SATYAM JOSHI

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Hepatitis B virion:

"Dane particle"

739. 6 weeks pregnant how long will u wait to do a procedure?

(6 more weeks) 12th week is key!

1412. Last step of urea?

(Argenine-there derivatives are creatinine and urea) Last

The toxin of the gas gangrene organism has what kind of the enzymatic activity?

(C. perfringens) Lipase lecithinase

327. biceps NV?

(C5,6,7 ) musculocutaneous

Endomysium

(areolar CT around each muscle FIBER)/endoneurium (CT around myelin sheath/neuron axon)

521. question about proto/ oncogen? Chromosome 9

(c_abl)

Detergent kills bacteria by interfering with the function of cell membrane.

(destroy fatty cell parts)

Fungal Organisms NOT found in the soil

(know that Aspergillus, Blastomycosis, Histoplasma, Coccidioides, and Cryptococcus neoformans are in soil)

167. ph=1 glutamate will be?

Phosphodiester bonds

- connect DNA | bone - connects 2 amino acids

Functional groups:

-Glucose in cerebroside -Choline in sphingomyelin -Bunch of sugars in ganglioside -Hydrogen in ceramide

Clostridium Tetani are all the following EXCEPT...

... (choose the option NOT listed below), Gram-Positive, Anaerobic, Spores, Rod-shaped- not a spore

851. Glucose clearance?

0mg/dl

1419. Most of the face formed by what brachial arches?

1 & 2 arches

1162. mand canine 3 different configurations?

1 root one canal, one root 2 canals, 2 roots 2 canals.

372. Alveolar crest. Where?

1-2 mm above CEJ

751. location of CEJ ?

1-2 mm over the alveolar bone

743. first evidence of calcification of premolars?

1.5-2 yrs

1418. TMJ forms which week?

12 week starting, 14 weeks-completion

1397. root completion, of Maxillary canine?

804. Fastest nerve velocity?

146. external auditory meatus?

1st cleft

552. Obstruction of Ext. auditory meatus due to defect in?

1st cleft

1330. ear from which arch pouch?

1st pharyngeal pouch

793. number of variable components on a complete heavy chain?

815. Y shaped is formed by?

2 lingual and 1 facial Cusps of Mandibular 2nd premolar

244. how many fossae of MX canine?

2 lingual fossae

481. Crescent shape central developmental groove?

2 mandb premolar ( u shape)

508. At what age do premolars begin calcification?

2 years old

314. heat sensitive object sterilized with?

2% ethylene oxide

1298. 50% parents, what will offspring inherit?

Vitamin D

25 hydroxycholecalciferol gets converted to 1,25 dihydroxycalciferol where? Kidney

166. autosomal dominant 50?

25% in offspring

241. Mx 1 molar?

2MB 1P 1DB

450. How many canals in a max molar?

2MB 1P 1DB

554. hyoid bone mainly from which arch?

2nd and 3rd

780. What erupts after the last succedaneous tooth erupts?

2nd and 3rd molars

373. Embryonic origin of "body" of hyoid bone?

2nd arch

Buccinator muscle develops from which arch?

2nd arch

Hyoid bone develops from which arch?

2nd arch & 3rd arch (body of). Question asked about BODY of Hyoid bone3rd arch

Reichert's cartilage

2nd arch, makes stapes bone, styloid process, stylohyoid, CN VII

808. Facial muscles are derived from?

2nd brachial arch

1225. partial bone healing how many weeks?

1154. Mandibular PM?

3 pits | second PM only PM with 5 developmental lobes

240. Mx 2 molar?

3 roots 3 canals

1305. cranial nerves with parasympatheic function?

3, 7, 9, 10

277. fractured neck of condyle patient can open?

30 mm-remember usually its about 50mm, <30mm is pathology

Thymus gland is from the

3rd & 4th brachial pouches

Inferior Parathyroid is from

3rd Pouch

1331. glossopharyngeal and muscles name was there from which arch?

3rd arch

145. greater cornu of hyoid and glossopharyngeal nerve arise from?

3rd arch

652. A patient missing a tooth in mandibular posteriors,which tooth is most likely?

3rd molar>second premolar

475. Inferior parathyroid origin?

3rd pouch

97. separate diencephalon?

3rd ventricle

553. Inferior thyroid from which arch?

4-6 arch

Turners syndrome

45:XO

Klinefelter syndrome

47:XXY

125. how many pulp horns in MD 1 molar?

449. number of pulp horns in a newly erupted first mandibular molar?

967. number of Pulp horns n canals in mand 1st molars?

5 horns | 3 canals , can be 1 extra

609. If the anticodon on tRNA is 5' ACG 3', then which of the following is its corresponding codon on m RNA?

5' CGU 3'

850. PP of O2 on himalayas?

50 hhh

Pressure on a mountain is 250 mm Hg, what is the partial pressure of oxygen?

50 mm Hg. Oxygen = 20%, Nitrogen = 80% so 250 x 0.2 = 50 mm Hg

55. how much the occlusal table form over all?

50-60

1250. Occlusal table accounts for how much of occlusal outline?

50-60%

217. clindamycin inhibit?

50S

517. How long do you wait to treat her?

6 weeks

1394. failing endo to lower canine?

6% with 2 complete root canals-Bifurcate root Occasionally 2 roots (Labially and Lingually)

858. Dentin composition?

70% inorganic 20% organic 10%water

what can be time her accident has happened-

7th day

d. Age of girl?

9-10

What is the charge of glutamic acid @ pH

= 1? +2

1405. what increases action potential?

A generator potential acts to increase action potential frequency in response to increased stimulus intensity.

940. what is most likely found in interior of proteins?

A hydrophobic (non-polar) amino acid.

840. Dentist touches mucosa which fibers are activated?

A-beta

162. sharp pain?

A-delta

932. filamentous formation on angle of mandible?

A.A

931. bacteria cause foul odour?

A.A.

Blood type: Anti-A & anti-B both agglutinate. What blood type is it?

178. anti a and anti b both agglutinate?

AB type

872. Legonnaire is due to?

AC cooling system

425. Cutting infundibulum without cutting hypophysial portal system, all of the following will be ceased EXCEPT

ADH and Prolactin

330. ADH and Aldosterone?

ADH on collecting duct and aldosterone on DCT and collecting duct

761. Adenosine movement via?

ADP/ATP translocation

Atherosclerotic plaque is most often found inTunica intima of large arteries??

ADRENAL MEDULLA

584. Allosteric activate?

AMP

559. What is allosteric inhibtor in glycolysis?

ATP

153. direct source of energy?

ATP= ADP + phosphorus

Where is atherosclerosis most common?

Abdominal Aorta

980. After endodontic treatment, biopsy done showsresorbed bone and a lot of neutrophils - pain again?

Abscess

Where do the 4th, 5th, and 6th intercostal veins drain?

Accessory Hemizygous (formed by the 4th-8th intercostal veins)

371. Where do Sharpey's fibers insert?

Acellular cementum- so they attach on alveolar bone and acellular cementum.

658. post ganglionic sypmpathetic neurotransmitter for sweat glands?

Ach

433. H filaments found in?

Actinomycosis

What secrets TNF-Alpha & IL-l?

Activated macrophages

Na+ - K+ pump is an example of what type of transport?

Active transport

1084. Cigarette smoking does NOT cause?

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

434. What is the function of pilli?

Adherence/ attachment to host cells

361. Where can you find Raschkow Plexus?

Adjacent to cell free zone

Which one is the end organ of the sympathetic system?

Adrenal Medulla

870. Which endocrine gland is NOT important for humans?

Adrenal medulla

What organ is not stimulated by the anterior pituitary?

Adrenal medulla

Which endocrine gland is not essential for life?

Adrenal medulla

1345. What is the LEAST indicator to predict prognosis of breast cancer?

Age

280. worsen periodontal disease?

Aggressive periodontitis

323. Which is NOT found in collagen?

Alanine | Tropoelastin

322. what is always found INSIDE protein structure?

Alanine-its hydrophobic

1310. transports fatty acids?

Albumin- and chylomicrons

597. Cirrhosis commonly caused by?

Alcohol-also remember those mallory bodies

B. What does that indicate?

Alcoholic Hepatitis

Esophageal varices commonly seen in what?

Alcoholics or portal hypertension from cirrhosis

1349. Fluorosis can be seen in?

All enamel, cartilage, bones, and nails 1350. Decrease in O2 will stimulate? peripheral carotid and aortic bodies

1329. Ansa cervicalis supply which muscle?

All three: suprahyoid, suprathyroid, omohyoid

Product of enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase in TCA cycle?

Alpha-ketogluterate

919. what NOT absorbed in jujenum?

Amino acids and monosaccharides-some sources say H2O so idk

1339. sound in ear?

Amplitude

1447. Alzheimer characteristic which one is true?

Amyloid deposits are seen in Alzheimer's disease

Which term describes a lack of differentiation?

Anaplasia (found in more malignant tumors). Anaplasia is dedifferentiation (less-well differentiated is anaplastic)

1221. yellow on corner of mouth?

Angular chelitis

790. Sternothyroid and sternohyoid is innervated by?

Ansa cervicalis (c1-c3)

What makes up the carotid triangle?

Anterior border of SCM, posterior dine, superior omohyoid. Asked "which is NOT part of carotid triangle" humerus

501. Evidence of mamelons on teeth #8 and #9 indicate what?

Anterior openbite

1083. NOT cause of cancer?

Anthrocosis

1219. bacteria inhibiting an inhibitor?

Antibiotic resistant | Beta lactamase

What causes influenza to change year to year?

Antigenic Capsule (gene reassortment). Influenza Virus is an orthomyxovirus w/ outer envelope has spikes (H & N) for attachment to host cells. Tx w/ Amantadine inhibits viral attachment and uncoating. The main mode of prevention is the vaccine, which consists of killed influenza A and B virus.

Which of the following would you not expect with a neoplasm/not a characteristic of malignancy?

Aplasia

399. Hormone dependent physiologic/pathologic involution?

Apoptosis

How is Arbovirus transmitted?

Arthropods. acryonym: ARthropod-BOrne virus

Most superior part of larynx?

Aryepiglottic fold (Epiglottis)

159. why antibiotics relief peptic ulcer?

As proton pump inhibitors decreases acid secretion, also because they are eliminate H. pylori

Which one comes from the upper layer of the neural tube

Ascending Sensory Pathway

1313. what produces afatoxins?

Aspergillosis

Aflatoxin is what produced by what fungus?

Aspergillus

What medication blocks prostaglandins? Aspirin.

Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX 1 & 2) to decrease formation of precursor for Thromboxane A2 (a platelet aggregator that is released by blood platelets) & prostaglandins

526. disease of destruction bronchi and bronchiole with mucus?

Asthma-bronchopneumonia-emphysema

1491. What is the cause- hyperthyroidsm/ rheumatoid arthritis?

Auto-immune

47. SLE?

Autoantibody

406. Circumduction of arm?

Axillary

What brachial nerve & muscle is for circumduction of the arm?

Axillary (b/c of deltoids)

917. what nerve for circumduction muscles?

Axillary because of deltoid

1155. Mand PM biggest to smallest cusp?

B > ML > DL

734. Asthma medication?

B adrenergics

207. penicillin resistance?

B-lactamase

Know the function of B1 & B2 receptors..

B1 = heart | B2 = dilution, smooth muscle, alpha 1 & 2: nonepinephrine

992. action of beta blockers on heart and respiration?

B1 usually increases HR and B2 causes bronchodilation. So opposite will occur- decrease HR and bronchoconstriction.

574. More saliva when?

BETWEEN meals

Which produces these toxins: protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF)?

Bacillus anthracis (causes anthrax)

N-Muramic acid is part of

Bacterial Cell Wall, It occurs naturally as N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan, Function is a structural component of bacterial cell walls. Chlamydia has none.

Pt has swelling of submandibular, tenderness. Pt is alcoholic. Radiographic-mass radiopaque (sialolith)-circumscribed, 1 cm x 1 cm, what is the reason for swelling?

Bacterial infection

1437. Squamous epithelium metaplasia?

Barrett's esophagus

387. Which layers of epidermis does not have tonofilaments?

Basale

819. Melanin pigmentation which layer?

Basale

1259. least cells in wbc?

Basophils Mnemonic: never let monkey eat banana

Which type of WBC shows the lowest in blood?

Basophils. Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil)

1293. enlargement of lymph node?

Because of infection

When is alveoli pressure the most negative?

Beginning of inhalation

418. Diabetic pt using insulin. What cells are destroyed?

Beta

629. Albuterol mech of action?

Beta 2 agonist - bronchodilator

826. Mesodense is present where?

Between max centrals

1108. N glycosylation?

Between sugar and amino acid

809. Most carbon dioxide is excreted as?

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

340. MOA of aminoglycosides?

Binds to 30s RNA and inhibits translation.

Aminoglycosides

Binds to 30s ribosome & inhibits mRNA translation (protein synthesis, bactericidal)

Which stage of the zygote does implantation on the uterus occur?

Blastocyst

What describes oxygen transport?

Bohr effect

704. in flurosis where else the excessive fluoride will be seen?

Bone

Main role of calcitonin?

Bone resorption

341. all of the following is part of normal flora except?

Bordetella pertussis.

395. T/F The mandible grows by endochondral ossification while the cartilage is formed interstitially?

Both statements are false, condyles (and coronoid) grow by endochondral while the mandible is intramembranous. Cartilage is only formed by endochondral ossificationnot intramembranous.

389. Which organ has activated PCK?

Brain

634. Pulp blood dynamics similar to?

Brain

Prions affect which organ

Brain

1086. Pulp blood flow analogue?

Brain or Cranium

830. 2nd part of swallowing is controlled by?

Brainstem

What is the most distal portion of the brachial plexus?

Branches (Musculocutaneous, Axillary, median, radial, ulnar nerve)

968. Asthma is characterized by?

Bronchi construction

1080. Lung cancer?

Bronchial

1255. MOST common place to find lung cancer?

Bronchiolar- bronchial Small cell carcinoma / cigarette smoking- bronchioler

600. Small cell cancer ?

Bronchiolar-so to summarize SMALL CELL CANCER of lung is BRONCHIOLAR but METAPLASIA is ESOPHAGUS

1482. Squamous epithelium metaplasia, seen where?

Bronchus

In which can we see more squamous epithelial metaplasia?

Bronchus

1036. Max PM cusp offset to distal in table form?

Buccal cusp-remember the buccal cusp offset to the distal while lingual cusp offset to the medial

986. Sites where difficulty in scaling?

Buccal distal mesial to furcations

773. What are the working cusps in posterior cross-bite?

Buccal-upper; lingual-lower- its opposite of normal

What does that indicate?

Bulimia

Epstein Barr Virus is related to

Burkitt's Lymphoma

417. EBV related to?

Burkitt's lymphoma

525. Adenosine nucleoside crosses mitochondria how?

By translocation

1291. chronic hepatitis?

504. Patient sensitive to Hot on tooth #3, what fibers?

C fibers

701. dull pain in pulp?

C fibers

841. Burning is mouth which fibers are activated?

C fibres

Alternative complement pathway starts with

C5 (C5a = Chemoattractant)

Innervation that causes Rotation of the Arm

C5 (doc says C5-C6)

933. Esophagus start at which vertebrae?

If a person can't flex their wrist, what nerves are involved?

C6-C7 (Ulnar n., Flexor Carpi Ulnaris m)

1446. All true about AIDS except?

CD4 is not important for diagnosis

1302. MHC 2 attach to?

CD4 t helper

1119. MHC class 1 binds to?

CD8

343. What nerve innervates the parotid gland?

CN 7- disagree, I think its CNIX and CNV3

What nerve innervates the salivary glands of the palate?

CN 7. posterior hard palate= greater palatine nerve

579. Edinger nucleus?

CN III Edinger is parasmpathetic ganglia and it sends efferent fibers to ciliary ganglion

1471. nerve that DOESNT pass through jugular foramen?

CN XII

1228. what is present between palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles?

CN9

137. posterior tongue papillae innervated by?

CN9

965. afferents involved in Gag reflex?

CNIX-remember afferents are CNIX and efferents are CNX

1066. Structure passing foramen rotundum?

CNV2

332. Foramen rotundum passing structures?

CNV2

1017. Nerve exiting from stylomastoid foramen damage to which muscle?

CNVII exits stylomastoid foramen- orbicularis oris (facial expression muscles)

1082. Chronic smoking with increased mucus?

COPD

1496. Most anterior superiot position?

276. most anterior superior position?

211. important in clot formation?

397. Mineral needed for coagulation?

1123. Proline in saliva?

Ca phosphate deposit

Prothrombin acts with which one to form thrombin?

Ca2+. Prothrombin + Ca+/Pl/Factor 10a thrombin (live

38. Parafolicular cells produce?

Calcitonin

All of the primary ions are in saliva except?

Calcium

What ion is related to endospores?

Calcium dipicolinic (heat resistance of the endospore)

356. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

Can be transferred between bacteria by conjugation

Multiple Myeloma

Cancer of Plasma Cells in bone marrow

1197. fungi in mouth?

Candida

1383. Fungi spread from person to person except?

Candida

1165. tooth with one pulp horn?

Canine and mandi 1st pm

355. What are the virulence factors of Neisseria meningitis?

Capsule

899. 8 molar urea denatures protein by 1.______ which brake2. ________ bonds in tertiary structure.

Carbamylation reactions, Disulfide bonds.

825. carboxyhemoglobulin is due to?

Carbon MONOXIDE binding to Hb

385. What measures partial pressure of O2?

Carotid body by chemoreceptors-remember baroreceptors are for changes inBP

1056. Canal NOT in sphenoid?

Carotid canal

Difference between staph and strep?

Catalase enzyme in staph

783. What will cause DNA mutation except?

Caused by xray, uv light, chemicals

Antibiotic used for meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenza

Ceftriaxone

What are the visceral arteries of the abdominal/descending aorta?

Celiac trunk & inferior mesenteric. Includes: Celiac trunk, renal & superior/inferior mesenteric (not inferior phrenic)

1384. N- glutamic acid found in?

Cell wall

1286. Secondary cementum, what you see?

Cellular

590. White rami?

Central in brain and peripheral in spine

852. Young permanent tooth that has pulp horns?

Central incisor

1037. Mand incisors comparision?

Central: More symmetrical crown, Minimal distal and mesial bulge of crown, Proximal contacts on the same level mesial and distal, Smaller than lateral in the same mouth, Lateral: Less symmetrical crown, Obvious distal bulge on crown, crown appears to tilt, distally, Mesial proximal contact more incisal, Larger than central in the same mouth

1481. What is vagus nerve responsible for?

Cephalic phase of gastric secretion

448. HOC on mesial of max canine?

Cervical 3rd

1300. result of exonulcease activity?

Changes DNA Sequence-remember endonucleases cut in the middle and exonuclease cut at the end

582. C5a?

Chemotactic

Most common cause of non-gonococcal urethritis

Chlamydia

Blindness results from -->

Chlamydia trachomatis (trachoma and adult inclusion conjunctivitis)

What kind of epithelium is found in the nasopharynx region?

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

What medication is a DNA gyrase inhibitor?

Ciprofloxacin. Fluoroquinolone, end in -oxacins

You only have minor amounts of this taste bud?

