SB ch. 21 plant form and function

The different size of new cells produced in spring versus late summer produces

Annual tree rings

What part of the root gives rise to cells that form the root cap, ground, tissue, vascular, tissue, and dermal tissue?

Apical meristem

Primary growth, which Linton shoots and roots, is produced by the

Apical meristems

essential nutrients

Are chemicals that are required by plants and that are vital for metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

Select all of the following that are modified leaves

Cactus spines, insect catching structures of carnivores plants, onion bulbs

Remnants of apical meristems with in axillary buds

Can become active inform side branches, when a shoot loses its terminal bud

Match each essential nutrient in plants to its function.

Carbon -part of organic components Nitrogen -part of nucleic acids, amino acids, ATP, chlorophyll Phosphorus -part of nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP Iron -chlorophyll synthesis, electron carriers Potassium -controls opening and closing of stomata

The cohesion tension theory is based upon the cohesive properties of water, and explains how xylem sap moves

True

Vanesalville cells and leaves conduct photosynthesis when stomata are open

True

Vascular cambium and cork cambium are two types of lateral meristems that produce secondary growth

True

Vascular tissue, called xylem transports water and dissolved minerals of a plant and vascular tissue called phloem distributes the organic molecules produced in photosynthesis to all plant parts

True

Water enters a plant through its roots and is pulled up the column of xylem sap due to transpiration and cohesion

True

Xylem and phloem compose the vascular tissue that moves substances throughout the plant

True

Xylem is a vascular tissue that functions to transport water and minerals throughout the plant

True

In a stem, _____ tissue, arranged into bundles of xylem, and phloem, is embedded into ground tissue.

Vascular

What tissue allows top plants to stand erect and compete for sunlight?

Vascular

In the stems of the most monocots

Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue

Select all of the following that describe Eudicot stems?

Vascular bundles arranged in a single ring, cortex lies between epidermidis and vascular bundles, pith occupies the center

What lateral meristem is a thin layer between the primary xylem and primary blowing, and produces most of the diameter of a way route or stem?

Vascular cambium

Xylem and phloem him are two types of

Vascular tissue

In monocot roots

Vascular tissue is arranged in a ring, and surrounds a central pith of parenchyma cells

All parts of the plant except the reproductive parts are called the _____ parts of the plant.

Vegetative

And leaves, vascular bundles, which are often prominent features of leaves are called

Veins

Transpiration is the evaporation of what from a leaf

Water

What follows the loading of sugars at sources and unloading of sugars at seems to create the positive pressure that drives phloem transport

Water

Select all of the following that describe a taproot system

Absorb minerals and water from deep in soil, present in most eudicots, maximize support for the plant, enlarged main root

As water exits, a plant by transpiration through stomata in the leaves, water enters the plant by

Absorption from the soil at the roots

What describes growth of plants?

Addition of modules and favorable conditions

Possible functions of specialized stems include

Anchoring the plant, water storage, starch storage, and protection.

There are ____ elements that are essential nutrients for plants.

16

A leaf with an undivided blade is called

A simple leaf

Most eudicots develop

A taproot system, which grows fast and deep

Match each letter with its correct route structure

A- phloem B-xylem C- epidermis D-cortex E- endodermis F- root hair

Match each letter on this diagram of secondary growth in a shoot with its correct label

A-cork B-cork cambium C-primary phloem D-secondary phloem E-vascular cambium F-secondary xylem G-primary xylem

Match each letter from the diagram of a route to its correct description

A-root cells, mature and differentiate B-root cells become longer lengthening the root C-root cells are undergoing mitosis

In a shoot, side branches can form from

Axillary buds

Undeveloped shoots that form at notes along the stem are called

Axillary buds

Root cap

Protects the growing tip of the route from abrasion

Nitrogen fixing ____ form nodules on the roots of pea plants in their relatives.

Bacteria

Nitrogen fixing blank form nodules on the roots of pea plants and their relatives.

Bacteria

All the tissues to the outside of the vascular cambium in a woody plant is called

Bark

While closings stomata helps prevent the loss of too much water in plants, it also reduces the rate of photosynthesis

Because CO2 cannot enter the plant through the stomata

Leaves are made up of a flattened, _____ supported by a stalklike petiole

Blade

An axillary bud can remain dormant or develop into a

Branch or flower

Match each essential nutrient to have a plant obtains it.

Carbon and oxygen- Atmospheric gases that enter the plant Through stomata Hydrogen- water that enters the plant through the roots Minerals- products of decomposition and rock disintegration that interest to plant through the roots

Select the three macronutrients that account for 96% of the dry weight of a plant.

