrusion, opening, yawning?
protrusion-stylomandibular, yawning both, if given one for yawning then choose sphenomandibular
Main side effect of clindamycin
pseudomembranous colitis (diarrhea)
Epithelium of respiratory tract
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
1357. Patient didn't get anesthesthized, blocked?
ptergo plexus
708. hematoma after injection in first max molar area is due to insertion of needle in?
pterygoid plexus
1352. edema can be caused by?
pulmonary left heart failure, peripheral right heart side failure , increase in capillary hydrostatic pr. , increase in interstitial oncotic pr.
141. not by sympathetic?
pupil constriction
966. Pupillary reflex, while going into a dark room which muscle which nerve involved?
pupillary 2,3 | Sphincter papillae of iris
712. nucleus shrinks and becomes basophilic?
pyknosis
1104. Biotin for?
pyruvate carboxylase
What enzyme is used for decarboxylation?
pyruvate decarboxylase
1280. Which enzyme is associated with phosphorylation of ADP at the substrate level?
pyruvate kinase
598. Which enzyme is associated with phosphorylation of ADP at the substrate level?
pyruvate kinase
1233. Too much acetycholine?
raised heart rate
545. when you cut at recess of larynx which is LEAST affected?
recurrent laryngeal
What innervates muscles below the vocal fold & most of the laryngeal muscles
recurrent laryngeal nerve (of CN 10)
705. junctional epithelium is made of?
reduced enamel epithelium
1375. the only function of the spine?
reflex
229. lingual HOC of MX canine?
related to cingula
155. NOT an effect of Viagra?
relax smooth muscle- i disagree, it relaxes smooth muscle, vasodilates, and increases blood flow
Emphysema can lead to
respiratory acidosis
1338. patient is hyperventilated in dental chair, what is applied?
respiratory alkalosis
204. Hyperventilation?
respiratory alkalosis (dec co2 and inc ph)
253. postural position?
rest
81. made of mesenchyme?
rete pege
1407. Nutrition to TMJ ?
retrodiscal tissue
1003. SABE (subacute bacterial endocarditis) is a sequelae of?
rheumatic fever
1443. Something related Aschoff bodies?
rheumatic fever
1107. Infective endocarditis due to?
rheumetic fever or carditis
325. what adducts the scapula?
rhomboid minor
1326. similar between upper 1st and 2nd PM?
rhomboidal proximal in both
1168. not transmitted by vectors?
rickessia q fever
664. where is crista terminalis?
right atrium
256. left movement?
right lateral pterygoid contraction
951. Lymph nodes from right mandibular posterior teeth goes to which triangle?
right submandibular
1002. Late symptom of parkinsonism ?
rigidity
182. Weil-Felix test?
rocky mountain spotted fever
177. fungal agar?
sabouraud agar
Cytomegalovirus are associated with
salivary glands (TORCHES)
725. non microbial part of dental plaque is mostly made of?
salivary glycoproteins, food debris
270. inactive vaccine?
salk
412. Typhoid fever caused by?
salmonella Typhi
729. what is the ratio of the blood circulating in capillaries and Aorta?
same
266. group A strep?
scarlet fever
1267. All are present in microglial of CNS EXCEPT?
schwann cells-PNS
695. Body of the hyoid bone is derived from which embryonic cartilage?
second cartilage
Interferon gamma (IF-G) receptor complex produces dimerization of chains
secreted by T cells, anti-viral/tumor, part of Class II interferons
728. which one is NOT the function of liver?
secreting digestive enzyme
666. which immunoglobulin is found in body fluid?
secretory IgA
315. object contact mucous membranes?
semi critical
1244. depression due to?
serotonin
Lancefield grouping is a
serotype classification (that is, describing specific carbohydrates present on the bacterial cell wall)
133. demilunes in submandibular glands consist of?
serous
688. which one is NOT in posterior wall of axilla?
serratus anterior
117. granular cells in ovaries analogous with which in testes?
sertoli
149. morphodifferentiation determine?
shape of the tooth
317. basilliary (blood) dysentery?
shigella
777. sodium hyaluronate?
shock absorbent of joints
316. semi critical?
should be sterilized-semi-critical just contact the mucous membranes they don't go into tissue or bone
Epithelium of striated ducts of salivary ducts?
simple COLUMNAR epithelium
1480. Spinal cord is the only organ needed in?
simple reflexes
867. cells do NOT differentiate in?
skeletal, cardiac, and neuronal cells
1304. function of masseter?
sling muscle, elevation and strongest muscle of mastication.