Circumvallate papilla

836. Fumarate joins to which cycle from urea?

Citric acid cycle

What produces mucous in lungs

Clara Cells (nonciliated bronchiolar secretory cells that make GAGs to protect the bronchiole lining)

Spore-forming bacteria

Clostridium & bacillus

791. What is the medication given for candidiasis?

Clotrimazole and nystatin

Myocardial Infraction

Coagulative Necrosis (ischemia, blood loss, <3/kidney). Liquefactive necrosis: enzyme digestion, infection (CNS). Gangrenous necrosis: large areas (lower extremities, bowel). Fat/calcified necrosis: pancreas, breast etc

591. MI after 24 hr?

Coagulative necrosis

370. Major component of periodontal ligament?

Collagen

875. Kelloid is formed by?

Collagen

21. Vit C is important for?

Collagen hydroxylation of proline

752. TMJ clicking is a result of damage to which ligament?

Collateral

487. What occurs during disc displacement of TMJ?

Collateral ligaments become elongated

1436. Organ below or near the right kidney ?

Colon liver duodenum

391. Innervations of carotid body/ sinus?

Combinations between IX and X

What in the carotid sheath

Common carotid, internal jugular, vagus nerve, NOT ansa cervicalis or phrenic N

1416. Basophilia etiology?

Common feature of myeloproliferative disorders and particularly prominent in chronic myelogenous leukemia

What type of bone do you see after 2-3 years at the site of injury?

Compact bone

339. MOA of sulfonamides?

Compete with PABA ( Para-amino benzoic acid) to inhibit folic acid synthesis.

Obstructive lung disease

Compliance goes UP. Obstructive Lung Disease is characterized by increased resistance to airflow (lower than normal expiratory flow rates) and high lung volumes. Decreased elasticity, Increases compliance. Examples: Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma. Restrictive Lung Disease is characterized by low lung volumes and Slightly Higher than Normal Expiratory Flow Rate (increased lung elasticity). Decreased compliance. Examples are Interstitial Fibrosis (lung hardening), Asbestosis, and Tuberculosis

1055. Curve of spee in mandible superior surface?

Concave-remember convex in maxillary and concave in mandibular

1042. Cementum fusion of root?

Concresence

969. fusion by cementum?

Concresence

1088. Inferior of TMJ?

Condylar head | Rotation

1386. Rough cocci get DNA from soft cocci through?

Conjugation

212. greatest genetic information transported?

Conjugation

365. transferring most genetic information?

Conjugation

Best method for bacteria to replicate & transfer most genetic information?

Conjugation, Transformation = bacteria takes up extracellular donor DNA, Transduction = donor DNA packed into virus (bacteriophage) that infects the bacteria (1 step), Conjugation = plasmid DNA transfer

1432. Owen ?

Contour lines of Owen (found in dentin) - can be analogous to Striae of Retzius (found in enamel)

1206. carotid sinus function?

Control BP

549. heart congestion lead to?

Cor pulmonale

1266. no filaments?

Cornium

What narrows the maxillary buccal vestibule when you open your mouth all the way?

Coronoid Process

1147. Steroid like fat cells in which zone of adrenal?

Cortex-reticular (Zones of Adrenal Cortex: GFR | G = Salt F = Sugar R = Sex)

27. zona fasiculata produce?

Cortisol (glucocortioid) which is stimulated by ACTH

28. Herpangina

Coxackie virus

Etiology of Q fever

Coxiella burnetii (can be in salivary gland) also CMV can be in salivary gland as well

880. S- shape of dentin is formed due to--?

Crowding of odontoblast

Most common cause of fungal meningitis?

Cryptococcosis

Lysyl oxidase

Cu is needed (cofactor)

1453. excessive ACTH cause?

Cushings disease is related to excess ACTH being produced (tumor) and cushings syndrome is more related to excess cortisol 1454. If internal carotid becomes blocked, blood still reaches the brain via? the vertebral arteries | Suboccipital Triangle - Deep in the triangle passes the vertebral artery and the Suboccipital nerve (aka dorsal ramus of C1)

817. Smallest cusps in oral cavity?

Cusp of carabelli

1079. Tooth swelling lined by epithelium?

Cyst

1290. tertiary structure of protein?

Cysteine

440. What is the main AA in the tertiary protein?

Cysteine

What is the main AA in the tertiary structure of protein?

Cysteine (disulfide bones)

543. amino acid in tertiary structure of protein?

Cysteine.

Glycan binds what in bacterial cell wall

D-alanine

532. cover articular surfaces?

DENSE fibrous C.T.

489. 8M urea brakes which type of bonds?

DISULFIDE BONDS

594. Smallest cusp in mand first molar?

DIstal

1196. PCR?

DNA fingerprinting

855. Most common US vaccine?

DPT

What is the most common bacteria vaccine given in the US?

DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis)

Treponema pallidum bacteria (causes syphilis)?

Dark field microscopy. Syphilis causes oral hard chancre, not painful, use Wassermann test

942. Increase in 2,3-biphsophoglycerate causes what?

Deceases affinity of Hb to oxygen. It shifts the reaction to right causing more O2 to be delivered to tissue thus decreasing affinity for O2.

320. kidney end of proximal convoluted tubule osmotic pressure?

Decreased

516. 6 months Pregnant woman testlet, what happens to her hormones if you compare them before she was pregnant?

Decreased LH and FSH. Increased HcG.

419. testlet patient with graves disease, after lab findings you will see:

Decreased TSH and increased T3 and T4

Most probable cause for prolonged bleeding time in a patient with LEUKEMIA

Decreased number of blood platelet. Leukemia is a diseases of the reticuloendothelial system involving uncontrolled proliferation of WBC. People with leukemia may have thrombocytopenia.

788. Over countering the labial surface of mandibular central incisor causes what effects?

Decreased overjet

1358. if the infundibulum was cut?

Decreases ADH. If portal than all decrease except prolactin or lactogenic

1129. Parasympathetic activity of heart?

Decreases heart rate

386. Hyperventilation alters the acid balance of arteries?

Decreasing CO2 and increasing PH

1214. varicose veins arise from deep or superficial veins?

Deep

1403. Disaccharide intolerance, why can't digest lactose ,what is the defect exactly or why

Deficiency of enzyme lactase in Disaccharide intolerance. Lactose intolerance occurs when the small intestine does not make enough of an enzyme called lactase. Your body needs lactase to break down, or digest, lactose

1430. Cementum originate from ?

Dental Follical-cementoblasts of th PDL

Difference between lamina propria & dermis?

Dermis has dense irregular CT

What exits the thorax at T12

Descending Aorta

1373. non-microbial component of plaque?

Dextran

367. Streptococcus mutans produces what?

Dextran (polyscharride part of plaque).

How is glucose and fructose associated with caries?

Dextrans and levans

848. Insufficient ADH SECRETION CAUSES?

Diabetes insipidus

916. autoimmune?

Diabetes type 1

1032. Incisal view of max canine?

Diamond

301. digoxin MOA ?

Digoxin inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium. The sodium calcium exchanger (NCX)in turn tries to extrude the sodium and in so doing, pumps in more calcium. Increased intracellular concentrations of calcium may promote activation of contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin). Digoxin also acts on the electrical activity of the heart, increasing the slope of phase 4 depolarization, shortening the action potential duration, and decreasing the maximal diastolic potential.Target Kind Pharmacological action Actions Organism UniProt ID Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1Protein

319. abnormal relation btwn crown and root?

Dilacerations-remember dilacerations are pathology to root and crown while flexion is just to the root only

MOA of amoxicillin?

Disrupts cell wall & inhibits cross-linking between peptidoglycan chains for gram (+)/(-)

98. smallest cusp in primary MD 1 molar?

Distal

1194. most concave side on max canine?

Distal maxillary canine from a facial view, the distal portion of the facial- surface is convex in the middle third and slightly concave in the cervical third.

602. Myasthenia gravis

Dopamine- I think this is wrong bc the NT involved in myasthenia gravis is nicotinic Ach and Parkinson's is dopamine.

812. What is Bowman's capsule?

Double layered,with parietal simple squamous visceral podocytes

472. Pregnant woman 6 weeks. What is present that the mother does not have?

Ductus arteriosus

Ligamentum venosum comes from what?

Ductus venosus. shunts left umbilical vein blood directly to the inferior vena cava, bypass liver. ligamentum teres = remnant of umbilical vein on the liver

716. disorganized atypical cells NOT invasive?

Dysplasia

Most indicative of cancer

Dysplasia

1100. Cancer do NOT involve?

Dysplasia- i would anaplasia if thats an option first

Which term is the best for a carcinoma that doesn't perforate basement membrane?

Dysplasia. Dysplasia is non-malignant cellular growth, but may precede malignant changes in the tissue. It is associated with chronic irritation of a tissue, tissue appears somewhat structure less and disorganized and may consists of atypical cells without invasion.

1172. endogenous spread?

E-coli | Strept

871. Bacteria found in feces?

E.coli

1188. burette lymphoma by?

EBV-associated, tumor occurs in Africa, usually, involves jaw and facial bones. In America, the abdomen is most affected. Cancerous cell = B cell causes marrow replacement

294. within the parotid?

ECA + facial N + retromandibular V-remember NOT the facial artery which was another question.

290. does NOT occur in shock?

Edema

625. Location of nucleus that opens pupil in dark

Edinger westphal nucleus

What part of the arm is most susceptible to ulnar nerve injury

Elbow

1054. NOT function of lateral pterygoid?

Elevation and retrusion

469. severe asthmatic patient will develop?

Emphysema

1093. Epithelial cell derivative lesion?

Enamel

972. Hereditary defect causes improper formation of what?

Enamel

When is intrapleural pressure the most negative?

End of expiration

413. Embryonic origin of hepatocytes?

Endoderm

620. Liver embryology?

Endoderm

909. hyperestrogenism is major risk factor for develop?

Endometrial carcinoma

403. What surrounds a myelin sheath neuron?

Endoneuron

1098. Pyramidine dimer break down by which enzyme?

Endonuclease

Rickettsia diseases are destructive for/target?

Endothelial cells of capillaries. Rickettsia are small, gram (-), aerobic coccobacillary bacteria

What are the virulence factors of Neisseria meningitis?

Endotoxin LPS (gram negative) WATERHOUSE FRIDERISCHEN SYNDROME

What aspect of Staph is responsible for food poisoning

Enterotoxin

Which is NOT associated with Neisseria meningitis?

Enterovirus (ex. Picornavirus)

605. What dilated pupils?

Epinephrine

1063. Dilate pupil?

Epinephrine-sympathetic

494. found blood in one of nasal fossa?

Epitaxis

Why doesn't Amphotericin B work against bacteria?

Ergosterol (fungi have in cell wall, bacteria don't)

458. Which one is NOT an autoimmune disease?

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Rash for Scarlett Fever

Erythrogenic Toxin of Group A Beta Hemolytic S. pyogenes

Which toxin produces scarlet fever

Erythrotoxin (erythrogenic exotoxin)

575. Cause of massive hemetamesis in alcoholic ...is due to cirrhosis which in turn leadse to portal hypertension and finally?

Esophageal varices-just know liver pathology is associated with this

831. What is an involuntary reaction?

Esophago-gastro

Thoracic duct is behind what?

Esophagus & aorta, question asked "In posterior mediastinum, thoracic duct is...?", Anterior to descending aorta, Posterior to esophagus

352. In which can we see squamous epithelial metaplasia?

Esophagus-some sources say esophagus some say bronchus but I would go with esophagus bc Barrett's esophagus.

1309. steroid hormones?

Estrogen progesterone cortex hormones

Which is an intracellular receptor?

Estrogen. Includes steroid, estrogen, progesterone, Vitamin D derivatives

1499. What would you expect in a Graves disease?

Exophalthmus

599. Toxoid vaccine inactivated?

Exotoxin

1010. Testlet of myasthenia gravis- Dyphagia - problem in which muscles?

Eye, face, swallowing most common muscles affected

647. RSV can be prevented by vaccination.

FALSE

Fac is fixed antigen binding site in immunoglobulins which is at top variable region....

FC is receptor binding site which determine isotope e.g.: Ige to mast cells in constant region below of immunoglobulin.

What is in the Parotid gland?

FEAR. FEAR: Facial N. External Carotid A. Auriculotemporal N. Retromandibular V

1458. facial artery in submandibular gland .. contents of parotid?

FEAR: facial nerve, ECA, auriculotemporal nerve, retromandibular vein

439. Substrate of thromboplastin?

FIBRINOGEN- think its prothrombin.

What hormone promotes spermatogenesis

FSH

1200. T cell receptor binding?

Fab

T-cell receptors (TCR) are similar to which one?

Fab

958. Height of contour in max molars facially?

Facial cervical 3rd

23. ATP needed for each except one?

Facilitated diffusion

Boy bleeds during extraction, his maternal uncle & male cousin have same problem. What factor is involved?

Factor VIII (Hemophilia A & sex-linked). Hemophilia B (Christmas disease) is due to a Factor 9 deficiency, Hemophilia C is NOT sex linked and is due to a Factor 11 deficiency. Characterized by having Prolong Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) and Normal PT/bleeding time

Which one of these helps in the retraction of blood clots

Factor XIII

645. Decrease in plasma osmotic pressure will cause diluted urine?

False

1218. crista galli attachment?

Falx ceribri

423. In this case, the receptor is similar to

Fc. Fc is fixed antigen binding site in immunoglobulins which is at top variable region. Fc is receptor binding site which determine isotope e.g.: IgE to mast cells in constant region below of immunoglobulin.

1124. Bacteria of oral cavity?

Fermentation

1374. Iron storage in body?

Ferritn

445. Articular disc made of?

Fibrocartilage

1363. Growth of bone in a scar?

Fibroplasias

taste buds are involved in all papillae except?

Filiform

Most abundant papillae?

Filiform papilla

822. What is NOT a taste bud?

Filiform papillae

461. Most abundant papillae?

Filliform

834. Actions of sympathetic?

Flight or fight

833. Purine synthesis?

Folic acid

1141. Functional unit of thyroid?

Follicle

34. From where the vertebral artery go to skull?

Foramen Magnum

Structure present in fetal heart that allows blood to pass from right to left atrium?

Fossa ovalis (remnant of fetal foramen ovale)

1295. somatostatin?

Found in pancreas, made in hypothalamus, inhibits insulin and glucagon

426. Defect of external meatus from which arch?

From 1st pharyngeal cleft

358. Anterior cerebral artery supplies which lobes?

Frontal and parietal

36. Fumarate link urea cycle?

Fumurate links urea cycle to TCA 37

500. has white plaques that can be removed with light abrasion. What is most likely to be the cause?

Fungal

Organisms that exhibit dimorphism and grow on Sabouraud's medium (low pH)

Fungi

What forms the palate?

Fusion of Intermaxillary & Palatal Shelves

1284. The LONGEST part of cell cycle?

What phase is most variable in duration of the cell cycle?

862. What maintains tissue and water balance?

GAG

496. Which Hormone is NOT a glycoprotein?

689. which hormone is not glycoprotein?

1022. shock and corpulmonale?

GI Bleeding

1423. Big toe?

GOUT

1426. Organ with no sub mucosa?

Gall bladder

Which of the following is used to phagocytize bacteria?

Gamma Fc receptor + C3b

1457. the immune system fight staph. aureus in body?

Gamma interferon

997. Cell to cell communication?

Gap junction

Which one is autosomal dominant?

Gardner's Syndrome

490. Which one is autosomal dominant?

Gardner's syndrome

1296. metastatic tumor with virshow nodes indicates a primary cancer of?

Gastric cancer

All will depress respiration, EXCEPT?

General Anesthesia, Nitrous Oxide, Cocaine

460. What protrudes the hyoid?

Geniohyoid

What PROTRUDES the hyoid bone

Geniohyoid helps move tongue and hyoid anteriorly

846. Chalymydia causes infection of which organ?

Genitals and eye

1185. circumvallet papilla innervations?

Glossopharyngeal

1292. structure between superior and middle constrictor?

Glossopharyngeal nerve | stylopharyngeus muscle

560. which enzyme is specific for liver?

Glucokinase

Streptococcus breaks down sucrose into what products?

Glucose + Fructose, Glucans Dextrans + Mutans + Levans

What needs a protein transporter to cross the cell membrane?

Glucose via GLUT 4 FAC BIDIRECTIONAL TRANSPORTION

Dextrans for polymers of?

Glucose, Dextrans + Mutans are polymers of glucose, Levans are polymers of fructose

UTP-Glucose reacts with which of the following in glycogen synthesis?

Glucose-1-Phosphate (G1P) -where is Glucose-1-Phosphatase found?

What is the main source of Glycerol?

Glucose/pyruvate

368. substrate for dextran?

Glucosyltransferase

What enzyme do oral bacteria use to create dextran & participates in bacterial aggregation on teeth

Glucosyltransferase

What enzyme primarily breaks down sucrose?

Glucosyltransferase (dextran sucrase)

438. What is the neurotransmitter for umami?

Glutamate

What the 3rd AA sequence in collagen?

Glycine - proline - lysine (Glycine-Proline-X or Glycine-X-Hydroxyproline)

Glucagon & Epinephrine both/have in common?

Glycogenolysis + GLUCEONEOGENESIS

349. Glucagon and epinephrine have in common?

Glycogenolysis. Epinephrine acts on alpha receptor inhibit insulin secretion by pancreas and in turn stumulate glycogenolysis in liver and muscle. Norepinephrine increases glucose production either by glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis, Glucagon binds with glucagon receptors in liver which then converts glycogen to glucose and releases into blood stream - (glycogenolysis). Also to make up/synthesize additional glucose it encourages the liver and kidney to undergo gluconeogenesis

778. What is found in the inner membrane of hepatitis virus?

Glycoprotein- I thought its made of a glycoprotein outer layer?

1120. Influenza antigenicity due to?

Glycoproteins-another answer said antigens

What doesn't give you granulomas?

Gonorrhea. Histoplasmosis, M tuberculosis and tertiary syphilis are granulomatous (immune system walls off).

877. Too much uric acid is body causes?

Gout

Lipid A with a polysaccharide core is in which organism?

Gram negative bacteria. Gram negative bacteria have lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Gram positive bacteria have teichoic acids.

What is true about myoglobin?

Graph is hyberbolic (hemoglobin = sigmoidal)

1062. Inervation max 2nd molar palatal?

Greater Palatine nerve

813. Superior orbital fissure is formed from?

Greater and lesser wing of sphenoid

292. why capillaries have the slowest flow?

Greater cross sectional area

774. Dentist lacerated palate posterior to mandibular second molar and extends to lower middle. Dentist sutures the incision but blood pulsates and oozes from suture. What nerve is lacerated?

Greater palatine

Nerve anesthesia for biopsy?

Greater palatine

359. Scarlet fever caused by?

Group A strep

1455. muscle contraction cause shortening of?

H & I Band

bonds between 2 DNA strands?

H Bond-remember within DNA molecules

943. Receptors in medulla sense what immediately?

H+

What determines protein turnover?

H-bonds & peptide bones: breakdown & synthesis of proteins

What disease causing agents have a polysaccharide capsule?

H. influenza, Streptoccocus, c neoforman. Even Some Super Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules: E. coli, S. pneumonia, Salmonella, K. pneumonia, H influenza, P. aeruginsosa, N. meningitis, C neoformans

Staph has catalase which gets ride of

H202

What is the chemical formula of the most common salt found in the bone?

HA Ca10(P04)6(OH)2

1312. protection against hepatitis B?

HBV vaccine, serum of IgG concentration is high

1414. Form of CO2 in blood?

HCO3-

1356. De Novo cholesterol formation?

HMG CoA Reductase

735. major regulatory enzyme in cholesterol synthesis?

HMG coA reductase

299. cholesterol?

HMG reductase

1450. Cervical cancer?

HPV

1068. Pancreas and liver AFFECTED by?

Haemochromatosis (occurs in bone marrow, spleen and liver)

1328. tensor veli palatini hook to?

Halamus

1What elicits an immune response when bound to carrier protein?

Hapten

What's a small molecule that can't elicit immune response on its own?

Hapten. Haptens are antigenic determinants, but are too small to elicit the formation of antibodies by themselves. They can elicit immune response when attached to bigger molecules.

498. Case of High school guy, like 17 years old, feels a lot of pressure on chest, have had episodes like that before, wheezing sound. Has what?