Carbon oxygen and hydrogen

What are the most abundant essential elements found in a plant?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Select all of the following that are macro nutrients, which are essential nutrients required by plants in large amounts.

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, and sulfur.

What type of plants obtain nitrogen and phosphorus by consuming small animals?

Carnivores plants

Mesophyll cells and leaves contain abundant

Chloroplast

Select all of the following that can be indicated by tree rings

Climate events, disease, fire history, and age of the tree

How do you parasitic plants obtain their essential nutrients

Connecting to the vascular tissue of a host plant

Stomata on leaves may close to

Conserve water

In plants apical meristems

Consist of internal cylinders of cells that divide to produce tissues, both to the inside, and the outside of the meristem

The walls of the roots endodermis

Contain a waterproof material, called Suberan

The walls of the roots endodermis cells

Contain a waterproof material, called Suberin

What gives rise to the densely packed, waxy cells that form the outer, most, protective layers and what are your plants?

Cork cambium

What lateral meristem produces cork to the outside and parenchyma to the inside

Cork cambium

Select the two types of lateral meristems that can produce secondary growth and woody plants

Cork cambium and vascular cambium

Directly beneath the root epidermidis is tissue called the

Cortex

Select all of the following that describe you eudicot stems

Cortex lies between epidermidis and vascular bundles pith occupies the center vascular bundles arranged in a single ring

The blank is a waxy layer that coats the epidermidis of above ground plant parts in that protects the plant from infection and predators

Cuticle

In a leaf, the petiole

Is the stock that supports the leaf blade

What tissue in the primary plant body consist of only one layer of flat, tightly packed cells that cover leaves, stems, and roots.

Dermal

Select the three main tissue systems in plants

Dermal, vascular, ground

A plant that stops growing after it reaches amateur size exhibit

Determinate growth

The ground tissue inside a leaf is called

Endoderm

The innermost cell layer of the roots cortex is the

Endodermis

Stomata

Epidermal pores that are flanked by guard cells and allow Leaves and stems to exchange gases with the atmosphere

Select all of the following that are composed of dermal tissue.

Epidermidis of leaves and epidermidis of stems and roots

A netlike, branching pattern of veins is characteristic of _____ leafs, and longitudinal, parallel veins are characteristics of ______ leaves

Eudicot. Monocot

Plants called _____ account for 97% of all angiosperms

Eudicots and monocots

What plants account for 97% of all angiosperms?

Eudicots and monocots

The higher, the water, concentration gradient between the leafs interior and the surrounding air, the

Faster the transpiration rate

The higher, the water, concentration gradient between the leaves interior and the surrounding air The

Faster the transpiration rate

Select all of the following are true about monocot root systems

Fibrous, relatively shallow, prevent erosion

Secondary growth in woody plants increases the ____ of stems and roots.

Girth

What type of tissue feels spaces between specialized cells types and is an important site of storage, respiration, and photosynthesis.

Ground

What type of tissue is responsible for storage, photosynthesis, and respiration in plants?

Ground

What type of tissue makes up the majority of a herbaceous plant body?

Ground

Most of the volume of a herbaceous stem is ______, consisting of loosely packed parenchyma cells.

Ground tissue

What is one of the three main plant tissue systems?

Ground tissue

The waxy cuticle that coats the epidermidis of plants

Helps the plant conserve water

A soft stemmed plant, like grass or daisy, has green stem at maturity and is classified as a ______ plant.

Herbaceous

A tough, complex molecule that strengthens the walls of xylem tissue

Lignin

Plants that can grow indefinitely by adding modules, have a

Indeterminate growth

In a plant stem, ______ are stem areas between the points where leaves attach.

Internodes

A compound leaf

Is one that is divided into leaflets, either all attached at one point or paired along the petiole

The vascular cambium and cork cambium are two types of

Lateral meristems that produce secondary growth

Select all the factors that increase the rate of transpiration

Low humidity, high temperatures and wind

Select the rules of the root cap

Lubrication, protection from abrasion, gravity, sensinG

Select all of the uses of word for humans

Lumber, paper, shingles , firewood

The nine required essential nutrients in large amounts are called

Macro nutrients

A plants new cells come from an area called

Meristems

In plants, newly formed cells come from regions of actively dividing cells called

Meristems

The ground tissue inside a leaf is called

Mesophyll

The seven essential nutrients required and small amounts are called

Micro nutrients

Select all of the following that are absorbed from the soil by plants roots

Minerals and water

Ability to respond to environmental changes and compensate for the loss of a plant part advantages to

Modular growth in plants

Ability to respond to environmental changes and compensate for the loss of a plant part are advantages to the

Modular growth in plants

Nodes and internodes help plants grow by dividing the plant into

Modules

In the stems of the most blank vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue

Monocots

Relationships between plant roots and fungi called _____ increase a plant ability to absorb water and minerals.