111. portal drainage from?
small and large intestine
736. urinary tract cancer?
smoking cigarette
907. testlet..A lady met with an accident few days before now comes to u with the complaint of loose teeth ( both max central incisors) she has black pigmentation around her left eye -
sounds like abuse
MOA of Viagra: Inhibits cGMP
specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5), which regulates blood flow into the penis
Polyene anti-fungal are
specific to fungus b/c it attacks the sterol that are present in fungi but not bacteria
983. Cells on the basement of seminiferous tubules?
spermatogonia
1058. Pterygonmandibular raphe?
sphenoid to mandible
669. which ligament is attached to lingula?
sphenomandibular
104. attach to mand raphe?
sphenomandibular ligament
653. which one WON'T happen in a diabetic patient :
spleenomegaly
924. what is NOT caused by diabetes?
splenomegaly
1271. biosynthesis of cholesterol?
squalene
1090. Respiratory center characterictics?
squamous epithelium-disagree i think its pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
231. contact points?
stable dental arch and protect gingival papillae
All of the following elevate the larynx except the
sternothyoid
611. SER and tubular cisternae in?
steroid producing cells
1013. More smooth endoplasmic reticulum with golgi apparatus is seen were ? -
steroids
1212. what does NOT elevate larynx? -
sthernohyoid Supra hyoid (diagastric-Ant&post, stylohyoid, mylohyoid & geniohyoid) + stylopharyngeus (a muscle of the pharynx)-ELEVATES LARYNX.infrahyoid muscles(omohyoid-Sup & inf belly,sterno thyroid,sterno hyoid,thyro hyoid) DEPRESS the larynx.
136. supraclavicles lymph node metastasis from which cancer?
stomach
979. Vestibular swelling epithelium?
stratified squamous keratinized
1229. melanocytes present in?
stratum basale
1283. Hemidesmosone found on?
stratum basale
1444. Not part of oral?
stratum lucidum-is seen in SKIN
298. masseter muscle reflex when it is?
streched
1240. cells present in kidney are similar to gland cell?
striated
1417. VII and VIII what foramen-
stylomastoid foramen and internal acoustic meatus
135. muscle btwn superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors?
stylopharyngeus
1177. highest saliva?
sub mandibular
205. suicide inhibitor?
sublactam
62. Where dose the submandibular canal open?
sublingual caruncle in floor of mouth
1421. Opening of submandibular duct?
sublingual caruncle next to sublingual frenulum) behind lower incisors (wharton in side of frenum of tongue)
685. serous demilunes are seen in?
sublingual gland
143. infection at the corner of the mouth spread to?
submandibular lymph node
63. Infection of lower anterior teeth?
submental
131. neurotransmitter in pulp
substance p
828. What runs along External carotid artery?
superficial lymph nodes, external jugular vein and vagus nerve
537. terminal branches of Ext. carotid artery?
superficial temporal and maxillary
1360. Upon taking a panorama for a patient, what obscures the TMJ desk?
superimposition of condyle or tuberosity
258. articular surfaces of condyle?
superior and anterior
1059. Pregangloin dilate pupil?
superior cervical ganglion
257. translation?
superior compartment
255. stable TMJ disc?
superior head of lateral pterygoid
43. During maximum clenching what muscle attach to disc activated to stabilize it?
superior lateral pterygoid
587. Pterygomandibular raphe origin and insertion?
superiorly to the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate and inferiorly to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line of the mandible
1052. Accessory muscle depress mandible?
suprahyoid closest
1260. pain?
sustance P
938. what is probably radiolucent irregular line in the outer canthes?
suture
1130. Increased BP baroreceptors action inhibit?
syampathetic and increase parasympathetic-remember stimulating baroreceptors decreases HR, BP, and venous return.