Has asthma Medication will be B2 agonist

1398. Hypothyroidism is associated with what ?

Hashimoto's

Person has acute hemorrhage, what occurs?

Heart Rate increases & BP decreases

If we put RBC in hypotonic solution

Hemolysis

796. what are the two visceral branches of abdominal aorta?

Hepatic and splenic

What has the longest incubation period?

Hepatitis B

What version of hepatitis is chronic?

Hepatitis C

1087. Nucleic acid analogue?

Hepatitis- i dont understand what this is asking

860. Hep C patient, you do fine needle aspiration of liver and find excess of what?

Hepatocytes

1452. a molecule that becomes active after binding?

Heptan, carrier protein

595. Vesicle on skin at nerve distribution either small recurrent cxp pox ???

Herpes Zoster

what is her most likely diagnosis?

Herpes from the traumatic ulcer

EBV and Varicella Zoster are members of?

Herpesviridae. EBV can cause Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, B-cell lymphoma, hairy leukoplakia, infectious mononucleosis

1323. condensed chromatin?

Heterochromatin

What is not transcriptionally active?

Heterochromatin (highly condensed, still zipped up in chromosome)

348. Glucose is sequestered by which enzyme?

Hexokinase

Glucose is sequestered by which enzyme

Hexokinase

Tay-Sachs Disease is a deficiency is what enzyme

Hexosaminidase. Tay-Sachs disease (hexosaminidase A deficiency) is an auto-immune autosomal recessive disorder causing deterioration of nerve cells due to accumulation of gangliosides (spinolipid) causing nerve death.

What does not cause edema?

High albumin (some sources say Shock)

548. blood flow relation in arteries and veins?

Higher

954. Salivary gland doesnt have?

Hilius

607. Tuberculate chlamydospore?

Histoplasma

Avian/bird related fungi

Histoplasma capsulatum

Which fungus are dimorphic?

Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitis, Coccidioides immitis, Sporothrix shenckii, Candidas Albicans

1117. Fungus reflect Tb?

Histoplasmosis

1387. Endothelial fungi?

Histoplasmosis

364. Systemic fungi?

Histoplasmosis

546. Intracellular fungus?

Histoplasmosis

Disseminated fungi?

Histoplasmosis

What does NOT cause a mucosal or epidermal rash?

Histoplasmosis

Which pathogen causes granulomatous lesion in lung resembling TB, similar symptoms?

Histoplasmosis

Which one can be seen as an intracellular organism?

Histoplasmosis capsulatum. In infected tissues, yeast cells of Histoplasmosis are found within macrophages.

Reed-Sternberg cells

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Apoptosis?

Hormone dependent physiologic involution

Herpes virus is the only virus that gets its cell wall from?

Host Nuclear Membrane. Herpes Virus dsDNA, enveloped, nuclear membrane, icosahedral nucleocapsid, establishes latent infection

1208. baby sutures?

Hyaline Cartilage

660. boney sutures in newborn?

Hyaline cartialge

446. Baby articular surfaces made of what?

Hyaline cartilage

474. Bone sutures in head of newborn?

Hyaline cartilage

555. cranial base of newborn is made of which cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage by endochondral ossification

1103. Alpha structure in protein holding bond?

Hydrogen Bond

1353. 8 molar urea?

Hydrophobic

What kind of force holds proteins in the lipid bilayer?

Hydrophobic Interaction

Vitamin C

Hydroxylation (of proline & lysine during collagen synthesis)

974. Collagen?

Hydroxylation of lysine for elastin

1381. vit C?

Hydroxylation of proline

1288. Which are NOT standard amino acids?

Hydroxylysine | Alanine

What is present in collagen, that isn't in elastin?

Hydroxylysine. tropocollagen is only found in collagen & reticular fibers, also has hydroxyproline & hydroxylysine. Elastin has glycine, alanine, proline, & hydroxyproline. It also has tropoelastin.

What happens when there is a decrease in extracellular K+?

Hyper polarization. Low extracellular K = hyperpolarization | high extracellular K = depolarization

335. microangioma from diabetes mellitus is due to?

Hypercholesterol

396. Patient with diabetes mellitus type 1 ( insulin 2 different injections daily), hypertensive but taking medication for it, during dental visit passed out while in chair. What is NOT the Reason?

Hyperglycemia

1133. Microangiopathy in diabetes?

Hyperglycemia (Also glycosuria, Hyperlipemia, and Ketonuria)

353. After metabolic / respiratory acidosis Which abnormality of electrolytes is morelikely... ?

Hyperkalemia

558. metabolic acidosis associated with?

Hyperkalemia

After metabolic or respiratory acidosis, which abnormality of electrolytes is more likely?

Hyperkalemia

420. about the above case the enlargement in the larynx is due to?

Hyperplasia

479. Leukoplakia?

Hyperplasia

588. Tb reaction ?

Hypersenstivity type 4

1316. edema may result from?

Hypertension

1132. Athrematous plaque in renal artery causes?

Hypertension If renal artery is occluded, you get secondary HTN - kidney thinks blood volume is low, so tries to compensate and you get HTN.

1179. Hyperthyroidism graves disease

Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis): -- Jared Corbridge | Imbalance of metabolism caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone Characterized by exophthalmos, tachycardia, heat intolerance, and fine tremor, warm moist skin, and fine hair | Caused by excess production of T4 (thyroxin).Graves' disease (most common form) | Hyperthyroidism with thyroid-stimulating/TSH receptor antibodies| Autoimmune disease occuring most frequently in women between ages 20-40 | Arises following an infection or physical/emotional stress | Diffuse Goiter | Symptoms: Range from anxiety & restlessness to insomnia & weight loss, Eyeballs may begin to protrude (exophthalmos) causing irritation & tearing

354. What would cause metabolic acidosis?

Hyperventilation- I would disagree bc hyperventilation is used to compensate for metabolic acidosis. The cause would be loss of bicarbonate or too much acid intake.

1409. Pitting edema?

Hypoalbumia

424. Pituitary deficiency causes?

Hypogonadism

926. pituitary deficiency?

Hypogonadism

1143. After thyroid surgery tetant due to?

Hypoparathyroidism bc parathyroid glands produce Ca and need Ca for muscles to work.

506. When swallowing, teeth should be in?

ICP

What cytokines are found in Osteoclastic Bone?

IL-1, IL-6, PGE2, TNF-alpha, MMPs

Purine metabolism intermediate and precursor of adenosine and guanine

IMP (inosine monophosphate)

Vital capacity

IRV + ERV + TV

350. Vital capacity?

IRV+ERV+TV

328. what antibody is found in saliva and tears?

Ig A

Antibody in mucosal surfaces?

IgA

1169. latex allegy?

IgE type 1 due to latex protein

192. gingival disease?

IgG

Immunoglobulin transfer from mother to fetus?

IgG via placenta

1198. dimorphism?

In histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioides, candida

577. Aorta at age ?

Inc systole no change with diastole

Enzyme: Competitive Inhibitor

Increase Km & Vmax Remains the Same. Noncompetitive Inhibitors Km stays the same and Vmax is reduced

1144. Aldosterone action?

Increase Na AND H20 absorption Aldosterone - primary effect is on the kidney tubules, where it stimulates Na+ retention and K+ excretion | collecting tube-reabsorbs water (controlled by ADH = vasopressin)

795. What is seen in cystic fibrosis?

Increase chloride in sweat test

787. What causes repolarization?

Increase pottasium

56. As the patient ages, the artery lose elasticity and what will happen to the patient?

Increase systole, decrease or no change in diastole due to increased elasticity of aorta

878. age increases, aorta becomes stiff, effect?

Increase systole, no change in diastole

303. Replace a dog aorta with rigid tube?

Increase systolic and decrease diastolic-remember the question about the patient aging and they lose elasticity in their artery (increase systole and decrease or no change in diastole)

1145. ADH action?

Increase water absorption

437. Pt with cystic fibrosis what you will find in the sodium chloride test?

Increased Na and Cl

470. Taller post cusps?

Increased overbite

What are the lab results of a person that has prostate cancer?

Increased serum acid phosphatase & Increase prostatic specific antigen. Prostate carcinoma w/ metastases to the bone results in increased PTH, high alkaline phosphatase & increase in Prostatic Specific Antigen (PSA)

99. steepness of the condyle ?

Increases crown height

991. Action of NE on HR and FORCE OF CONTRACTION?

Increases force of contraction | Increases vasoconstriction, HR

1297. ADH promotes the retention of water by increasing?

Increasing aquaporins

1069. Thrombosis cause?

Infarction

Which of the follow disease has Janeway lesions?

Infective Endocarditis

1091. Parathyroid blood supply?

Inferior thyroid artery

408. Where does esophagus begins?

Inferior to the cricothyroid membrane

929. sensory innervation of middle upper lip?

Infraorbital

1190. fluorouracil?

Inhibit thymidylate synthase

MOA of clindamycin?

Inhibits 50s ribosome

337. MOA of Rifampin?

Inhibits RNA dependent DNA polymerase.

1441. methotrexate mechanism of action?

Inhibits folic acid synthesis- because of folic acid's importance in the synthesis of purines and thymine its metabolism is the target of a number of antimetabolite drugs such as methotrexate (Think THF)

1490. IAN block didn't work. What is the cause?

Injected into parotid gland

What hormone stores glucose in adipose tissue?

Insulin

612. Tyrosine kinase receptor?

Insulin receptor

1223. col?

Interdental papillae

1064. Preganglion sympathetic nerve cell origin?

Intermediolateral gray column of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic sympathetic nerves that innervate the head

Intermediolateral horn of spine (T1-L2)

829. Where sigmoid sinus drains?

Internal jugular vein

What does the sigmoid sinus drain into?

Internal jugular vein

Cell immunity is most important for?

Intracellular parasite

456. What substance is used to measure GFR?

Inulin

430. which one of the following is the most common deficiency?

Iron deficiency

1462. If the pH becomes lower than the isoelectric point of a protein, then how will the protein respond in an electrophoretic system?

It will migrate to the negative pole

304. atmospheric pressure is given how much O2 tension should be?

Its 20% of given atmospheric pressure of oxygen = partial pressure of oxygen .

1033. Contact mesial point of max lateral?

Junction incisdal/middle third

233. mesial contact point on MX canine ?

Junction of middle third

What solute affects membrane resting potential?

K+

1181. HIV lymphoma?

Kaposi's sarcoma, Primary Lymphoma of brain, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

What type of cells are in stratum granulosum layer?

Keratohylain

Vitamin D deficiency

Kids: Rickets, Adult: Osteomalacia

Bordertella pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine is?

Killed vaccine

1315. dry heat destroys by?

Killing all spores

What amino acid is associated with taste sensation of umami?

L-glutamate

670. where can we perform spinal tap?

L3 L4

495. where can we perform spinal tap?

L3-L4

528. lumber puncture?

L3-L4

Mandible is

LATERAL to Meckel's cartilage in development.

1327. pain from right teeth which side of lobe?

LEFT PARIETAL The spinal trigmenal nucleus ( neuclus of fascial pail) cross over the contalatrl vpm and then to the parietal lobe. In case of normal sensation its the right lobe , because the main sensory nucleus will not cross over , so its ipsilateral

1269. oral contraceptives affect which or not?

LH decreases

1204. diff between cellular and acellular cementum?

Lacunae

686. crypt of liberkhun location?

Lamina propria of small intestine

1413. what innervates muscles below the vocal fold ?

Larynx: via branches of the VAGUS NERVE. Above the vocal folds the sensory innervation of the larynx is via the INTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE. Below the vocal folds it is by way of branches of the RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE.

837. All mandibular teeth are at same level except which tooth?

Last molar

What muscle constrict to produce sound?

Lateral & transverse cricoarytenoids

898. sound in the larynx btw 2 muscles

Lateral and transverse cricoartenoids

What protrudes the mandible?

Lateral pterygoid (Which head?

1287. Bifid tongue?

Lateral swelling

547. which movement is LEAST affected when you alter horizontal condylar guidance?

Laterotrusive

467. what is the LEAST likely to be reproduced in articulator?

Laterotrusive movement

1018. A broad facet present on the outer side of maxillary lingual surface on left side- caused due to what

Laterotusive | protrusive for anteriors

409. What is posterior to aorta?

Left Kidney

923. what is the LEAST likely to be reproducible on semi-adjustable articulator?

Left laterotrosive

What goes with ligamentum arteriosum?

Left recurrent laryngeal N.

480. Case - dead old lady with signs of liver cirrhosis and change on epithelium of uterus?

Leiomyomas

921. Preganglionic parasympathetic to or from otic ganglion?

Lesser petrosal

1366. parasympathetic fibers to the parotid?

Lesser petrosal branch of IX

455. Preganglionic nerve for otic ganglion?

Lesser petrosal nerve

1102. Protein inside amino acid?

Leucine

What are the ketogenic amino acids?

Leucine & Lysine. Ketogenic AA can be degraded directly into acetyl CoA, which is a precursor for ketone bodies

Which is NOT in seminiferous tubules?

Leydig cell (found adjacent to seminiferous tubules in interstitial tissues, regulated by LH)

Where is testosterone made?

Leydig cells

646. Right lateral excursion mesiofacial cusp of the maxillary right first molar passes through which of the following groves of Mandi right first molar?

Lingual

1075. Structure medial to hypoglossal?

Lingual artery and vein

What cusps would most likely cause this?

Lingual cusps. She is given a mouthguard what position do we put her mandible to prevent this from happening again? Maximum intercuspation.

234. caries on MX lat?

Lingual pit, development for root planning

884. herpes virus outer layer is made up of--?

Lipids, Glycoproteins

1265. gram negative bacteria have?

Lipopolysaccarhide

1166. brain abcess except tenia?

Liquefective necrosis (enzymetic digestion, suppuration, and loss of tissue architect)

Where is phosphoenol pyruvate found?

Liver

Most common cause of portal hypertension

Liver cirrhosis (can also lead to esophageal varices)

874. Effects of taking anti-fungal drugs for too long?

Liver damage

1422. Which description is accurate about the "Gingiva"?

Long connective tissue papilla

357. Where can you find the most osmolarity on renal system?

Loop of Henle

885. how could low carbohydrate in diet cause decrease weight?

Low insulin or low malonyl CoA

1508. pitting edema?

Low protein

Which organ most likely to undergo red infarction?

Lung. White infract affect solid organs (ex. spleen, heart, and kidney) while red infraction (hemorrhagic infarct) affects lungs & other loose organs like testis, ovary, SI due to loose tissues that allow RBC to collect in the infarcted zone.

520. Women secreting endometrium, which cycle?

Luteal phase

868. afferent and efferent are present in?

Lymph nodes

1078. Ketogenic amino oacid?

Lysine and leucine

342. RBC in hypotonic solution, what happens?

Lysis... but it used a Synonymous.

1347. Positive PPT except?

M. leprae

1163. second canal in maxilla which cusp?

451. Where is the accessory canal in max 1st molar?

MB root

239. root with 2 canals frequently?

MD 1 molar (M root)

243. straight mesial?

MD canine

232. edge to edge MX lateral contact?

MD cent and lat

238. occlusal view of MX 1 molar?

MD lingually longer than MD facially

988. Why do CD8 lymphocytes respond to antigen associated with class 1 MHC?

MHC 1 deals with CD8/cytoxotic T cells.

cytotoxic T cells recognize?

MHC I

1046. Cusp of carebelli which cusp?

124. which cusp distribute to oblique and transverse ridges?

1392. The location of the palatal canal orifice on the access cavity, (under what cusp and where located to the other orifices)?

1045. Largsest cusp of maxillary molars?

ML in perm | MB in primary

1393. The mesial view of the incisal edge of mandibular central incisor?

MMR = DMR. ■ D-I corner is equally as sharp as M-I. ■ Incisal edge lingual to long axis (from proximal)

122. trifurcated premolar?

MX 1 PM

148. all premolars have DMCR longer than MMCR except?

MX 1 PM

189. premolar with cusps closest in size?

MX 2 PM

1279. Which cross section is the biggest facial lingually?

MX canine- for the anteriors but MX 1 M is the largest overall

246. most anterior teeth deformities?

MX laterals

637. Cells MOST present in granulomas?

Macrophages

1199. action of macrophages on T cells?

Macrophages express MCH class 2 and attract t helper cells which in turn activates macrophages for phagocytosis to release cytokines

1311. IL 2?

Made by T cells- attract more t cells

937. demi-lunes found in which gland?

Majority are in sublingual; however, present in submandibular too

100. How increasing anterior overbite will affect the hight of posterior cusps ?

Make them taller/higher

What steps restores oxaloacetate in TCA?

Malate, malate dehydrogenase

Meckel's Cartilage makes what

Malleus & Incus (1st Branchial Arch)

A. On liver tests, they found?

Mallory bodies

Alcoholics & liver cirrhosis

Mallory bodies (inclusion found in the cytoplasm of liver cells, damaged intermediate filaments in the hepatocytes, usually found in people w/ alcoholic liver)

1495. Mamellon in 17 year old result of?

Malocclusion

primary molar lacks?

Mamelon

1039. Primary teeth lack?

Mammelons and root trunk

482. Very prominent triangular ridge?

Mand 1st premolar

279. primary teeth that resemble permanent?

Mand and max 1st permanent molars resembles the mand and max 2nd primary molars-accorrding to 300 dental anatomy facts the primary max first molar resembles the crown of a permanent premolar and roots of the permanent max molar

1289. Class II oclusion, patient retruded, maxillary canine oppose what teeth?

Mandi lateral

1148. Cervical ridge prominent on both facial and lingual in which primary tooth?

Mandibular 1st molar

1028. Square shaped PM?

Mandibular 2nd PM

1294. parotid, submandibular innervation?

Mandibular Nerve

477. Root with 2 canals frequently?

Mandibular first molar (MB root)

1256. Tooth that commonly requires separate MO and DO restorations?

Mandibular first premolar

324. TMJ sensory by which NV?

Mandibular, trigeminal

333. which muscle NOT affected by patient that had a stroke on the motor lesion on the left side below eye muscles?

Masseter, because its innervated by CNV3 while facial muscles are affected by CNVII. Also I think this is UML not LML.

585. In allergy, IgE binds to?

Mast cell

775. which primary tooth looks like which permanent tooth?

Max 2nd molar looks like permenant 1st molar and a maxillary 1st molar looks like a permanent premolar

935. crown with mesial concavity?

Max canine

1149. MO preparation difficult to do on which tooth?

Maxi 1st molar and mandi 1st premolar

754. Only tooth widest lingual?

Maxi 1st molar has the widest FL dimension of any tooth

454. Largest sinus infection in skull?

Maxillary

1029. PM with same lingual and buccal cusp heightt?

Maxillary 2nd PM

1151. Lingogingival groove?

Maxillary Lateral

- x ray of 1st molar, radiolucency is seen over teeth- what can it be?

Maxillary Sinus - what is the name of the surgery performed 3 yrs ago? Oophorectomy

1210. external carotid last branches?

Maxillary and superficial temporal

493. Terminal branch of external carotid?

Maxillary and superficial temporal

854. Pseudostratified lining came out during extraction of max molar. Where is that lining from?

Maxillary antrum/sinus

757. during lateral trusive movement lowest canine contact what?

Maxillary canine

1044. class 3 crossbite, mand lateral contacts what tooth?

Maxillary lateral contacts mandibular laterals and canine on retrusion in a class 3 anterior crossbite case

810. Occlusal table of molars?

Maxillary- rhomboid; Mandibular 1st-pentagon,Mandibular 2nd-Rectangular

Koplik's Spots

Measles (ssRNA paramyxovirus, transmitted by respiratory droplet)

471. TMJ Disc which embryonic cartilage?

Meckel's cartilage

1408. Muscle help in stabilization in maximum intercuspation?

Medial Pterygoid

464. Sling muscles:

Medial pterygoid and masseter

nnervation of the Thenar muscle (thumb)

Median Nerve. Thenar are group of muscles on the palm & at base of the thumb

789. Thenar is innervated by?

Median nerve

What innervates the anterior wrist?

Median nerve

1215. thumb supply?

Median nerve, sensory C6

1469. Testlet: Old woman , mentally compromised allergic to tomato. She has 5 years old hip fracture and takes medicines for mental issues and antihistamines. Has painful ulcer on palate from last 2 days , aggravates as she eats and gingival bleeding as probed. Biopsy was done for ulcer. Reason for gingival hyperplasia?

Medication

1043. Mesiolingual cusp of maxilla distobuccal cusp of mandible?

Mediotrusive

1164. broken filling in mesiolingual of maxilla?

Mediotrusive

764. Outer facet on ML cusp by which movement?

Mediotrusive

473. Which organ is a sympathetic receptor?

Medulla adrenal

Cell cycle immediately after fertilization

Meiosis II

1506. NOT in dermis ?

Meissner

What's not found in epithelium?

Meissner's corpuscle (fine touch)

818. What is formed from neural crest cells?

Melanocytes, Schwann cells, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla..

459. Patient with lower denture complaining on burning of buccal gingiva and side of lower lip, which nerve?

Mental nerve

763. during laterotrusive lower canine distally or mesially to upper?

Mesially

1047. Oblique ridge which part of mesiolingual cusp?

Mesiolingual to distofacial

762. all body cavity covered with?

Mesiothelium

414. Lining of visceral cavities?

Mesoderm- I think they meant to write mesothelium. Visceral cavities arise from the mesoderm.

1224. layer which lines the epithelium of organs?

Mesothelium, simple squamous

586. Soft tissue and bone in fracture?

Metaplasia

What is the pons derived from?

Metencephalon (pons & cerebellum). 5 Secondary Vesicles: Telencephalon + Diencephalon + Mesencephalon + Metencephalon + Myelencephalon

723. initiation codon is translated to which amino acid ?

Methionine

What's the difference between thymidine & uracil?

Methyl group on thymine

994. What is present in epithelium of microvilli?

Micro filaments | Simple cuboidal with goblet cells

126. patient has paralysis in facial muscles due to cerebrovascular injury .. which artery is involved?

Middle cerebral

Patient had a stroke. What common artery is occluded?

Middle cerebral artery. Stroke can be caused in infract in the brain

Patient got epidural hemorrhage, which artery was severed?

Middle meningeal artery

1116. Fungus around blood vessel?

Mucomycosis

1281. Which disease is most often characterized by hyphae growing in and around vessels?

Mucomycosis

1388. Mycotic organism?

Mucormycosis

894. chemotherapy affect the most?

Mucosa

912. pathologic fracture?

Multiple myeloma

What innervates the Brachialis (biceps muscles)?

Musculocutaneous (C5-C7)

631. Brachialis brachi innervations?

Musculocutaneous nerve

101. taking a canine from a mutually protected occlusion?

Mutually guided occlusion

264. most tooth incline MD?

Mx molar

1118. Fungus filaments?

Mycelium

What is dimorphism in fungus?

Mycelium (mold) or as yeast.

432. What is dimorphism in fungi?

Mycelium (mold) or yeast

1071. Acid fast bacillus?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

374. Acid fast stain?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

1470. ATP is attached to which component of skeletal muscle?

Myosin Head

715. sweat test in cystic fibrosis

NA and CL are increased

Primary molecule for reduction biosynthesis?

NADPH

948. Painless hematuria all except?

NEPHROLITHIASIS

879. refractory period is indicated by?

Na channels close and delayed potassium opening

1009. Testlet -tonsils (adenoids) - removed due to upper airway obstruction? Present where?

Nasopharynx opening at concha

1502. What damage comes from the bite?

Necrosis

378. Gas gangrene is what kind of enzymatic activity?

Necrotizante

1376. Hapten?

Need carrier

886. most important complication in a child born from mother with gonorrhea?

Neonatal conjunctivitis

876. Cells can't stop dividing. What type is this?

Neoplastic/ anaplastic

566. All painless except?

Nephrolithiasis-kidney stones are v painful

1074. All painless urine except?

Nephrothliasis

49. Alzheimer?

Neurodegenerative, dementia

400. Predominant cell in acute inflammation?

Neutrophil

401. While draining an abscess from a lower molar, what kind of cell will predominate?

Neutrophil

1205. 1st cells to appear in acute infection?

Neutrophill

655. In acute inflammation which cell is more seen?

Neutrophils

What diseases are lysosomal deficiency?

Niemann-Pick, Gaucher's, Tay-Sachs

1439. Gout characteristic (one of the option kidney stone)?

Night pain, skin erythema, kidney stones

1285. How the osmotic presuure change in the distal part of proximal tubule?

No change

Resting potential is -70 mV & extracelllalar K+ increases & comes out of nowhere?

No change

1299. advantage of dry heat?

No corrosion of metals

936. mesial furcation in upper posterior?

No furcation mesially

766. Q fever spread by vector?

No-by aerosols by coxiella burnetti

In addition to Karposi's Sarcoma, which other malignant neoplasm is often observed with AIDS?

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

769. Hapten?

Non-antigenic protein, require protein carrier

784. If right max canine is missing what will it's counter effects be on the left max canine and left maxillary molars?

Non-working interference

Sphingomyelin/Sphingophospholipid: know characteristics

Not Responsible for RBC Recognition. Sphingomyelin Function: Plasma Membrane Constituent, Nerve Tissue Constituent (myelin sheath), lysosomes. Major constituent: ceremide & choline, accumulation is Neimann-Pick Disease

When taking away phosphate group from (named a nucleotide)?

Nucleoside

Carbon monoxide (CO) decreases

O2 content but PO2 is normal

In the amino acid metabolism, what are the 2 primary acceptors of amine groups?

OAA & alpha-ketogluterate

1160. bruxism which surface shows attrition?

Occlusal | area to area

911. PNET and Ewing sarcoma account?

Of primary malignant tumor- both are seen in kids

478. Distal concavity?

On max canine

540. found on mutation and cause improper metabolism?

Oncogene

1467. Testlet: 50yr old man comes in for ortho treatment. He has an FPD on #12-14. Need to remove the anterior abutment. What of the following is NOT likely to be a complication in the extraction of this tooth?

One root

798. Very fast replication of cells has what kind of effect on other stages of cell cycle?

Only S and M phase

1065. NOT in cavernous?

Optic- this in sphenoid bone

592. infarct healing?

Organization

638. Ulcer on palate?

Orthopoxvirus-remember orthopox is for smallpox (ulcers on mouth) while orthomyoxvirdia is flu virus.

What are housed in Howship's Lacunae?

Osteoclasts. Howship's lacuna = groove/cavity usually containing osteoclasts that occurs in bone which is undergoing reabsorption). Trabecular bone is 1st resorbed by osteoclasts, creating a shallow resorption put (Howship's lacuna). Then, osteoclast deposit compact bone in the pit.

900. which cell is NOT present in the periosteum?

Osteocyte

405. What is NOT in periosteum?

Osteocytes

What is not in periosteum?

Osteocytes

384. Who is the final electron receptor in electron transport chain?

Oxygen

1325. Histamine in produce by which gland?

Oxyntic gland

Sulfonamides compete with which molecule in their mechanism of action

PABA to inhibit folic acid synthesis. Therefore cannot make purines or pyrimidines

1239. amplification of dna?

PCR

782. DNA amplification?

PCR

1268. most ATP?

PCT

824. Which part of nephron takes up most ATP?

PCT

1067. Rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis?

PFK

The predominant cell in acute inflammatory response & in abscesses?

PMN

663. cutting the hypophyseal stalk, which hormone will still be secreted?

PROLACTIN

1061. Innervation of maxillary molar 1st to anesthsise?

PSA and MSA

505. Extraction of maxillary 1st PM Anesthesia to?

PSA and MSA

896. after extraction of max 1 n 2 molar pt came with HEMATOMA at site in middle insertion, why?

PSA nerve-hematoma

1324. warfin lab test?

191. warfarin tested by?

Which salivary glands are only mucus secreting?

Palatine salivary gland (in the submucosa). Only serous glands: Von Ebner's & parotid gland

1346. DNA fingerprinting, restriction sites?

Palindrome are the sites where DNA is cut & the enzyme used is restriction endonuclease

344. Acinar ducts where?

Pancreas

What will cover the hard palate after an ulcer heals?

Parakaratinized Stratum Squamous Epithelium

- what epithelium is of normal surrounding epithelium of biopsy?

Parakeratinized

442. Measles and rubeola, what virus?

Paramyxovirus

Measles (Rubeola) & mumps belong to which group of virus?

Paramyxoviruses. Mump cause parotitis & sometimes in adults, orchitis (inflammation of testes)

863. Eosinophilia is caused due to?

Parasitic infection

421. After surgery Pt suffers of hypocalcemia how you will explain it?

Parathyroid accidental recession

What is responsible for calcium regulation?

Parathyroid hormone (Increase Serum Calcium)

457. Which cells secret intrinsic factor?

Parietal cells

1178. Parkinson

Parkinson's disease: Tremor (at rest), Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural Instability Think TRAP for being trapped in your body | Associated w/ Lewy bodies and depigmentation of the substantia nigra | Due to loss of dopaminergic neurons in the caudate & putamen Rare cases have been linked to exposure to MPTP, a contaminant in illicit street drugs Signs/symptoms: Bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, masked faces, dementia

1505. lewy body?

Parkinsons

How would the parotid differ from sublingual (staining/histology) or mucous/serous gland:

Parotid = serous, more eosinophilic while sublingual = pale-stain due to mucus, bubbly appearance (foamy dark nuclei)

859. Purely serous glands?

Parotid and von ebner

1216. pain nucleus?

Pars Interpolaris-remember spinal nucleus made of oralis, interlopolaris, caudalis

10.

Patient with rash on sided of face, droopy eye lid, constriction of pupil, what nerve dysfunction? Horner's Syndrome = damage to SYMPATHTIC (Superior Cervical Ganglion)

541. diagnostic features of breast cancer?

Peau de orange appearence.. fixity to underlying tissues, Markers.. BRCA 1 & 2

1113. Niacin def?

Pellagra

What don't you treat patients with penicillin & erythromycin?

Penicillin only works on growing cells

What process makes NADPH?

Pentose Phosphate Shunt

1174. HIV NOT associated with what disease?

Periodontal

427. What kind of disease will cause lack of Vit B12?

Pernicious anemia

567. All has in respiratory EXCEPT?

Pertusis

618. NOT a normal pathogen of oral?

Pertussis

Which of the following is a cancer of the adrenal medulla?

Pheochromocytoma. Cardinal sign is persistent or episodic hypertension, often benign & results in irregular secretions of epi/norepi

1308. function of aryepiglottic

Phonation

Rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis?

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

918. glycolysis its enzymes and products?

Phosphofruktokinase | Pyruvate

613. Mech of action of glucagon?

Phosporylation of protein kinase

640. 1st step in correcting thyamine dimers?

Photoreactivation by photolyase enzyme is the 1st step

623. Diaphragm innervation by?

Phrenic

492. Innervation of lung?

Phrenic nerve and Vagus nerve

1507. multiple drug resistance?

Plasmid

514. Cells found in viceral layer of bowman's capsule?

Podocytes

576. What lines visceral side of kidney?

Podocytes

Hepatic Sinusoid drain what

Portal Blood to Central Vein

What is the only muscle to abduct (contract) the larynx (vocal fold)?

Posterior cricoarytenoid m.

465. Which muscle retrudes the mandible?

Posterior fibers of temporalis

847. When infundibulum is dissected which hormone is stopped?

Posterior pituitary (ADH & oxytocin)

410. Thoracic duct lies?

Posterior to esophagus

1493. Where in the nerve fibers is NE produced?

Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers

630. Most vertical?

Premolars

570. Proline in saliva?

Present during enamel formation helps in remineralization

Know Cytochrome P450. Choose exception

Present in all tissues of the body & help w/ hormone synthesis/breakdown, cholesterol synthesis, Vit D metabolism. Metabolize toxic compounds, mostly in liver

1431. Action of the oblique fiber of TMJ ligament-

Prevents excessive retrusion -Oblique fibers:

873. At what age mandibular root formation ends?

Primary 1-11/2 year; permanent 2-3 years

What happens with primary exposure to HSV1?

Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis

510. Which primary tooth has a crown similar to a premolar and roots similar to a molar?

Primary Maxillary 1st molar

511. Unlike any other tooth?

Primary mand. 1st molar

Which one is not a function of the spleen?

Produce plasma cells

910. complication of fibroids?

Profuse, painful menstruation, infertality

What amino acids other than glycine is found in collagen?

Proline & Lysine. Lysine is involved in crosslinking

959. Primary mandi maxi molar cervical ridges?

Prominent on md 1st primary molar MF

Man has bony exocytosis with anaplastic glandular epi. What is it?

Prostate carcinoma, which metastases

883. lab test for patient on warfarin drug?

Prothrombin Time and International Normalized Ratio.

Lab test for warfarin?

Prothrombin test (increases)- Warfarin = anticoagulant, inhibits vitamin K reductase affecting extrinsic pathways & prothrombin conversion so ↑ Prothrombin Time (normal PPT & bleeding time)

1273. truncated cells in kidney present where?

Proximal

Over-treating with antibiotics, C. difficile, would show?

Pseudomembranous Colitis

351. Epithelium of respiratory tract?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Where does deep facial vein drain into?

Pterygoid Plexus .Deep facial vein connects the anterior facial vein & the pterygoid plexus

1307. structures in pterygopalatine fossa?

Pterygopalatine ganglion and innervations

Mitral Valve is messed up, what will you see?

Pulmonary Edema

326. what structure is affected in root of the lung cancer?

Pulmonary aorta

Sulfonamides block dihydrofolate & block what?

Purine & pyrimidines synthesis

435. Decreased size of nuclei and condensed chromatin?

Pyknosis. Karrohyexxis is nuclear fragmentation and karyolysis is nuclear fading.

What enzymes produce oxaloacetate?

Pyruvate Carboxylase (pyruvate oxaloacetate)

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in what enzyme?

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Which is NOT from an insect/flea bite?

Q Fever Cox Burn

616. Rickets infection NOT transmitted by tick?

Q fever- know that Q fever does not need a vector!

944. Anemia - what is affected?

Quantity of hemoglobin (depends on type)

920. deviation of tongue to left?

REMEMBER- tongue deviates to the AFFECTED side. CNXII is tongue.

1258. basophilia in?

RER

215. Nissl bodies ?

RER

398. N- GLYCOSYLATION, where?

RER

Nissl body is

RER

557. how to measure nitrous oxide inhalation??

RMV-reserve minute volume

a. Which nerve on her forearm prone to damage?

Radial nerve

849. Aldosterone is partly responsible for?

Reabsorb water in the collecting duct-know this: ADH MAINLY COLLECTING DUCT and ALDOSTERONE IS MAINLY DCT

1142. After surgery not able to speak which nerve affected?

Recurrent laryngeal and transverse- transverse artyenoid muscle?

252. Pt has lung infarction and dies in 24 hr. What is found in histology?

Red Infarct, pulmonary embolism

If patient is on a low carb diet, he/she wants low levels of?

Reduce production of insulin with low level of Malonyl CoA

What occurs during Tracheostomy?

Reduced Airway Resistance, Reduced Dead Space

1379. Spinal cord in CNS solely responsible for respiration OR coordinated motor movement OR simple reflex??

Reflex

Type of fractured bone at this time?

Remodeled bone. Epithelium adjacent to biopsy? Parakeratinized Epithelium of Ulcer? Orthokeratinised

1131. Secondary hypertension renal cause?

Renal artery stenosis | secondary hypertension

393. Patient is on nitrous, what is the best way to measure efficiency?

Reserve minute volume

Patient is on nitrous, best way to measure efficiency?

Reserve minute volume

1081. Air left in lings after expiration?

Residual Volume

993. Immediately distal to terminal bronchiole?

Respiratory Bronchiole | Cuboidal cells

1209. hyperkalimia in?

Respiratory acidosis diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea

Spasticity is defined as Hyper

Responsive Stretch Reflex

1023. Which component of adrenal gland had steroid producing fat cells in it?

Reticular zone of cortex-remember kidney hormones are in glomular zone, cortisol is in fascicular zone.

411. Small vessel affected in diabetic patient?

Retinopathy

925. small vessel disease in diabetes?

Retinopathy

Metaplasia

Reversible replacement of one tissue type with another

667. which virus doesn't have latent phase?

Rhino

436. Which virus DOESN't have latent phase?

Rhinovirus

Which virus doesn't have latent phase? Rhinovirus & Poliovirus.

Rhinovirus & Poliovirus. These DO establish a latent infection EBV, HVS-1 & 2, VZV, CMV (all herpesvirus) HEH CV

502. What makes Cerebellum + pons?

Rhombencephalon

700. cerebellum and pons are called?

Rhombencephalon

Origin of the pons and medulla

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain, includes: medulla, pons & cerebellum). 3 primary vesicles: Prosencephalon + Mesencephalon + Rhombencephalon

731. proximal view of mandibular first molar?

Rhomboidal

What muscle adducts the scapula?

Rhomboids. Adduct = trapezius & rhomboids (major, minor). Abduct = serratus anterior, pectoralis

1459. last product of urea?

Ribose

Pyrimidine synthesis begins with what?

Ribose 5 - phosphate. R5P = Result of pentose phosphate pathway, makes ribose for nucleotide synthesis & NAPD for fatty acid/steroid.

377. Which of the following is carried by vector?

Ricketssia

Typhus fever

Rickettsia

Which one needs arthropods vector (insects) or fleas?

Rickettsia except Cox Burn

Tongue moves to the Right

Right CNXII (hypoglossal nerve) Damage. Damage/lesion to CN 12 shows deviation towards paralyzed side when protruded b/c of weaker genioglossal muscle.

What is posterior to the aorta

Right Kidney, Liver, Colon (& pancreas are anterior to the abdominal aorta)

484. Where is crista terminalis?

Right atrium

Crista terminalis is located on the

Right atrium. It is the junction between the sinus venosus & the heart in the embryo

What supplies the SA node

Right coronary Artery

952. how the mandibular molars differ from 1st to 3rd ?

Roots more distally inclined, shortest root of any tooth, and crown smaller

In cells, N-glycosylation occurs in where?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (in all cells). N-glycosylation is the attachment of sugar glycan to nitrogen (ex. amide of asparagine)

1395. lower canine canal shape?

Roughly Oval

What stage is DNA synthesis in the cell cycle?

S `

801. Secretin is secreted by?

S cells in duodenum

329. secretin is released in?

S cells of duodenum

644. normal flora of nasopharyngeus?

S epidermis-common in mucosa and skin

1139. Glucosyl transferace?

S mutants Cariogenic bacteria synthesizes glucans (dextrans) and fructans (levans) from their metabolism of dietary sucrose (via glucosyltransferase), which contribute to their adherence to tooth surfaces. As a consequence, lactic acid is formed, reducing salivary pH and creating sites of enamel demineralization and cavitation

1241. instead of replication used multiplication occurs most in?

S phase

Histones are synthesized in which phase of the cell cycle

S phase

210. NOT in plaque?

S. pyogenes

Most common bacteria on the dorsum of the tongue

S. salivarius

522. Adenosine deaminase deficiency causes what disease?

SCID

1351. Adenosine deaminase deficiency?

SCIDS disease

431. Lateral shift of spine?

SCOLIOSIS

Type of agar used for most fungi?

Sabouraud agar

Why is saliva hypotonic?