302. patient pale not responding?
syncope
806. Radio-ulnar joint?
syndesmosis
1105. TMJ macrophage located where?
synovial membrane
273. phagocytes?
synovial membrane
278. deformed teeth?
syphilis-you get hutchinson's incisors and mulberry molars
503. Anticodon where is it found?
t RNA
1184. Cardiac problem BP tablets to?
tachycardia
1348. Brain lobes in mid cranium?
temporal lobe
1257. What muscle enlarges due to bruxism?
temporalis
845. too much clenching of teeth effects which muscles?
temporalis
1319. All can cause brain abscess EXCEPT?
tenia pedia-this is a fungal infection bt the toes
1306. clogged ears can be a restricted function of?
tensor veli palatini
103. hooks under hamulus?
tensor veli palitini
626. 3rd order pain neurons in?
thalamus
Axillary sheath surrounds
the axillary vein, axillary artery & 3 cords of the branchial plexus NOT trunks/roots of branchial plexus
375. What do neisseria meningitis and haemophilus influenzae have in common?
the capsule
35. Which define the mouth size?
the degree of fusion between maxillary and mandibular process (lip formation also depends on the same)
606. Mucormycosis infect?
the hyphae infect blood vessels
939. the testlet dead child... what is the counter bone ( the bone in opposite site of impact) -
the impact was left eye and its surroundings / Pt has fractured bone above orbit where would be the counter coup fracture located? Parietal
There was a T/F saying Meckels cartilage makes
the mandible and is developed at a certain point in development. Forgot the rest
Unilateral cleft lip is caused by
the maxillary prominences on the affected side joining with the merged medial nasal prominence.
Ascending tracts
the pathways by which sensory information from the peripheral nerves is transmitted to the cerebral cortex. It consist of dorsal colum-medial lemniscal pathway (fine touch/proprioception) & anterior/lateral spinothalamic tract.
1389. Sequence of respiratory tree?
the sequence of passages is as follows: trachea to main/R & L/primary bronchi (to lungs) to secondary/lobar bronchi (to lobes of lungs) to tertiary / segmental bronchi (to bronchopulmonary segment) to interlobular bronchi (to lobules) to primary/lobular bronchioles (no more cartilage supports) which branch to terminal bronchioles which branch to form respiratory bronchioles (to alveolar sacs) to alveolar ducts (to alveoli).
416. Hapten how do they work?
they need a carrier protein
Endosteum
thin layer of CT that line the surface of bony tissue that form the medullary cavity of long bones
1494. Embryonic origin of inferior parathyroid?
third arch
661. embryonic origin of inferior parathyroid?
third arch
186. mechanoreceptors on PDL varying in?
threshold
621. Reticular cells in?
thymus
953. Reticular epithelial cells seen in?
thymus
1195. thyoma?
thymus gland tumor associated with myasthenia gravis
The arteries that supply the thyroid gland are from the
thyrocervical trunk & ECA (superior thyroid A)
Internal laryngeal nerve innervates
thyrohyoid membrane
903. all infrahyoid muscles depress the larynx except?
thyrohyoid which raises it
85. colloid-filled follicle?
thyroid
296. vital capacity?
tidal volume + reserve inspired volume + reserve expired volume
624. Deep lingual artery on?
tip of tongue
285. why MX molars have bulbous shape?
to aid in lateral movement of MD molars
1361. Atherosclerosis affects?
tonica intima of large and small arteries
1136. Toxoid vaccine for?
toxogenic disease Toxoids Are antigenic and Non-toxics Are most often prepared by treating toxins with formaldehyde, Weakened bacterial toxins that are no longer toxic but do induce Ab production.
152. NOT found in compact bone?
trabeculae
134. chlamydial infection to conjuctiva and pharynx?
trachoma
1242. mandible deviation to left due to fracture of lateral pterygoids, which movement occurs?
translation left side
684. parasympathetic to which part of colon?
transverse
1157. Proximal of centrals?
triangular
237. cervical cut on MX cent?
triangular
642. NOT in cell memebrane?
triglyceride
691. Troponin change the position of?
tropomyosin
76. ATPase bind to?
tropomyosin
832. TMJ is a load bearing joint. T/F?
true
905. artherosclerosis?
tunica intima of arteries
515. Atherosclerosis where?
tunica intima of larger arteries
216. urticaria in penicillin allergy which type of hypersensitivity?
type 1
717. erythroblastosis fetalis is what type of hypersensitivity?
type 2
648. Pencillin hypersenstivity???
type1
1232. lice causes?
typhus
823. What is caused by lice?
typhus
What is phosphorylated in an insulin receptor?