Salivary duct cells reabsorb Na+ & Cl- in exchange for K+ and HC03-. Saliva is hyposmolar b/c reabsorption of water by striated duct cells is less than reabsorption of Na+

What is NOT derived from neural Crest?

Salivary glands & enamel

561. Difference about shigella and salmonella?

Salmonella has flagella

1442. Not part of CNS?

Schwann

1362. yellow spots on the buccal mucosa?

Sebaceous glands

1089. TMJ develops from?

Secondary cartilage, articular disc from meckles cartilage

1014. What is present in saliva, tears, eyes ?

Secretory IgA

444. Immunoglobulin in saliva?

Secretory IgA

807. Gemination?

Seems like two teeth developed from one-aka twinning but same number of teeth as normal

428. motion in small intestine?

Segmentation

1378. mechanic proprioception in PDL?

Send to mesencephalic V

What residues are phosphorylated to activate/deactivate an enzyme (like glycogen synthase or glycogen phosphorylase)?

Serine

What type of cells make up the demilunes of mucous something of sublingual glands?

Serous cells

What parotid salivary glands resemble pancreatic ductal cells?

Serous gland & Intercalated ducts

407. which one does NOT contribute to the posterior wall of the axilla?

Serratus Anterior

Which one does not contributed to the posterior wall of the axilla?

Serratus anterior, Humerus (?). Posterior wall = Subscapularis, Teres Major, Latissiumus Dorsi, & Scapula

Granulosa cells of females are similar to what cells found in males?

Sertoli Cells. Sertoli cells help with spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules, activated by FSH

376. Which factor plays an important role in detecting the initiation factor for RNA transcription?

Sigma

Which one plays an important role in detecting the starting codon (initiation) for RNA transcription?

Sigma Part

163. lining of stomach?

Simple columnar epi

1380. internal lining of systems with mesothelium?

Simple squamous

Where do you get Vitamin D from?

Skin, liver, kidney

1137. Vaccinia is vaccine for mollascum contagiosum, which is for-

Small pox

786. What is the reason for refractory period?

Sodium channel inactivation and delayed closing of K channel

Spasticity is a hypertonus state of the affected muscles due to a releases of the tonic inhibition of the brainstem, facilitatory info which leads to gamma motor neuron excitation. Thus, hyperactivity of the gamma fibers

485. Ligament attached to lingula?

Sphenomandibular

990. What is incorporated in cell membrane of nerve cells?

Sphingomyelin-which has lecithin also

1095. Pain nucleus?

Spinal

130. pain transmitted by which nucleus ?

Spinal

1433. NOT part of enamel?

Spindle

1203. sphenomandibual ligament origin from what part of sphenoid?

Spine of sphenoid

Direct branch of the Celiac Trunk?

Splenic Artery (also Left Gastric and Common Hepatic A)

394. Which of the following will NOT happen in a diabetic patient?

Splenomegaly

What bacteria causes endocarditis in IV drug user?

Staph Aureus

569. Bacteria in abcess?

Staph aureus

785. What's responsible for taller cusps?

Steeper anterior guidance, increases condylar guidance

Trachea Bifurcation

Sternal Angle

513. All elevate the larynx EXCEPT?

Sternohyoid

1076. Muscle NOT innervated by 9 via 10?

Stlyophryngeus

What specific organs does the portal vein drain?

Stomach (Also drains spleen, pancreas, SI, LI)

1031. Canine mesial view of mandible?

Straight

1445. Keratohyalin granules from ?

Stratum granulosum

1483. Keratohyalin granules seen where?

Stratum granulosum

What is not present in an orthokeratinized layer?

Stratum lucidium (listed all the other stratums)

892. normal flora of oropharynx?

Strep mutans

Which of the following does NOT cause pneumonia:

Strep mutans, H influenza, S pneumoniae

Which of the following is NOT an oral bacterium & not found in dental plaque?

Strep pyogenes

1335. microorganism on surface of tongue?

Strep. Salivarius

Most common type of endocarditis

Streptococcus Viridian (α-hemolytic strep)

Postural Reflex

Stretch Reflex

161. afferent of breuer reflex of the lung?

Stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex) of the lung is carried by vagus nerve (CN 10) to prevent over-inflation

Which salivary gland cell is more like proximal convoluted tubule in the kidney?

Striated Duct cell

1400. Which duct of the salivary similar to kidney?

Striated duct

1175. striated duct?

Striated ducts contain mitochondria for electrolyte & water transport; simple, low columnar epithelium | Striations of salivary glands are related to a combo of foldings of basal cell MBs & radially arranged mitochondria

1301. eagles syndrome?

Stylohyoid Syndrome

1049. Ligament protrusion?

Stylomandibular

486. Ligament attached to inferior border of mylohyoid line in mandible?

Stylomandibular

565. Ligament during protrusion?

Stylomandibular

794. What passes between palatoglossus and palatopharyngeous?

Stylopharyngeus muscle and glossopharyngeal nerve

b. Chin deviated to right side, what affected?

Sub Condylar fracture on right side

345. Serous demilunes in which gland?

Sublingual

768. Where does submandibular gland duct eject?

Sublingual caruncle

Serous demilunes are in which gland?

Sublingual gland. Serous demilunes are the serous cells at the distal end of mucous tubuloalveolar secretory unit of sublingual salivary glands. They secrete the proteins that contain lysozyme, which degrades the bacteria cell walls.

1121. Anterior skin drain in to superficial lymph node?

Submandibular

649. Infection from tooth no 19 goes into which lymph node?

Submandibular

What neurotransmitter is found in nerves that transfer pain?

Substance P

1001. Testlet: Wht affectd in parkinsonism?

Substansia nigra

1429. Why enamel harder than bone ?

Substantia Adamantina

628. Affected in Parkinson?

Substantia nigra

1125. Flurouracil MOA?

Suicide inhibitor of thymidylate synthase

Which one is the mechanism of action of Fluorouracil?

Suicide inhibitor of thymidylate synthase. Fluorouracil is a pyrimidine analog, anti-neoplastic, interferes w/ DNA synthesis by blocking thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.

338. MOA of fluorouracil?

Suicide inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase

336. Which branch of carotid artery is NOT in the carotid triangle?

Superficial temporal

Terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

Superficial temporal & maxillary artery

1211. which branch of the ECA is not in carotid sheath?

Superficial temporal artery

In the carotid triangle, what branch of the ECA wouldn't you see?

Superficial temporal artery

Most frequent form of varicosities/varicose veins?

Superficial veins in the Legs

1053. Condylar disk stabilized by which muscle?

Superior belly of lateral pterygoid

1368. sensory to the upper lip?

Superior labial branch of infraorbital nerve

Hepatic portal vein contains blood from the?

Superior mesenteric & Splenic Vein

Initial venous drainage of the jejunum?

Superior mesenteric vein

1057. Structure in sphenoid?

Superior orbital fissure and optic canal

857. What stops immune reaction in tissues?

Suppressor T cells

556. epithelial lining from ventral to dorsal surface of tongue due to?

Surgery

1372. A RBC in hypotonic solution?

Swell | Lysis

What structure is posterior to the carotid sheath that runs along the Longus Capitas muscle

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

1106. Fluid in TMJ?

Synovial

572. RA first affect?

Synovial joints

977. hepatocyte-

Synthesis of albumin

987. related to cell surface receptors with CDR complex?

T cells

Which of the following is for a delayed hypersensitivity/latent infection?

T cells & macrophage, lymphocytes

441. What cells are involved in the type IV hypersensitivity?

T cells and macrophages

Where does this arise in the spinal cord: sympathetic preganglionic cervical ganglion (SCG)?

T1-T8

1226. silicosis?

TB | inhalation of silica (type of pneumoconiosis) may lead to mesothelioma

564. Ligament during yawning?

TMJ

811. What is NOT seen in 10 weeks pregnant lady?

TMJ-made past week 10

An infection of the epithelial cells of the eye that can sometimes enter back into the nasopharynx?

TRACHOMA due to Chlamydia trachomatis

724. vital capacity?

TV+IRV+ERV

Rifampin works as a RNA Synthesis Inhibitor

TX OF TB!!!!. inhibits DNA-dependent RNA-Polymerase, which stops mRNA transcription

1377. Ganglioside GM2 accumulation?

Tay sachs disease

772. Ganglioside GM2 accumulation?

Tay-sach

507. How you measure basal metabolic rate?

Temperature

466. Template and product for reverse transcriptase?

Template: RNA Product: DNA

1012. Patient with night bruxism - which muscle painful ?

Temporalis

1051. Insertion coronoid?

Temporalis

463. Muscle attached to coronoid?

Temporalis

5. Which muscle inserted to coronoid?

Temporalis

679. which muscle is attached to coronoid process?

Temporalis

563. All do brain abcess except ?

Tena podia

Weil Felix test is used for?

Test for Rickettsia infections

512. How do you differentiate a mandibular central from lateral?

The crown of mandibular lateral tilts distally in relation to long axis.

When doing ext of mandibular 3rd molars

The glandular tissue most likely to be, bichard glands.

1434. Sympathetic effect eye?

The ophthalmic nerve (CN V: V1) is one of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve, the fifth cranial nerve. It carries sensory information from the face/scalp and sympathetic fibers for pupil dilation in the long ciliary branch of the nasociliary nerve mydriasis

208. not a step of PCR?

There are three major steps involved in the PCR technique: Denaturation, Annealing, and Extension (in sequence)

390. What are the steps of DNA amplification?

There are three steps involved in the PCR(polymerase chain reaction) technique: Denaturation, Annealing, and Extension (in sequence)

1254. Polyenes are selective for fungi in what way?

They bind to ergosterol in the fungal membrane

What is NOT true regarding hexokinase & glucokinase?

They have same Km (glucokinase is higher, more affinity).. Glucokinase is a isoform of hexokinase found only in the liver & only uses substrate glucose

Veins

Thick Tunica Adventitia | Muscular Arteries Thick Tunica Media

842. What is the characteristic of aortic arch?

Thick tunica media with elastic fibres

468. Parasympathetic stimulation to salivary gland cause?

Thin saliva (watery saliva_

1092. Thymus origin?

Third pharyngeal pouch

1449. Herpangina?

Throat, palate, or tongue, the oral lesions A viral disease with oral manifestations | 3-yr-old w/ fever, vesicles / ulcers on soft palate, pharynx → herpangina | Herpangina & Coxsackie virus - you can make the connection, right... | Hand-foot-and-mouth disease - buccal mucosa and gingiva

799. What is NOT present in blood?

Thrombin

What is NOT normally present in plasma?

Thrombin

792. Endothelial cells are affected what happens?

Thrombus formation

538. Myasthenia gravis related to which tumor?

Thymoma

698. patient with myasthenagravis disease most likely to have what kind of tumor?

Thymoma

497. Patient with myasthenia gravis most likely to have what kind of neoplasia?

Thymoma-thymus tumor

Where does the INFERIOR thyroid artery come from

Thyrocervical Trunk

What creates the Laryngeal Prominence

Thyroid Cartilage

821. Prominence of throat is due to?

Thyroid cartilage

970. Accellular cementum formed at root?

To compensate occlusal wear | because it is formed first in hertwig epithelial root sheath predominates in coronal of root whereas cellular newly formed frequently on apical half

856. Why is non-alive vaccine better than alive vaccine for polio?

To inhibit deactivation in live

488. Centric occlusion?

Tooth guided position-remember CR is muscle guided

865. Gomphosis?

Tooth with socket

380. What protozoa are spread in cat feces?

Toxoplasma gandi

What protozoa are spread in cat feces?

Toxoplasma gondii

779. Bronchial tree sequence?

Trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi -tertiary bronchi - terminal bronchiole - respiratory bronchiole - alveoli

382. iron is carried in serum plasma?

Transferrin

What carries iron in the plasma

Transferrin

1344. Adenosine nucleoside cross mitochondria via?

Translocation

491. Parasympathetic to which part of colon?

Transverse

1112. Adduct scapula?

Trapezius and rhomboids

Reason for ulcer?

Trauma from food

476. Cervical cut in max central ?

Triangular

895. cross section of middle of root of CENTRAL INCISOR?

Triangular

Which muscle in the arm is innervated by the radial nerve (supplies upper limbs)

Triceps

362. Organism that causes athlete's foot?

Trichophyton

363. Which fungal infection leads to superficial skin infection?

Trichophyton

Organism that causes athletes foot (tinea pedis)

Trichophyton

Which fungal infection leads to superficial skin disease?

Trichophyton, - Epidermophyton & Microsporum cause dermatophytosis. Tx w/ Griseofulvin

608. NOT in cell membrane?

Triglyceride

550. skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle have in common?

Tropomyosin, less regenerative capacity, sacroplasmic reticulum, and nucleus

1030. PM2 has rounded outline compared to PM1 of maxilla?

True

1040. Primary 1st Molar 1 has no groove on buccal and has groove on lingual first t/f?

True

1503. TMJ load bearing?

True

964. Primary 1st molar facial surface has no develpmental groove?

True

168. which fungus cayse athlete feet?

Trychophyton

What structure in branchial arches failed if baby has bifurcated tongue?

Tuberculum impar

976. Latex allergy?

Type 1

633. Asthma?

Type 1 hypersensitivity

Infant has trouble breathing, what cells are causing problems?

Type 2 Pnuemocytes

1171. PPDis hypersensitivity?

Type 4

975. Doctor develops urticaria (hives) after donning latex gloves - which reaction?

Type1 allergy protein | Chemical 4

165. insulin receptor?

Tyrosine kinase

1217. ligament teres?

Umbilical vein

415. Origin of ligamentum teres?

Umbilical vein

866. Basal cell carcinoma occurs where?

Upper face and nose

1448. paralysis of the face muscle below zygoma right side of the face ?

Upper motor neuron lesion

770. What is NOT found in DNA?

Uracil

1101. Purine metabolism product?

Uric acid

908. Most common benign tumor of women?

Uterine leiomyomas

1277. pain face?

VPM

443. Varicella and chicken pox, what virus?

VZV

1207. innervation of lung ?

Vagus and T2-T4

839. Which nerve innervates lungs?

Vagus and T2-T4

583. C3a?

Vasodilation- C5a is more potent than C3a

1492. Infundibular stalk cut, which hormone ceased?

Vasopressin (ADH)

1479. Lower Motor Neuron where in the spinal cord?

Ventral horn

259. leukocytes leave vessles at?

Venules

Acute Staph Subacute which is more common is

Viridans

1460. which one is important for enamel and bone options?

Vit A,D- someone else said vitamin C and vitamin D....

404. What vitamin is required for hydroxylation of proline?

Vit C

1097. Vitamin for PDL and bone?

Vit C and D

Which of the following acts as nuclear receptor?

Vitamin D. Nuclear receptors include endogenous hormones, Vitamin A & D

What is NOT needed for synthesis for collagen?

Vitamin K or Folic Acid

1484. What is not absorbed in the Jejunum?

Water

429. What is NOT absorbed in duodenum?

Water

Patient has ulcers in the gingiva. Lab values are 1200 WBC, 98% lymphocyte, normal platelet/RBC?

What does the pt have? Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). ALL & CLL have high # of lymphocytes. The leukemia cells survive longer. What do you find in the sweat of a person with Cystic Fibrosis? Increased sodium & chloride (NaCl)

1485. Preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers, where in the spinal nerve?

White ramus communicans

What are symptoms of Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)?

Wide neck, Flat nose, Small mouth

1011. In bruxism - which cusp flatten out?

Working cusps

835. 1 month of fractured bone?

Woven bone

523. An 8-month-old male infant is admitted to the hospital because of bacterial respiratory infection. The infant responds to appropriate antibiotic therapy, but is readmitted several weeks later because of severe otitis media. Over the next several months, the infant is admitted to the hospital multiple times for recurrent bacterial infections. Workup reveals extremely low serum antibody levels. The infant has no previous history of viral or fungal infections. The most likely diagnosis for this infant is?

X-linked agammaglobulinemia of Bruton

1337. replace pig organ into human?

Xenograft

1099. Isoelectric point of tetrapeptide?

Zero

562. Tertrapeptide isoelctric ?

Zero charge-isoelectric means no charge

Mineral for coagulation?

Zinc & Ca+

Phenylketonuria is

a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH).Phenylalanine hydroxylase is responsible for the conversion of phenylalanine AA to another amino acid, tyrosine.

Hutchinson's teeth is

a sign of congenital syphilis infection

Which fungus causes cerebral/brain infarct?

a.Cryptococcus may spread into the meninges and cause Cryptococcal Meningitis b. Aspergillus causes aspergilloma "fungus ball" in the lungs causing pulmonary infection in ppl with AIDS or have undergone organ transplant Mucormycosis Pt's w/ diabetic ketoacidosis, burns, or leukemia are particularly susceptible. It results in a. black, dead tissue in the nasal cavity and blocks the blood supply to the brain. -Mucormycosis is found in blood vessels (endothelium) & is often related to diabetic pts

1041. Primary molar below plane of occlusion unerupted?

abcence of permanent tooth bud

1333. visceral branch of celiac?

abdominal aorta has 3 single anterior visceral branches (coeliac, SMA, IMA), 3 paired lateral visceral branches (suprarenal, renal, gonadal), 5 paired lateral abdominal wall branches (inferior phrenic and four lumbar), and 3 terminal branches (two common iliacs and the median sacral)

706. located in apical 1/3 in root, there are few, more than one, and help communication between PDL and root pulp?

accessory canals

1186. acellular cementum deposited?

acellular in coronal portion (cellular in apical portion)

710. access with filament and sulfur granule:

actinomyces A-sulfur granules always think AA

1220. sulphur granules?

actinomyces israelii

402. same case, bacteria most likely to be found in foul smell purulent abscess, abscess was on lower border of mandible?

actinomyces.... ( lumpy abscess)

568. Sulfur granule?

actinomycoses

984. Swelling with sulfur granules?

actinomycosis | Lumping jaw

1115. GTP action?

activate and inactivate adenyl cyclase or cleaved by proteasome

129. IL1 released by?

activated macrophages

L. acidophilus:

added to milk products to aid in digestion of milk products

1477. Rathkes pouch give arise?

adenohypophysis

1073. Acetyl CoA NOT synthesized by?

adenosine

230. cervical lines?

adjacent cervical lines are the same

659. which organ is a sympathetic receptor?

adrenal medulla

X-linked

agammaglobulinemia (lack of gamma globulin in the blood causing immune deficiency)

Residual volume

air remaining after max exhalation

914. laboratory investigators donate she had multiple nodular cirrhosis, cause?

alcoholism

261. which of the following is incorrect?

alcoholism cause gammatous necrosis-syphylsis does

844. Sucrose is formed by?

aldose

1303. blood supply, nerve supply of larynx??

all the muscle of larynx supply by RECURRENT LARYNGEAL except cricothyroid by external branch of superior laryngeal nerve

1334. dextran is?

alpha 1-6

694. which one is NOT derived from ectoderm?

alveolar bone-this is from mesoderm

1222. mucogingival junction?

alveolar mucosa and attached mucosa

542. nitrogen source in urea?

ammonia and aspartate

1451. Most or best fungal medication?

amphotecerin-for systemic fungal infection

Hepatitis C Virus is

an RNA virus & is blood-borne. (ssRNA, flavivirus)

745. a patient 16 years old, with second primary molar in place what is the reason?

ankylosis

Submental triangle consist of

anterior digastric, hyoid bone & mandible.

1213. anterior/ middle cerebral supply?

anterior for medial surface of parietal and frontal lobes. MIDDLE for a portion of the frontal lobe and the lateral surface of the temporal and parietal lobes, including the primary motor and sensory areas of the face, throat, hand and arm, and in the dominant hemisphere, the areas for speech

221. relation of lingual nerve to inferior mandibular nerve?

anterior medial

What develops from Rathke's pouch (ectoderm)?

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

157. exotoxin with 3 factors?

anthrax

1371. example of a suicide inhibitor?

anti-cancer drug, fluorouracil

989. For immunization, what do you inject in a toxigenic infection?

anti-toxin

422. MOA of hyperthyroidism and TSH receptor?

antibodies against TSH receptors

1497. Why is TSH decreased?

antibodies against the TSH receptors of the Thyroid cells.

127. NOT a function of CD4?

antibody release

381. antigenicity of diseases that change from season to season?

antigenic capsule

247. neoplasia except?

aplasia

1246. DOESNT cause fatty liver?

apoxia

1354. Precursur of urea (aspartate+ ..........)?

arginine

1359. The highest osmolarity is seen in?

ascending loop of handle

106. aflatoxins produced by?

aspergillus

206. inhibits prostaglandins?

aspirin

995. Where does lamina propria attach directly to mucoperiosteum?

attached gingival

1245. sensory to TMJ?

auriculotemporal

922. semi-critical items infection control?

autoclaving if not heat sensitive

699. cause of diabetes mellitus?

autoimmune

1180. Myesthemia gravis ?

autoimmune , attack ACH receptors , associated with thymoma. Neuromuscular disorder characterized by variable weakness of voluntary muscles | Often improves w/ rest & worsens w/ activity | Condition is caused by an abnormal immune response | Immune system produces Ab/s that attack ACh receptors that lie on the muscle side of the neuromuscular junction | This decreases responsiveness of muscle fibers to ACh released from motor neuron endings | Characterized by: Muscle atrophy |Thymic hyperplasia or neoplasm (THYMOMA) | Antibody to acetylcholine receptors |NOT CNS degeneration

1382. Organism with poly peptide capsule?

bacillus anthracis

300. after dental prophylaxis?

bacteremia

Penicillin resistance comes from

bacteria that contain what enzyme? Beta-lactamase

996. Hemidesmosomes present were?

basal lamina

800. Least seen WBC?

basophils-Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (from most abundant to least abundant WBC's)

890. why we dont prescribe penicillin with erythromycin?

bc penicillin inhibits the last step of wall synthesis and erythro will inhibit cell division (no more cell synth) so penicillin loses its effect on the bacteria

687. a diabetetic type 1 patients decides to work out more and he was able to reduce the amount of injected insulin, why?

because exercise need energy source and glucose is an energy source so in type 1 diabetes glucose remain in the blood leading to high blood glucose; The the less glucose in the body the less need of insulin intake, because insulin receptors won't need to to take glucose molecules

150. DEJ forms at?

bell stage

1159. increased saliva?

between meals

140. supinator of the arm?

biceps

Supination of the Radio-ulnar joint?

biceps brachii

719. something about rosacea?

big red nose

1420. Sagittal sinus?

biggest cranial sinus (dural venous sinus)

1127. Polymixin b given only fungal not bacteria why?

binds to ergosterol in fungal wall

175. Cytochrome p450?

biotransformation of drug effects inner of membrane of mitochondria, in pericentral vein zone in liver, help metabolism of toxin meds ect...

1461. patient with cut from T4 during dental treatment what u will afraid off?

bladder empty

What is the name of the cellular mass after fertilization but before implantation

blastula

738. a pregnant patient you recommend having a cleaning because of what complication of pregnancy?

bleeding gums

1183. Death body beach stab?

bleeding nose right- condyle fracture

971. Secondary cementum has all EXCEPT?

blood

1486. When secondary cementum is built, everything is expected to occur except?

blood vessels.

Auerbach's Plexus

both Parasympathetic and Sympathetic (motor innervation to both layers of tunica muscularis)

169. rickettsia and viruses?

both require host to grow

Similarity between Type I & Type II hypersensitivity:

both require previous sensitization

321. prions causes which disease?

brain, Creutzfeldt | Mad Cow - Jackobi disease

888. root of lung? and supplied by?

bronchial artery vein and nerves, Left lung-2 bronchial arteries; right lung- 1 bronchial artery

881. lactase is produced by which organ--?

brush border of small intestine

1016. Testlet on parkinsonism - Dentist while performing endo treatment on max 2nd molar , patient moves and handpiece accidentally slips and penetrates cheek, pulsating wound seen - which structure involved

buccal artery

678. innervation of upper lip?

buccal branch of facial, infraorbital

748. innervation of up lip?

buccal of facial and infraorbital

1504. whats NOT from 1st arch ?

buccinataor-this is muscle of facial expression from 2nd arch

1025. erosion on maxillary teeth?

bulimia

1487. Allosteric activator of Glycolysis?

cAMP

347. Glucagon signals through?

cAMP

730. what is the secondary messenger for glycogen?

cAMP

Glucagon signals through?

cAMP (intercellular 2nd messenger).Glucagon receptor is a 7-transmembrane receptor coupled to a G-protein + cAMP

What is intracellular element of glucagon?

cAMP, AMP, ATP, ADP

805. Parafollicular cells of thyroid secrete?

calcitonin

1140. Y carboxyl glutamate binds to what in blood clotting?

calcium

360. What can you find in a spore?

calcium dipicolinic acid

737. a patient with hypertension not willing to take his premedication, insisting on having a dental procedure, what should you do?

canceling the appointment prioritizing the overall health of the patient to his dental health

1406. carcinoma insitu?

cancerous cell NOT invading basement membrane

1182. Denture stomatitis?

candidiasis

224. frequent viriolence factor?

capsule

1173. salmonella shigella difference?

capsule-some other answer said salmonella has flagella

198. nitrogen sources in urea cycle?

carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate

536. Patient had dysphonia, dysphagia, weight loss, long term heavy smoker?

carcinoma of larynx.

1440. Sudden cardiac arrest ?

cardiac temponade

109. which triangle bounded by superior belly of omohyoid + anterior borders of SCM+ posterior belly of digastrics? caroti

carotid

674. drop in O2 pressure detected by?

carotid body

1007. NOT present in sphenoid bone?

carotid canal

331. which is NOT found in greater wing of sphenoid?

carotid canal

593. All in sphenoid except?

carotid canal

639. NOT in sphenoid

carotid canal

Stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex) of the lung is

carried by vagus nerve (CN 10) to prevent over-inflation

Hyperventation can

cause alkalosis

110. abdominal aorta branches?

celiac + superior mesentric + inferior mesentric

179. not in liquid necrosis and inflammation?

cell autolysis

147. graft rejection?

cell mediated type 4

619. Antigenic drift due to?

cell membrane antigens

213. transduction include the following EXCEPT?

cell to cell contact

1150. Groove from mesial to cental pit in max molar?

central groove

744. height of contour of maxillary central incisor?

cervical third

1463. A patient has Xerostomia , she licks lollipop to moist her mouth, what would the dentist recommendation for her instead of this habit?

chewing gum

1248. gustatory to tongue ant 2/3rd?

chorda tympani

Cell producing epinephrine & norepinephrine?

chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

524. Women is suffering from ulcerative gingivitis , lab shows 1200 ct of leukocytes, 98% of which are lymphocytes. Red blood cells count normal,thrombocytes are normal too, what can be diagnosis ?

chronic lymphoblastic leukemia

289. triglycerides transported to liver by?

chylomicron - albumin

632. NOT involved in thoracic cage?

clavicle

1385. Tay -sachs cause what?

cns degeneration, developmental retardation, cherry red spot on macula, its rapidily fatal

1456. Myocardial infarction?

coagualtive necrosis

107. systemic fungal infection?

coccidioides, histoplasmosis

758. space buccoling in interproximal area?- no idea what this is asking.

col mandibular first PM

Thyroid hormone is stored in the

colloid

274. inferior borders of TMJ formed by?

condyle

275. TMJ ligament attach to?

condyle

601. HPV infection NOT cured by?

condylomata acumintum

1235. root of max canine?

conical

711. the greatest amount of genetic info transferred by?

conjugation

820. Most genetic information is passed by which mechanism?

conjugation

767. Concave?

convex surfaces of curve of spee Concave- mandibular; Convex-maxillary

654. voluntary movement in muscles which tract?

corticospinal

263. extracellular?

cross link of collagen

941. Why does crown of mandibular canine look longer?

crown look slender due to small mesiodistal dimension as compare to max canine

887. combination of wilson and spee?

curve of monson

142. to reach submandibular gland duct?

cut through mucus membrane only

121. sac like with epithelium lining?

cyst

1264. non keratinzed sac in testlet?

cyst

981. testlet of women with leiomyoma-tongue with swelling lumen lined with epithelial cells?

cyst

1230. tertiary structure of protein?

cysteine

269. protein tertiary structure?

cysteine

671. patient after thyroid surgery hypocalcemia why?

damage to parathyroid

102. overcontouring lingual suface of anterior teeth will?

decrease overjet

771. Tay sachs?

deficiency of hexosamindase A causes accumulation of gamma gangliosides

Atelectasis

deflated/collapsed alveoli (reduction in gas exchange)

902. Parkinson disease-

degenerated Substantia nigra of the basal ganglia

1243. parkinsons and alzheimers?

demenetia

114. parkinson and alzahimer have in common?

dementia

346. Origin of periodontal ligament?

dental follicle-remember dental follicle makes cementum, alveolar bone, and PDL

838. Splanchic nerve?

descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum (S2-S4)

Lancefield is

determined by carb composition of cell wall

Strep mutans produces

dextran, which is glucose linked in alpha 1,6 linkage

1156. Primary maxillary canine facial surface?

diamond-disagree, its pentagonal

Clostridium difficile causes

diarrhea & intestinal colitis. CLINDAMYCIN

286. MX canine?

dictates the morphology of bone

1072. Transformation of tumor meaning?

different tumor at same site

236. MX cent cingulum offset to?

distal

901. in four canals mandibular first molar where is the fourth canal?

distal root, In upper first molar MB root- should be mesial root i think

1247. difference between lower CI and LI?

distolingual twist in LI

1111. Mediotrusive movement condyle postion?

downward and mesial

Right superior intercostal muscles

drain into the right side azygos vein

675. stimulation of carotid sinus leads to?

drop of blood pressure

657. which structure is present in fetus that the mother does not have?

ductus arteriosum

1474. submucosa found in?

dudonum

284. pulp decrease in size?

due to injury, increased fibers in the pulp (collagen) will decrease its size

184. produce secretin?

duodenum

196. different between dystrophic calcification and metastatic calcification?

dystrophic occures in necrotizing tissues

1135. Opsonized bacteria?

easy to phagocyte

what is it called that is formed around her eye-

ecchymosis -

816. Cementoblasts are formed by?

ectomesenchyme

499. oral examination they noticed yellowish liquid on buccal glands?

ectopic sebaceous glands

697. what are fordyce granules?

ectopic sebaceous glands in (oral area) in cheek

947. What is NOT a sequelae of shock?

edema

1060. Preganglionic nucleus for sphincter pupil?

edinger west pal

151. what occurs first?

elongation of IEE

1005. Type 1 collagen is a main constituent of all except?

enamel

Hepatocytes & pancreatic acinar cells are from what embryonic tissue

endoderm. Endoderm - Gastrointestinal tract, Respiratory tract, Thyroid, Thymus, Endocrine glands and organs, Auditory system, Urinary System, Liver, Pancreas. Ectoderm - Epithelium of skin, Nervous tissue. Mesoderm - Connective tissue, bone, cartilage, blood cells, all muscles (cardiac, smooth, skeletal), body cavities and some cardiovascular and urinary systems

692. connective tissue that covers only one muscle fiber?

endomysium

1170. latex allegy angioedema cells seen?

eosinophils

Sperm stored/mature in

epididymis

144. most superior part of larynx?

epiglottis

677. blood in the nasal cavity of a dead body due to?

epistaxis

1201. blood flow from arteries to veins like in aorta is?

equal

1193. cause of rashes in scarlet fever?

eritrogenic toxin | (Exotoxins, if eritrogenic not in option)

1026. testlet: worn out lingual surfaces of maxillary and mandibular teeth?

erosion

1473. alchesia is related to what?

esophagus

105. achalasia is most related to?

esophegus

219. long-onset long effect?

estrogen

171. infection in the posterior wall of maxillary sinus will spread to?

ethmoidal

1109. Deciduous replaced except?

except molars

185. all cause atrophy in muscle except?

excessive hormonal stimulation, atrophy is caused by disuse

960. Primary teeth cervical ridges prominent in?

facial AND lingual

1249. structure NOT in parotid gland?

facial artery

614. Problem in root planing common to all posteriors?

facial cervical bulge

1411. Lower motor neuron defect?

facial paralysis

188. MX cent erupt occlusally and?

facially

383. It is an organelle except ?

fat droplet

FSH promotes follicle development in

female & stimulates Sertoli cells to produce androgen-bind protein, which stimulates spermatogenesis. LH promotes testosterone production in males & estrogen production in females).

The ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of what embryological structure?

fetal left ductus arteriosus. Ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta to bypass the fetal lungs, doesn't disappear immediately after birth

680. substrate for thrombin?

fibrinogen

What is the substrate of thrombin?

fibrinogen

226. form collagen elastin reticular fibers?

fibroblast

Which of the following is not found in compact bone?

fibroblast

447. Tissue covering articular surfaces on tmj?

fibrous connective tissue

693. most abundant papilla of the tongue?

filiform

1251. Most numerous papilla on the tongue?

filliform papilla

747. tooth that most likely has two canals in medial root?

first mandibular molar

904. embryonic origin of external acoustic meatus?

first pharyngeal cleft

1428. Which of the following describe the LEAST effect of fluoride on carries by which meaning?

flouride inhibits enolase

843. What is similar between aortic arch and systemic blood supply?

flow rate is same

282. mottled teeth?

fluorosis

265. magaloblastic anemia?

folic acid deficiency- megaloblastic is def in vitamin B12 and B9 (folic acid) and pernicious anemia is just vitamin B12

1024. functional unit of thyroid?

follicle

985. Inanimate objects passing infection?

fomites

369. dental plaque other than bacterial acidic enzyme?

food debris

112. vertebral artery inter the skull via?

foramen magnum

271. between atria?

foramen ovale-remember this becomes fossa ovalis

539. replication of histones in DNA-which phase?

formed in G1, replication in S phase

534. meckel's cartilage?

forms at 4th week in utero

288. pitch of sound?

frequency

615. Central groove of mx molar?

from mesial fossa to central fossa

An impulse can travel

from one nerve to another in one direction because the synapse limits the direction of travel.

891. TMJ nourishment?

from the fluid of the synovial membrane

1274. face formation from ?

frontal and 1st arch

531. anterior cerebral art. Supply?

frontal and parietal

202. substrate of dextran formation?

fructose

1152. Difficult to scaling?

furcation

What protrudes the tongue

genoioglossus

957. Contact areas over a period of time?

get broad

518. Tell her to take care of oral health, why?

gingival bleeding

956. Taste sensation to circumvallate papillae?

glossopharyngeal nerve

200. last step of gluconeogenesis on liver?

glucose 6 phosphatase

201. dextran?

glucose units on hydrolysis yield fructans (levans) by glucosyltransferase

1236. Allows bacteria to stick to teeth?

glucosyl transferase

225. glucagon phosphorylate?

glycogen phosphorylation

15. Epinephrine and glucagon cause?

glycogenolysis

291. NADPH NOT necessary for?

glycolysis

181. bonds btwn GAGs?

glycosidic bonds

Which organ DOESN'T make estrogen?

graafian follicle (after 1st meiotic division, 2N haploid stage), corpus luteum hCG stimulates corpus luteum to secrete estrogen, adrenal medulla, the adrenal CORTEX secretes estrogen, the medulla secretes catecholamine, theca interna

307. myoglobin?

great affinity to bind O2, myoglobin has 4 times more affinity then Hb-remember myoglobin is hyperbolic and hemoglobin is sigmoidal

1500. All hormones are present in her pre-pregnancy state except?

hCG

What sustains the Corpus Luteum after the 1st trimester

hCG. Human chorionic gonadotropin made by placenta, allows corpus luteum to maintain high progesterone

D. She had an epithelial lined tract opening from dorsal surface of the tongue to the ventral surface. Is it?

healing after surgery

714. process of scar formation?

healing by "third intention"

906. pitting seen in?

heart failure, varicose veins, insect bites, thrombophlebitis. Non-pitting-lipedema, myxedema, lymphedema

1263. esophageal varices?

hematemesis

Esophageal varices can cause

hematemesis (vomiting blood)

727. RBC put in a hypotonic solution leads to ?

hemolysis

120. enamel pearle?

hertwig remnant

119. inactive chromosome?

heterochromosome

732. which enzyme converts glucose to glucose 6 phosphate?

hexokinase

227. bone and cartilage share the following except?

highly vascularized- cartilage is not vascularized

194. H2 receptors increase gastric acid secretion?

histamine

1189. intracellular cell damaging organism?

histoplasma capsulatom

742. cervial cross section of maxillary central incisor?

hourglass

170. articulating surfaces in new born covered by?

hyaline cartilage

781. Fumarase is what kind of reaction?

hydration

Alpha helix & beta sheets form (2ndary protein structure) via

hydrogen bonds

1128. Medulla sensitive to?

hydrogen ions- When PCO2 goes up, also increases H+ because CO2 + H2O forms carbonic acid, which then disassociates to H+

683. which interaction keeps the cell membrane intact?

hydrophobic bonds

1070. Blood flow in capillaries?

hydrostatic pressure

1252. the main mineral in bones is?

hydroxyapatite

312. matastatic calcifications?

hyperparathyroidism-increase calcium

250. leukoplakia?

hyperplasia

636. Injection of Tb in previously infected?

hypersensitivity type 4

Metabolic acidosis

hyperventilation. RUB MUB Respiratory Uses Bicarb, Metabolic Uses Breathing

138. does NOT pass from jugular foramen?

hypoglossal

1146. Anterior pituitary not functioning what happens?

hypogonadism

702. deficient anterior pituitary causes?

hypogonadism

814. Hunger is felt in which part of the brain?

hypothalamus

203. respiratory acidosis?

hypoventilation..inc temp..inc bpg In acidosis: Extra Hydrogen goes into the cell and potassium then leaves the cell which causes transient hyperkalemia. Asthama, emphysema are acidosis In alkalosis: Hydrogen leaves the cell and potassium enters the cell leading to transient hypokalemia.

897. crypts of leiburkuhn

ileum- found in small AND large intestine

Azygous vein leaves

impression on right lung

721. Liquefactive necrosis?

in brain and spinal cord

462. Crypt of liberkhun where?

in lamina propia of small intestine

527. centroacinar cells?

in pancreas

1476. Blastomycosis?

in soil

533. phagocytes in TMJ are found?

in synovial membrane.

tRNA wobble is

in the 3rd position of the codon

1410. Rheumatoid arthritis why cause infective endocarditis-

in the synovial fluid (by the rheumatoid factor) findings in endocarditis (viridans streptococcui are the most common causative organisms in infective endocarditis)

1343. colloid?

in thyroid

1355. Carbomyol phosphate, citrulline, aspartate & ammonia are sources from which nitrogen is derived from?

in urea cycle

283. calcification begins at?

incisal edge ( if DEJ is not in ops)

what can be the reason for radiolucency between the teeth-

incisive foramen

535. cystic fibrosis is diagnosed by?

increase in sodium and chloide.