tyrosine
707. ligament trees is remnant of?
umbelical vein
1253. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common?
upper face
726. difference between facilitated transport and active transport?
use of ATP
1237. stretch reflex?
used to prevent over-inflation of the lungs
160. to treat peptic ulcer cut which nerve?
vagus
641. Amino acid in interior of proteoglycans?
valine leucine-hydrophobic
73. Virus that cause chicken pox also cause
varicella zoster
What virus cause chicken pox?
varicella zoster virus (VZV)
869. Drug that activates alpha 1 adrenergic receptors has what affects?
vasoconstriction
617. Imanimate transfer of infect?
vector
139. cilia move cerebral fluid from subarachnoid space to?
veins
580. virus attached to MHC1 respond to?
viral peptide
Where does the antigen for MCH I come from?
virus & infected cells
1314. viremia?
virus start ruling in blood
643. Liver doesn't function to store?
vit
297. important for bone integrity taken as medication?
vit D
262. NOT essential in lysine hydroxylation?
vit K
973. Necessary for formation of bone n periosteum? -
vit c and d
603. Acetylcholine on neuromuscular junction opens what?
voltage gated ion channels or chemical gated cation channels
668. which is NOT reabsorebd in jejunum?
water
84. ACTH increse will cause?
weight gain and hyperglycemia
248. benign tumor?
well differentiated cells
1402. Submandibualr gland innervation-
wharton's duct in side of frenum of tongue-CNVII and CNV3
1004. When dentin becomes sclerotic? -
when its dead | calcification when ages
183. MD dimention of MX canine pulp canal?
widest near the cervical
267. bone after 1 month?
woven
1270. purine metabolism?
xanthine oxidase
604. ACE inhibitors cause?
xerostomia
665. dimorphism ?
yeast and hyphae
853. Does Hepatitis C have a carrier?
yes
1425. Cortisone produced from what ?
zona fasciculata
Cortisol is produced in
zona fasciculate, androgens produced in zona reticularis
998. Which zone is the MOST resistant passage of communications between cells?
zona occludens
293. lateral bone in the face?
zygomatic
915. she had infra orbital and outer left canthus of eye fructure?
zygomatic bone
58. Glucose filtration rate?
0
77. decrease water permeability in distal tubule?
ADH- i think this should be aldosterone. ADH works in collecting duct, aldosterone works in DCT.
48. Amelogenisis imperfecta due to?
AMELX gene
26. Not important gland?
Adrenal medulla
57. Pulmonary and aorta alike in which? Amount of blood flowing is same, both has tricuspid semilunar valve
Amount of blood flow is the same.
31. fungi treated with?
Amphotecerin (for systemic fungal infection), Nystatin (for oral funagal infection)
11. Burning sensation of the mouth which nerve transmit it?
C fibers
83. upper cevical ganglion?
C1 to C4
44. What ligament attach to disc?
Collateral
30. fungus with capsule?
Cryptococcus
18. Cells of PDL comes from?
Dental sac or dental papilla
24. What cause depolarization?
Deplorization occur by movement of K from inside to- I disagree, I think it should be entry of Na ions outside to inside.
46. If cell start directly to divided what will cause to cell cycle?
G1 and G2 Phase decreases
32. What enzyme bacteria used to produce caries?
Glucosyltranferase - to break sucrose, others say dextran.
25. Muscle contraction cause shortening of?
H and I band, A band is constant, I and Z move
29. Cervical cancer?
HPV 16 and 18
22. Enamel is harder than bone due to?
Higher inorganic content
64. Excessive ACTH cause?
Hyperglycemia and weight gain
While extracting you break marginal ridge what do you do?
Inform the patient
39. Infection from maxillary molar goes to?
Infratemporal fossa
61. Which is similar between salivary gland and kidney?
Intercalated duct
66. Chronic viral hepatitis Hept. C
It is a single-stranded enveloped RNA virus associated with the highest level of chronic disease state.
16. Gonado tropic hormone cause release of?
LH and FSH
3. gustatory of the anterior two third will travel along?
LINGUAL
50. A girl from Africa had TB, what would NOT be a cause of a positive TB test?
Leprosy
41. Have afferent and efferent vessels?
Lymph node
87. mx 1 molar root not innervated by superior posterior nerve
MB
20. To much clenching. Abuse activation of?
Masseter, if not in option then Temporalis
4. hamular from which bone?