Decreased insulin will result in

increased gluconeogenesis

930. type 1 diabetic do exercises to decrese his insulin uptake so?

increased insulin sensitivity

311. DOESNT cause elevation of BP?

increased venous resistance- systemic vascular resistance increases BP

318. Which of the following scenarios would cause the greatest DECREASE in resistance in a single artery 2mm long, and a radius of 1.2mm?

increasing the radius of the artery by a factor of 2

1202. lower compartment of TMJ?

inferior area of disc and superior area of condyle

Esophagus begins at what level

inferior to cricoid Cartilage (at C6), inferior to the cricothyroid

- what cells are seen in the superior of the ulcer?

inflammatory cells /neutrophils

1489. What would NOT elevate larynx?

infrahyoid muscles

158. ansa cevicalis?

infrahyoid muscles

272. pain of upper lip?

infraorbital

172. max molar infection spread to?

infratemporal

635. What we DONT need to correct in myasthenia gravis?

infrequent blinking

882. if you cut infundibulum which hormone secretion is ceased-- ?

infundibulum is the connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary, so the hormones produced by posterior pituitary will be ceased (ADH and OXYTOCIN)

305. diuretic medication of hypertension?

inhibit ADH

115. calcitonin?

inhibit bone resorption

1192. rifamin action?

inhibit protein synthesis by inhibiting RNA polymerase

195. interferon anti viral effect?

inhibit replication

218. aminoglycoside?

inhibit translation

MOA of digoxin is

inhibition of Na/K ATPase that causes an increase in intracellular Na levels

Mechanism of action of the tetanus toxin?

inhibition of neurotransmitter release (prevent release of GABA and Glycine)

379. MOA of tetanus toxin?

inhibition of the neurotransmitter release, clostridium tetani

1336. how digitalis work?

inhibits Na/K pump

893. MOA of rifampicin?

inhibits RNA synthesis and transcription by inhibiting the DNA dependent RNA polymerase

Streptomycin

inhibits protein production (translation)

1167. arbovirus?

insect vector (orthopod born)

1019. Cusp height in a cast restoration LEAST affected by?

intercondylar distance

1038. Cusp height and fossa NOT influenced?

intercondylar distance

650. during swallowing teeth position?

intercuspation

1191. Sulfonamides action?

interfere with folic acid synthesis by preventing PABA

1282. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers to the head have their cell bodies of origin in the?

intermediolateral horns of the thoracic spinal cord

which fibers were NOT responsible for the teeth to become loose-

interradicular-these kinds of fibers are only on multi-rooted teeth

128. cellular immunity most immportant to detect?

intracellular

656. mandible formation?

intramembranous-body, condyle-cartilagenous (endochondral)

1021. Mechanism of filling of air in lungs?

intrathoracic pressure (pleural pressure) reduces, so air is flown inside the lungs

928. cause protrusion of cricoid cartilage?

investing layer of deep cervical fascia

176. Na K example of?

ion channel - primary active transport

1094. Receptor of salt?

ionic receptor

802. LMN paralysis?

ipsilateral flaccid paralysis of the face

1370. pyknosis?

irreversible damage of chromatin

Naproxen (Aleve)

is a reversible non-selective COX inhibitor that is more potent than aspirin.

Live attenuated vaccine (ex. Polio sabin vaccine)

is an active immunity. Polio vaccines: sabin (oral/attenuated/ alive) vs salK (injection of killed bacteria)

Absolute refractory period

is by NA channel inactivation

Bacillary dysentery (Shigellosis)

is caused by Shigella.

1006. Collagen structure read about it -

is it a trihelical structure

1478. When does a lower premolar erupt?

it erupts before the completion of the root formation

722. pitting edema?

it indicates acute disease

961. Mandibular lateral distinguishing feature from maxi central?

it is narrower mesiodistally than max central,have slight budge on distal side,from mesial aspect there is distolingual twist of the incisal edge in man laterals |root tipped on distal | Mandibular lateral crown is slightly distal when compared to central crown or distal crown tilt

1488. Tooth #17 has to be extracted. Each of the following justifies the extraction, except?

it would cause resorption of the distal root of mandibular right second molar

1401. The proximal contact area between max central and lateral?

junction

268. irreversible?

karyolysis

Epithelium of palate

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. hard palate, attached gingiva, dorsum of tongue = keratinized SSE

118. granulosum stratum contains?

keratohyalin

388. What would you find in stratum granulosum?

keratohyalin granules

703. deeply stained granules in oral mucosa are:

keratohyaline

861. testlet- A young guy comes and complains- My gf says my mouth stinks. He is obese, Diabetic type 2, Alcoholic. what can be the reason for bad odor?

ketoacidosis

913. the beach testlet, a woman was killed on the beach lacerated neck, knife puncture on her back left side 12cm. What organ is most likely injured?

kidney

197. fumatare links urea cycle to?

krebs

551. regeneration of pyruvate by???

lactate dehydrogenase

222. aciduric?

lactobacilli/S. mutans

581. Space btw teeth with age?

larger

530. muscles of sound?

lateral and transverse cricoartynoids

651. A patient with a peg tooth in maxillary arch which tooth is most likely ?

lateral incisor

1475. caries most likely to develop on which ant teeth?

lateral max

254. protrusion?

lateral pterygoid

1364. the main cause of pulmonary congestion?

left sided heart failure

209. PPT positive indicate all except?

leprae

1000. Protein bodies in parkinsons?

lewy bodies

228. primary teeth have?

lighter color

190. Y pattern of MD 2 pm formed by?

lingual and central grooves

955. Medial to hyoglossus?

lingual artery-remember lingual artery located bt genioglossus and hyoglossus

245. which of the following bordered by incisal edge and marginal ridges?

lingual fossa

676. submandibular glad innervations?

lingual nerve

310. sensory to ant 2/3 of tongue?

lingual nerve- remember taste is chords tympani while sensory is lingual nerve

682. which one is NOT an organelle?

lipid droplet

223. NOT in step. Coccus?

lipopolysaccharide (only in gram -)

982. LEAST resistant to change in pH?

liver

589. Alpha antitrypsine?

liver and pancreas

1320. Alanine released by the muscle increases blood glucose levels by?

liver taking in alanine for gluconeogenesis

108. sensory (pain) innervation from the buccal vestibule of the mouth?

long buccal nerve (V3)

1391. Longest and shortest root of maxillary molar?

longest-palatal & shortest-DB

627. Transect pyramids?

loss of fine motor

Female secreting endometrium - what cycle is she in?

luteal

1365. Secretion phase?

luteal phase

1276. afferent or efferent?

lymph nodes

In collagen synthesis, what part happens outside the cell?

lysyl oxidase (LOX) for cross-linking collagen

1238. ascorbic acid acts on which enzyme?

lysyl oxidase or hydroxy proline dehydrogenase

Legionnaires pneumophila is

mainly found in air-conditioning systems. (prefer aerosolized water)

366. pt w/cirrhosis?

mallory bodies-remember its associated with alcoholism

746. mamelon in 17 year old result of?

malocclusion-remember open bite

755. Premolar with prominant triangular ridge?

mand 1st premolar

483. Largest crown compared to max can?

mand canine

1158. tooth in long axis?

mand incisor

1122. Submental lymph nodes affect which tooth?

mand incisors

1161. tooth with three canals?

mand molar

750. Y occlusal surface is seen in?

mand second premolar

1187. most sharpest incised angle?

mandibular CI (mesial side)

452. Mesial straight where?

mandibular canine

1396. PSA to upper second molar, what other nerve with the same injection could get anaesthetized too?

mandibular nerve (Under PSA complication:1)Hematoma 2)mandibular anesthesia.the mandibular division of the 5th cranial nerve (V3)is located to the PSA nerves.Deposition of local anesthetia lateral to the desired location may produce varying degrees os mandibular anesthetia.) 19. Root and incisal edge comparison between lower central and lateral-.root... LI= longer than CI ///// edge. CI=perpendicular to B-L bisector.....LI=twisted disto-lingually. ///// both CI & LI = incisal edge lingual to long axis.

313. hydrolysis of which of the following will NOT yield glucose?

mannose

690. what is the mandibular sling made of?

masseter and medial pterygoid

1034. Congenital missing?

max 3rd molar > max lateral > mandibular 2 pm

1275. size of mouth defined by?

max and mandibular processes union

962. Pulp chamber triangular becomes ovoid mid root?

max central

681. the largest paranasal sinus?

maxillary

Macrostomia (large mouth) is failure of fusion of

maxillary & mandibular process

927. terminal branch of external carotid?

maxillary & superficial temp

1234. Most likely tooth to have 3 cusps?

maxillary 2nd molar-heart shaped

672. two terminal branch of external carotid?

maxillary and superficial temporal 673. which cerebral lobe is located in middle cranial fossa? TEMPORAL

1369. the largest sinus the the cranium?

maxillary sinus

797. White spots present in child's mouth?

measles

Philtrum of the lip is formed from

medial nasal processes & maxillary processes

113. anterior wrist innervated by?

median

1404. Palm Thumb area innervation

median nerve

453. Broken cusp what kind of movement?

mediotrusive-non working

1096. Salivatory nucleus location?

medulla

1321. Salivatory nucleus is found in?

medulla 1 The primary motor response to an acceptable taste stimulus (or its anticipation) is autonomic: salivation and secretomotor activity of the upper gut are stimulated. The tongue is pressed against the teeth and palate. The excess of saliva evokes the swallowing reflex. Afferent fibres in cranial nerves VII and IX enter the gustatory nucleus (an enlarged upper part of the solitary nucleus) and are relayed bilaterally via the thalamus to the insular cortex for taste sensation and to salivatory nuclei, and X and XII efferents. The nucleus ambiguus (X) inhibits the respiratory centres.

1340. brown colour, 1* 1 size nodule near nose?

melanoma

295. sensory to lower lip?

mental nerve

803. Proproception nucleus?

mesencephalic

1278. Proprioception?

mesencephalic of CN5

1035. Tooth difficult to restore?

mesial PM 1 and distal of max molar 1 > lateral incisor palatally

1153. Maxillary furcation?

mesial distal and buccal Mn Molars have Bifurcations (F/L) and Mx Molars have TRIfurcations (F/ML/D)

1262. ML developmental groove?

mesial of mandibular 1st premolar

753. which root in primary mandibular first molar has the root longer wider and flattened apex?

mesial root

242. root with 2 canals?

mesial root of mandi first molar

1048. Height of contour in class 5 mesial to distal?

mesio cervical

Ureter in kidney

mesoderm

251. squamous cells in lungs?

metaplasia

214. actin filamints in cilia similar to?

microtubules

1008. Maxillary paranasal sinus drains into?

middle meatus

1438. Epidural hematoma?

middle meningeal artery

765. Tetracycline stain is due to defect in mutation?

missense

1501. All is used to identify a dead body EXCEPT?

mitochondrial mRNA

osteoclasts

monocytes

827. Stretch receptor what type of synapse?

monosynaptic

509. Primary teeth compared to permanent teeth are?

more bulbous and constricted

1020. More the condylar guidance-

more the cusp height may be (not must be)

573. Submand gland?

more volume of saliva- submandibular is 70%, parotid is 25%, sublingual 5%

1126. Nystatin?

most common antifugal

132. palatal glands?

mostly mucous

Rubella can be transferred from

mother to fetus & is associated with congenital abnormalities. Teratogen: ToRCHeS (toxoplasmosis, rubella, CMV, Herpes simplex, Syphilis)

1342. increase condylar guidance?

mouth breathing

Having Bence Jones protein in urine indicates

multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma has bench Jones protein (immunoglobulin light chains produced by neoplastic plasma cells), Russell bodies (IgE inclusion), punched out appearance, increased susceptibility to infection

72. latent virus in saliva

mumps- or CMV?

187. gamma fibers?

muscle tone

1027. nerve innervating biceps brachii?

musculocutaneous

1399. MG-

muscurain receptors

Another source said ESOPHAGOUS

my test had BOTH bronchus and esophagus as choices. Which one is it?!

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis has

mycolic acid that block antibiotics from penetrating.

80. not found in dermis?

myelenated nerve fibers

116. myasthenia gravis a defect in?

myoneural junction

1077. Death due to infarction after 24 hrs?

necrosis of inflammatory cells

529. tetrodotoxin?

neurotoxin inhibit SODIUM voltage gated

1322. acute infection shows what?

neutrophils

What causes pus?

neutrophils

Which WBC is most abundant?

neutrophils

1498. angina?

nitroglycerin

720. guiding cusps?

non functional cusp

978. Epithelium of the cervix?

non keratinized stratified squamous, Ectocervix: nonkeratinized stratified squamous, Endocervix: columnar

249. precancerous?

non malignant

759. if mandible moves to right and contact occur on left they called?

non working interference

Floor of the mouth is

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium .Soft tissue structures that are nonkeratinized? Soft palate, buccal mucosa

Tidal volume

normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation & exhalation when no extra effort is applied (500 mg)

610. mRNA by which blot

north- know that RNA is northern, DNA is southern, and proteins is western

1134. mRNA fragments?

northern blot (Mnemonic SNOW-DROP)

86. blood brain barrier is efficient because?

not fenestrated

Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) is

not found in the muscles

1415. Plasma DOESNT contain ?

nucleus, ribosomes

596. Ergosterol synthesis is blocked by?

nystatin

1050. Ligament yawning?

oblique fiber of TMJ closest | Spheno and stylo both

154. protect against occlusal forced?

oblique fibers

Hypoglossal nerve (CN 12) comes from

occipital somites (not pharyngeal arches)

740. junction of proximal ridge and cusp ridge makes ?

occlusal table of triangular fossa

CNS myelin sheath formed by

oligodendrocytes. PNS myelin formed by Schwann cells

HIV (retrovirus) is an

oncogenic RNA virus. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma are cancers of lymphoid tissue with the involved tissue being enlarged and are accompanied by night sweats & fever.

1261. gag reflex?

only CN9

Meisseiner plexus

only parasympathetic

999. Which nerve WONT be directly affected if infection in cavernous sinus?

optic

578. Dissect after stylomastoid foramen which one affect?

orbicularis oris- remember CNVII goes through stylomastoid foramen and muscles of facial expression innervated by CNVII

334. after an infarction the result will be

organization

174. oxidative decarboxylation?

ornitin decarboxylase - pyruvate carboxylase

287. crepitus of TMJ?

osteoarthritis

281. NOT found in PDL?

osteoblast- I think this is wrong, there are osteoblasts/osteoclasts in PDL but no myofibroblasts.

173. howship lacunae?

osteoclasts (bony remodelling)

741. cervical cross section of mandibular lateral incisor?

oval with flattened MD

949. Herring breuer inflation reflex?

overinflation of lungs | expansion of alveoli

1424. Eject milk by ?

oxytocin

1472. increase in acid phosphate and acp ?

pagets

1231. purely mucous salivary glands?

palatal

309. NOT innervated by hypoglossal?

palatoglossus (CN X)- remember CN X innervates the exceptions of palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, levator veli palatini

1332. all are innervated by glossopharyngeal EXCEPT?

palatoglossus-CNX

1468. testlet. Woman present with traumatic ulcer and chief complaint my mouth hurts. Referred pain from three days ago. Multiple ulcers 1-2mm in gingival palate and tongue. Presents lympadenopatia bilaterally biopsy was done and next to the ulcer that was bipsy what is the epithelium called?

parakeratinized

392. lower blood pressure?

parasympathetic

1427. Lung innervations?

parasympathetic via vagus (Sympathetic-T2-T4; Parasympathetic - Vagus)

260. secrete HCl?

parietal cells

Carotid body measure

partial pressure of O2

713. immunity from mother to fetus?

passive natural

220. buccinator?

penetrated in inferior block

1138. Penicillin and erythromycin not given together why?

penicillin act on cells which multiply

946. Testlet -What causes acute gastric bleeding?

peptic ulcer, esophageal varices

776. During desaturation of protein all bonds are destroyed except?

peptide

756. Excessive symp stimulation inhibit what?

peristalsis

945. Atrophic gastritis?

pernicious anemia

709. which one is NOT part of the oral normal flora?

pertusis

306. phenelketonuria (PKU) which enzyme is defected?

phenylalanine hydroxylase

180. bond btwn DNA units?

phosphodiester

733. what is the pace setting enzyme for glycolysis?

phosphofrucokinase

199. regulate glysolysis?

phosphofructokinase

1114. Enzyme action?

phosphorylation of serine

164. activation of an enzyme include?

phosphorylation of serine residue or hydrolysis of a peptide unit

950. in SCC , what is affected along which is anterior to root of bronchus?

phrenic nerve

696. what is the nerve in pericardium?

phrenic-so heart is innervated by CNX but pericardium is phrenic.

Parotid gland duct (Stenson's duct)

pierces the buccinator muscle & is located near maxillary 1st molar

622. Visceral cells in bowman capsule?

podocyte

1176. kidney visceral?

podocytes

70. Bowman

podocytes

193. secretion of saliva?

polymeric IgA

308. to form prostaglandins

polyunsaturated FA is needed

The difference between the inferior vena cava & portal veins

portal contain no valves

Norepinephrine is a

post-synaptic sympathetic NT.

1110. Mutally protected all except?

posterior contact during lateral movement

760. Retrusion of mandible

posterior fibers of temporalis

934. thoracic duct is located in?

posterior mediastinum the thoracic duct empties into the left venous angle between the left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein

749. increased overbite can cause?

posterior teeth with more cusp inclination

544. thoracic duct position?

posterior to esophagus

662. location of the thoracic duct ralative to trachea,esophagus,kidney=

posterior to esophagus

889. location of nucleus that opens pupil?

posterior to main motor nucleus (occulomotor nucleus) and anterolateral to the cerebral aqueduct in rostral midbrain at the level of superior colliculus

1435. Hard palate behind the central, formed by what ?

premaxilla, by medial nasal processes

864. Testlet- Patient underwent canine RCT and there is infection in the same tooth after 5 years. what can be the probable cause?

presence of accessory root canal

1272. splanchnic nerves?

presynaptic

123. shorter incisogingivally than mesiodistally?

primary MX central

235. left Mx 2nd premolar replaces with tooth?

primary second molar

Anomalous development of external acoustic meatus?

problem with 1st pharyngeal groove/cleft. Also 1st arch = incus & malleus, 2nd arch = stapes

MOA of staph aureus for drug resistance

produces enzyme that breaks down penicillin, beta lactamase

571. Ksp solubility constant of ions- they were asking how do ions precipitate ? options?

product concentration of ions

963. Ksp solubility constant of ions- how do ions precipitate ?

product concentration of ions precipitation occurs when cations and anions are combined in aquaeous solution to form insoluble ionic solid, The 5.0 x 10-9 is the most the product of the concentrations of thes two ions can be. If we put any more Ca2+ or CO32- in at this point, the solution can't hold any more, and a precipitate will form.

1085. Liver not function?

production of digestive enzymes

156. acid phosphatase?

prostate cancer

1341. increase in serum phosphate and alkaline level?

prostate carcinoma

1367. Prostate cancer?

prostate specific antigen and increase in acid phosphatase

718. patient with elevated level of PSA (prostate specific antigen) and serum acid phosphate are in risk of?

prostatic adenocarcinoma

1227. Increase PSA and acid phosphate in- benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic carcinoma?

prostatic carcinoma

1015. which ligaments PREVENT protrusion, opening, yawning?

protrusion-stylomandibular, yawning both, if given one for yawning then choose sphenomandibular

Main side effect of clindamycin

pseudomembranous colitis (diarrhea)

Epithelium of respiratory tract

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

1357. Patient didn't get anesthesthized, blocked?

ptergo plexus

708. hematoma after injection in first max molar area is due to insertion of needle in?

pterygoid plexus

1352. edema can be caused by?

pulmonary left heart failure, peripheral right heart side failure , increase in capillary hydrostatic pr. , increase in interstitial oncotic pr.

141. not by sympathetic?

pupil constriction

966. Pupillary reflex, while going into a dark room which muscle which nerve involved?

pupillary 2,3 | Sphincter papillae of iris

712. nucleus shrinks and becomes basophilic?

pyknosis

1104. Biotin for?

pyruvate carboxylase

What enzyme is used for decarboxylation?

pyruvate decarboxylase

1280. Which enzyme is associated with phosphorylation of ADP at the substrate level?

pyruvate kinase

598. Which enzyme is associated with phosphorylation of ADP at the substrate level?

pyruvate kinase

1233. Too much acetycholine?

raised heart rate

545. when you cut at recess of larynx which is LEAST affected?

recurrent laryngeal

What innervates muscles below the vocal fold & most of the laryngeal muscles

recurrent laryngeal nerve (of CN 10)

705. junctional epithelium is made of?

reduced enamel epithelium

1375. the only function of the spine?

reflex

229. lingual HOC of MX canine?

related to cingula

155. NOT an effect of Viagra?

relax smooth muscle- i disagree, it relaxes smooth muscle, vasodilates, and increases blood flow

Emphysema can lead to

respiratory acidosis

1338. patient is hyperventilated in dental chair, what is applied?

respiratory alkalosis

204. Hyperventilation?

respiratory alkalosis (dec co2 and inc ph)

253. postural position?

rest

81. made of mesenchyme?

rete pege

1407. Nutrition to TMJ ?

retrodiscal tissue

1003. SABE (subacute bacterial endocarditis) is a sequelae of?

rheumatic fever

1443. Something related Aschoff bodies?

rheumatic fever

1107. Infective endocarditis due to?

rheumetic fever or carditis

325. what adducts the scapula?

rhomboid minor

1326. similar between upper 1st and 2nd PM?

rhomboidal proximal in both

1168. not transmitted by vectors?

rickessia q fever

664. where is crista terminalis?

right atrium

256. left movement?

right lateral pterygoid contraction

951. Lymph nodes from right mandibular posterior teeth goes to which triangle?

right submandibular

1002. Late symptom of parkinsonism ?

rigidity

182. Weil-Felix test?

rocky mountain spotted fever

177. fungal agar?

sabouraud agar

Cytomegalovirus are associated with

salivary glands (TORCHES)

725. non microbial part of dental plaque is mostly made of?

salivary glycoproteins, food debris

270. inactive vaccine?

salk

412. Typhoid fever caused by?

salmonella Typhi

729. what is the ratio of the blood circulating in capillaries and Aorta?

same

266. group A strep?

scarlet fever

1267. All are present in microglial of CNS EXCEPT?

schwann cells-PNS

695. Body of the hyoid bone is derived from which embryonic cartilage?

second cartilage

Interferon gamma (IF-G) receptor complex produces dimerization of chains

secreted by T cells, anti-viral/tumor, part of Class II interferons

728. which one is NOT the function of liver?

secreting digestive enzyme

666. which immunoglobulin is found in body fluid?

secretory IgA

315. object contact mucous membranes?

semi critical

1244. depression due to?

serotonin

Lancefield grouping is a

serotype classification (that is, describing specific carbohydrates present on the bacterial cell wall)

133. demilunes in submandibular glands consist of?

serous

688. which one is NOT in posterior wall of axilla?

serratus anterior

117. granular cells in ovaries analogous with which in testes?

sertoli

149. morphodifferentiation determine?

shape of the tooth

317. basilliary (blood) dysentery?

shigella

777. sodium hyaluronate?

shock absorbent of joints

316. semi critical?

should be sterilized-semi-critical just contact the mucous membranes they don't go into tissue or bone

Epithelium of striated ducts of salivary ducts?

simple COLUMNAR epithelium

1480. Spinal cord is the only organ needed in?

simple reflexes

867. cells do NOT differentiate in?

skeletal, cardiac, and neuronal cells

1304. function of masseter?

sling muscle, elevation and strongest muscle of mastication.

111. portal drainage from?

small and large intestine

736. urinary tract cancer?

smoking cigarette

907. testlet..A lady met with an accident few days before now comes to u with the complaint of loose teeth ( both max central incisors) she has black pigmentation around her left eye -

sounds like abuse

MOA of Viagra: Inhibits cGMP

specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5), which regulates blood flow into the penis

Polyene anti-fungal are

specific to fungus b/c it attacks the sterol that are present in fungi but not bacteria

983. Cells on the basement of seminiferous tubules?

spermatogonia

1058. Pterygonmandibular raphe?

sphenoid to mandible

669. which ligament is attached to lingula?

sphenomandibular

104. attach to mand raphe?

sphenomandibular ligament

653. which one WON'T happen in a diabetic patient :

spleenomegaly

924. what is NOT caused by diabetes?

splenomegaly

1271. biosynthesis of cholesterol?

squalene

1090. Respiratory center characterictics?

squamous epithelium-disagree i think its pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

231. contact points?

stable dental arch and protect gingival papillae

All of the following elevate the larynx except the

sternothyoid

611. SER and tubular cisternae in?

steroid producing cells

1013. More smooth endoplasmic reticulum with golgi apparatus is seen were ? -

steroids

1212. what does NOT elevate larynx? -

sthernohyoid Supra hyoid (diagastric-Ant&post, stylohyoid, mylohyoid & geniohyoid) + stylopharyngeus (a muscle of the pharynx)-ELEVATES LARYNX.infrahyoid muscles(omohyoid-Sup & inf belly,sterno thyroid,sterno hyoid,thyro hyoid) DEPRESS the larynx.

136. supraclavicles lymph node metastasis from which cancer?

stomach

979. Vestibular swelling epithelium?

stratified squamous keratinized

1229. melanocytes present in?

stratum basale

1283. Hemidesmosone found on?

stratum basale

1444. Not part of oral?

stratum lucidum-is seen in SKIN

298. masseter muscle reflex when it is?

streched

1240. cells present in kidney are similar to gland cell?

striated

1417. VII and VIII what foramen-

stylomastoid foramen and internal acoustic meatus

135. muscle btwn superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors?

stylopharyngeus

1177. highest saliva?

sub mandibular

205. suicide inhibitor?

sublactam

62. Where dose the submandibular canal open?

sublingual caruncle in floor of mouth

1421. Opening of submandibular duct?

sublingual caruncle next to sublingual frenulum) behind lower incisors (wharton in side of frenum of tongue)

685. serous demilunes are seen in?

sublingual gland

143. infection at the corner of the mouth spread to?

submandibular lymph node

63. Infection of lower anterior teeth?

submental

131. neurotransmitter in pulp

substance p

828. What runs along External carotid artery?

superficial lymph nodes, external jugular vein and vagus nerve

537. terminal branches of Ext. carotid artery?

superficial temporal and maxillary

1360. Upon taking a panorama for a patient, what obscures the TMJ desk?

superimposition of condyle or tuberosity

258. articular surfaces of condyle?

superior and anterior

1059. Pregangloin dilate pupil?

superior cervical ganglion

257. translation?

superior compartment

255. stable TMJ disc?

superior head of lateral pterygoid

43. During maximum clenching what muscle attach to disc activated to stabilize it?

superior lateral pterygoid

587. Pterygomandibular raphe origin and insertion?

superiorly to the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate and inferiorly to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line of the mandible

1052. Accessory muscle depress mandible?

suprahyoid closest

1260. pain?

sustance P

938. what is probably radiolucent irregular line in the outer canthes?

suture

1130. Increased BP baroreceptors action inhibit?

syampathetic and increase parasympathetic-remember stimulating baroreceptors decreases HR, BP, and venous return.

302. patient pale not responding?

syncope

806. Radio-ulnar joint?

syndesmosis

1105. TMJ macrophage located where?

synovial membrane

273. phagocytes?

synovial membrane

278. deformed teeth?

syphilis-you get hutchinson's incisors and mulberry molars

503. Anticodon where is it found?

t RNA

1184. Cardiac problem BP tablets to?

tachycardia

1348. Brain lobes in mid cranium?

temporal lobe

1257. What muscle enlarges due to bruxism?

temporalis

845. too much clenching of teeth effects which muscles?

temporalis

1319. All can cause brain abscess EXCEPT?

tenia pedia-this is a fungal infection bt the toes

1306. clogged ears can be a restricted function of?

tensor veli palatini

103. hooks under hamulus?

tensor veli palitini

626. 3rd order pain neurons in?

thalamus

Axillary sheath surrounds

the axillary vein, axillary artery & 3 cords of the branchial plexus NOT trunks/roots of branchial plexus

375. What do neisseria meningitis and haemophilus influenzae have in common?

the capsule

35. Which define the mouth size?

the degree of fusion between maxillary and mandibular process (lip formation also depends on the same)

606. Mucormycosis infect?

the hyphae infect blood vessels

939. the testlet dead child... what is the counter bone ( the bone in opposite site of impact) -

the impact was left eye and its surroundings / Pt has fractured bone above orbit where would be the counter coup fracture located? Parietal

There was a T/F saying Meckels cartilage makes

the mandible and is developed at a certain point in development. Forgot the rest

Unilateral cleft lip is caused by

the maxillary prominences on the affected side joining with the merged medial nasal prominence.

Ascending tracts

the pathways by which sensory information from the peripheral nerves is transmitted to the cerebral cortex. It consist of dorsal colum-medial lemniscal pathway (fine touch/proprioception) & anterior/lateral spinothalamic tract.

1389. Sequence of respiratory tree?

the sequence of passages is as follows: trachea to main/R & L/primary bronchi (to lungs) to secondary/lobar bronchi (to lobes of lungs) to tertiary / segmental bronchi (to bronchopulmonary segment) to interlobular bronchi (to lobules) to primary/lobular bronchioles (no more cartilage supports) which branch to terminal bronchioles which branch to form respiratory bronchioles (to alveolar sacs) to alveolar ducts (to alveoli).

416. Hapten how do they work?

they need a carrier protein

Endosteum

thin layer of CT that line the surface of bony tissue that form the medullary cavity of long bones

1494. Embryonic origin of inferior parathyroid?

third arch

661. embryonic origin of inferior parathyroid?

third arch

186. mechanoreceptors on PDL varying in?

threshold

621. Reticular cells in?

thymus

953. Reticular epithelial cells seen in?

thymus

1195. thyoma?

thymus gland tumor associated with myasthenia gravis

The arteries that supply the thyroid gland are from the

thyrocervical trunk & ECA (superior thyroid A)

Internal laryngeal nerve innervates

thyrohyoid membrane

903. all infrahyoid muscles depress the larynx except?

thyrohyoid which raises it

85. colloid-filled follicle?

thyroid

296. vital capacity?

tidal volume + reserve inspired volume + reserve expired volume

624. Deep lingual artery on?

tip of tongue

285. why MX molars have bulbous shape?

to aid in lateral movement of MD molars

1361. Atherosclerosis affects?

tonica intima of large and small arteries

1136. Toxoid vaccine for?

toxogenic disease Toxoids Are antigenic and Non-toxics Are most often prepared by treating toxins with formaldehyde, Weakened bacterial toxins that are no longer toxic but do induce Ab production.

152. NOT found in compact bone?

trabeculae

134. chlamydial infection to conjuctiva and pharynx?

trachoma

1242. mandible deviation to left due to fracture of lateral pterygoids, which movement occurs?

translation left side

684. parasympathetic to which part of colon?

transverse

1157. Proximal of centrals?

triangular

237. cervical cut on MX cent?

triangular

642. NOT in cell memebrane?

triglyceride

691. Troponin change the position of?

tropomyosin

76. ATPase bind to?

tropomyosin

832. TMJ is a load bearing joint. T/F?

true

905. artherosclerosis?

tunica intima of arteries

515. Atherosclerosis where?

tunica intima of larger arteries

216. urticaria in penicillin allergy which type of hypersensitivity?

type 1

717. erythroblastosis fetalis is what type of hypersensitivity?

type 2

648. Pencillin hypersenstivity???

type1

1232. lice causes?

typhus

823. What is caused by lice?

typhus

What is phosphorylated in an insulin receptor?

tyrosine

707. ligament trees is remnant of?

umbelical vein

1253. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common?

upper face

726. difference between facilitated transport and active transport?

use of ATP

1237. stretch reflex?

used to prevent over-inflation of the lungs

160. to treat peptic ulcer cut which nerve?

vagus

641. Amino acid in interior of proteoglycans?

valine leucine-hydrophobic

73. Virus that cause chicken pox also cause

varicella zoster

What virus cause chicken pox?

varicella zoster virus (VZV)

869. Drug that activates alpha 1 adrenergic receptors has what affects?

vasoconstriction

617. Imanimate transfer of infect?

vector

139. cilia move cerebral fluid from subarachnoid space to?

veins

580. virus attached to MHC1 respond to?

viral peptide

Where does the antigen for MCH I come from?

virus & infected cells

1314. viremia?

virus start ruling in blood

643. Liver doesn't function to store?

vit

297. important for bone integrity taken as medication?

vit D

262. NOT essential in lysine hydroxylation?

vit K

973. Necessary for formation of bone n periosteum? -

vit c and d

603. Acetylcholine on neuromuscular junction opens what?

voltage gated ion channels or chemical gated cation channels

668. which is NOT reabsorebd in jejunum?

water

84. ACTH increse will cause?

weight gain and hyperglycemia

248. benign tumor?

well differentiated cells

1402. Submandibualr gland innervation-

wharton's duct in side of frenum of tongue-CNVII and CNV3

1004. When dentin becomes sclerotic? -

when its dead | calcification when ages

183. MD dimention of MX canine pulp canal?

widest near the cervical

267. bone after 1 month?

woven

1270. purine metabolism?

xanthine oxidase

604. ACE inhibitors cause?

xerostomia

665. dimorphism ?

yeast and hyphae

853. Does Hepatitis C have a carrier?

yes

1425. Cortisone produced from what ?

zona fasciculata

Cortisol is produced in

zona fasciculate, androgens produced in zona reticularis

998. Which zone is the MOST resistant passage of communications between cells?

zona occludens

293. lateral bone in the face?

zygomatic

915. she had infra orbital and outer left canthus of eye fructure?

zygomatic bone

58. Glucose filtration rate?

77. decrease water permeability in distal tubule?

ADH- i think this should be aldosterone. ADH works in collecting duct, aldosterone works in DCT.

48. Amelogenisis imperfecta due to?

AMELX gene

26. Not important gland?

Adrenal medulla

57. Pulmonary and aorta alike in which? Amount of blood flowing is same, both has tricuspid semilunar valve

Amount of blood flow is the same.

31. fungi treated with?

Amphotecerin (for systemic fungal infection), Nystatin (for oral funagal infection)

11. Burning sensation of the mouth which nerve transmit it?

C fibers

83. upper cevical ganglion?

C1 to C4

44. What ligament attach to disc?

Collateral

30. fungus with capsule?

Cryptococcus

18. Cells of PDL comes from?

Dental sac or dental papilla

24. What cause depolarization?

Deplorization occur by movement of K from inside to- I disagree, I think it should be entry of Na ions outside to inside.

46. If cell start directly to divided what will cause to cell cycle?

G1 and G2 Phase decreases

32. What enzyme bacteria used to produce caries?

Glucosyltranferase - to break sucrose, others say dextran.

25. Muscle contraction cause shortening of?

H and I band, A band is constant, I and Z move

29. Cervical cancer?

HPV 16 and 18

22. Enamel is harder than bone due to?

Higher inorganic content

64. Excessive ACTH cause?

Hyperglycemia and weight gain

While extracting you break marginal ridge what do you do?

Inform the patient

39. Infection from maxillary molar goes to?

Infratemporal fossa

61. Which is similar between salivary gland and kidney?

Intercalated duct

66. Chronic viral hepatitis Hept. C

It is a single-stranded enveloped RNA virus associated with the highest level of chronic disease state.

16. Gonado tropic hormone cause release of?

LH and FSH

3. gustatory of the anterior two third will travel along?

LINGUAL

50. A girl from Africa had TB, what would NOT be a cause of a positive TB test?

Leprosy

41. Have afferent and efferent vessels?

Lymph node

87. mx 1 molar root not innervated by superior posterior nerve

20. To much clenching. Abuse activation of?

Masseter, if not in option then Temporalis

4. hamular from which bone?

Medial pterygoid between tuberosity and hamulus

53. burning sensation with patient wearing L RPD?

Mental

17. Proprioception of trigeminal to which neuclease?

Mesencephalic

93. which part of the nephron uses the most ATP?

PCT

33. Which virus not latent ?

Polio/rhino

42. What retruded mandible?

Posterior fibers of temporalis

94. from otic ganglion to the parotid ?

Secretomotor post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the auriculotemporal nerve

65. Spingolipid regarding there structure?

Sphingosine, 1 fatty acid chain and a functional group.

59. Primary mandibular incisor?

Straight Incisal edge, mamelon

45. What accessory ligament prevent mandible from during protrusions?

Stylomandibullar

51. Alzheimer's testlet and patient has depression also and takes medication for it: T/F is patient's depression from the causes of his Alzheimer's. T/F something about effect or deficiency of serotonin in Alzheimer's

T/T

9. chose 2 visceral arteries branch from abdominal aort?

The abdominal aorta has 3 single anterior visceral branches (coeliac, SMA, IMA), 3 paired lateral visceral branches (suprarenal, renal, gonadal), 5 paired lateral abdominal wall branches (inferior phrenic and four lumbar), and 3 terminal branches (two common iliacs and the median sacral)

60. Why hapten cannot elicit the formation of antibodies by themselves?

Too small, it need carrier

54. Paralysis of the face muscle below zygoma, which type of lesion?

UMN Damage Upper motor neuron damage: paralysis on the contralateral side for the lower quadrant of the face only Lower motor neuron: paralysis on the ipsilateral side for the upper and lower quadrants of the face

10. Innervation of the lung?

Vagus

82. not essential for life?

adrenal medulla

8. What cause supination between ulna and medial?

biceps brachi

68. Which of the following state embeded in endometrium

blastocyte

90. absolute refractory period?

blocked Na influx

74. patient with diabetes 1 should watch 3 of the following

carbohydrate, fat, total calories

14. Pepsinogen secreted from?

chief cell or oxyntic cell of stomach

67. Lining bone marrow

endosteum

52. Sensation of face which nucleus?

face-CNV and body VPL Mesecephalic: responsible for proprioception on face and jaw-jerk reflex. Spinal: responsible for pain and temperature and this nucleus is subdivided into Oralis, Interpolaris and Caudalis. Oralis- fine tectile sense from orofacial region. Interpolaris-tactile sense + DENTAL PAIN. Caudalis- nociception + thermal sensation

13. What structure doesn't go through parotid?

facial artery Structures passing over parotid: facial nerve, external carotid artery, auriculotemp nerve, greater auricular

6. Which nerve travel with external jugular vein?

greater auricular

19. Each located in external surface of enamel except one?

hunter scherger band

89. liver failure?

hypoalbuminemia

12. Facial paralysis after anesthesia?

inferior alveolar given wrong so parotid anesthestized

71. Found in salivary glands and pancreas

intercalated

Tracheostomy

is a surgical procedure routinely done in critically ill patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilatory support. Tracheostomy might facilitate weaning by reducing dead space and airway resistance, and by improving secretion clearance. This reduces the likelihood of tube obstruction by inspissated mucus, makes the patient more comfortable, requiring less sedation and reducing the likelihood of aspiration through improved glottic function

anatomical dead space

is decreased by:i. Intubation (nasal cavity is bypassed and diameter of tube is less than airway diameter) ii. Tracheostomy (upper airways and nasal cavity bypassed)iii. Hyperventilation (decreasing lung volume)iv. Neck flexionv. Bronchoconstrictors

91. NOT superficial to hyoglossus?

lingual artery

88. bifurcated anterior tooth?

md canine

75. leukoplakia what type of epithelium?

parakeratinized

96. pain from teeth to?

parietal

79. cell not found in purulent?

plasma cells

95. from splanchnic to celiac trunk?

post synaptic sympathetic

69. lining of trachea

psuedostratified ciliated columnar

What is voluntary?

rectum

7. which innervated muscle below true vocal cord?

recurrent laryngeal

92. PAH determine?

renal plasma flow

78. promote osteogenesis?

somatotropin-others say somatomedin

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