Medial pterygoid between tuberosity and hamulus
53. burning sensation with patient wearing L RPD?
Mental
17. Proprioception of trigeminal to which neuclease?
Mesencephalic
93. which part of the nephron uses the most ATP?
PCT
33. Which virus not latent ?
Polio/rhino
42. What retruded mandible?
Posterior fibers of temporalis
94. from otic ganglion to the parotid ?
Secretomotor post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the auriculotemporal nerve
65. Spingolipid regarding there structure?
Sphingosine, 1 fatty acid chain and a functional group.
59. Primary mandibular incisor?
Straight Incisal edge, mamelon
45. What accessory ligament prevent mandible from during protrusions?
Stylomandibullar
51. Alzheimer's testlet and patient has depression also and takes medication for it: T/F is patient's depression from the causes of his Alzheimer's. T/F something about effect or deficiency of serotonin in Alzheimer's
T/T
9. chose 2 visceral arteries branch from abdominal aort?
The abdominal aorta has 3 single anterior visceral branches (coeliac, SMA, IMA), 3 paired lateral visceral branches (suprarenal, renal, gonadal), 5 paired lateral abdominal wall branches (inferior phrenic and four lumbar), and 3 terminal branches (two common iliacs and the median sacral)
60. Why hapten cannot elicit the formation of antibodies by themselves?
Too small, it need carrier
54. Paralysis of the face muscle below zygoma, which type of lesion?
UMN Damage Upper motor neuron damage: paralysis on the contralateral side for the lower quadrant of the face only Lower motor neuron: paralysis on the ipsilateral side for the upper and lower quadrants of the face
10. Innervation of the lung?
Vagus
82. not essential for life?
adrenal medulla
8. What cause supination between ulna and medial?
biceps brachi
68. Which of the following state embeded in endometrium
blastocyte
90. absolute refractory period?
blocked Na influx
74. patient with diabetes 1 should watch 3 of the following
carbohydrate, fat, total calories
14. Pepsinogen secreted from?
chief cell or oxyntic cell of stomach
67. Lining bone marrow
endosteum
52. Sensation of face which nucleus?
face-CNV and body VPL Mesecephalic: responsible for proprioception on face and jaw-jerk reflex. Spinal: responsible for pain and temperature and this nucleus is subdivided into Oralis, Interpolaris and Caudalis. Oralis- fine tectile sense from orofacial region. Interpolaris-tactile sense + DENTAL PAIN. Caudalis- nociception + thermal sensation
13. What structure doesn't go through parotid?
facial artery Structures passing over parotid: facial nerve, external carotid artery, auriculotemp nerve, greater auricular
6. Which nerve travel with external jugular vein?
greater auricular
19. Each located in external surface of enamel except one?
hunter scherger band
89. liver failure?
hypoalbuminemia
12. Facial paralysis after anesthesia?
inferior alveolar given wrong so parotid anesthestized
71. Found in salivary glands and pancreas
intercalated
Tracheostomy
is a surgical procedure routinely done in critically ill patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilatory support. Tracheostomy might facilitate weaning by reducing dead space and airway resistance, and by improving secretion clearance. This reduces the likelihood of tube obstruction by inspissated mucus, makes the patient more comfortable, requiring less sedation and reducing the likelihood of aspiration through improved glottic function
anatomical dead space
is decreased by:i. Intubation (nasal cavity is bypassed and diameter of tube is less than airway diameter) ii. Tracheostomy (upper airways and nasal cavity bypassed)iii. Hyperventilation (decreasing lung volume)iv. Neck flexionv. Bronchoconstrictors
91. NOT superficial to hyoglossus?
lingual artery
88. bifurcated anterior tooth?
md canine
75. leukoplakia what type of epithelium?
parakeratinized
96. pain from teeth to?
parietal
79. cell not found in purulent?
plasma cells
95. from splanchnic to celiac trunk?
post synaptic sympathetic
69. lining of trachea
psuedostratified ciliated columnar
What is voluntary?
rectum
7. which innervated muscle below true vocal cord?
recurrent laryngeal
92. PAH determine?
renal plasma flow
78. promote osteogenesis?
somatotropin-others say somatomedin