Mycorrhizae

mycorrhizal fungi Assist plants in obtaining minerals, especially _____, which does not move easily to roots.

Phosphorus

Select common component of phloem sap

RNA, water, minerals, sugars

select the statement about wood that is true

Nearly all of a tree trunk is composed of secondary xylem

Legumes (soy beans, clover, and alfalfa,) have nodules on their roots, which add usable _____ to the soil.

Nitrogen

Several types of bacteria can use a process called ______ to convert nitrogen gas to _____, which is a form of nitrogen that plants are able to use.

Nitrogen fixation; NH4+

Soy beans have a root nodules that contain _____ bacteria, which convert nitrogen to a form that plants can use.

Nitrogen fixing

Soy beans have root nodules that contain _____ bacteria, which convert nitrogen to a form that plants can use.

Nitrogen fixing

Plants cannot obtain nitrogen from the environment without the help of nitrogen fixing bacteria because

Nitrogen gas (N2) is not directly usable by plants

What are the most common ingredients found in commercial fertilizers?

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. N, p, & k

Plant leaves attached to the stem at Locations called

Nodes

Nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria stimulate the formation of growths called _____ in the roots of plants called legumes.

Nodules

Select all of the following that describe roots

Nourished by sugars produced and shoot system Absorb water and minerals for the plant Anchor the plant below ground

A plant stems, roots, and leaves are _____ of the plant and are composed of multiple interacting issues.

Organs

Plants that connect to the vascular tissue of other plant and remove water minerals and sugar are known as

Parasitic plants

In a lease, the _______ is the stock that supports the leaf blade

Petiole

Sugars are transported throughout a plant in a vascular tissue called

Phloem

The sugars produced by photosynthesis are transported throughout a plant, mainly by the

Phloem

Dissolution in a plant containing sugar, water, minerals, amino acids, hormones, and messenger RNA molecules is called

Phloem sap

The pressure flow theory accounts for the movement of

Phloem sap in a plant

Phloem transport is explained by the ______ theory, which describes the movement of phloem from sources to sinks

Pressure flow

Carnivores plants such as the Venus fly trap obtain nitrogen and phosphorus from ____ and often live in _____ soils.

Prey such as insects; water logged nutrient poor

Plant growth that lengthens the tips of roots and shoots is referred to as _____ growth

Primary

_____ growth is growth that increases the length of shoots and roots.

Primary

What vegetative organ is found in the belowground part of a plant?

Root

Extensions of epidermal cells are called

Root hairs

What is the benefit of rotating crops like corn and cotton with paintings of legumes on different years?

Root nodules and legumes replenish soil nitrogen

Select all of the following that are vegetative organs of a plant.

Root, stem, leaves

Essential nutrients other than carbon and oxygen must be obtained by a plant through its

Roots

Select plant organs that are commonly sugar "sinks"

Roots, shoot apical meristems, fruits, flowers

A potato that is storing the plants sugars as starch is acting as a

SInk

Select all of the following cell types that make up the majority of ground tissue in plants.

Sclerenchyma, parenchyma, collenchyma

The increase of girth of stems and roots and woody plants is referred to as _____ growth.

Secondary

In a woody plant, the innermost layer of bark is composed of

Secondary phloem

Wood is also known as ________ and accounts for much of the girth produced by secondary growth.

Secondary xylem

Most of the girth produced by secondary growth and woody plants is due to

Secondary xylem produced by the vascular cambium

The organ system of plants called the ____ system consist of the aboveground part of a plant.

Shoot

What describes the arrangement of vascular tissue in a eudicot route?

Solid core of xylem, with phloem located between xylem arms

In a stem, vascular tissue arranged into bundles of xylem and phloem is embedded in the ground tissue

True

In mature Woody Stem, the heartwood is composed of older secondary asyylm

True

Functions of roots include

Starch storage, water, storage, and gas exchange

The vegetative organ that supports a plants leaves and ends in a terminal bud is called the

Stem

Select all of the vegetative organs that are part of a plant shoot system.

Stem and leaves

Match each vegetative plant organ to its correct description.

Stem- Portion of the shoot that supports the leafs Leaves- Produce carbohydrates by photosynthesis Terminal bud- Undeveloped tissue at the shoot tip

Epidermal pours called _____ are flanked by guard cells in a lot of leaves and stems to exchange gases with the atmosphere.

Stomata

Gases enter and exit leaves and stems through the pores in the epidermidis called

Stomata

Intestines and leaves, vascular tissue is arranged into strands called

Stomata

In a plant, a source is any plant part that produces or releases

Sugars

In root nodules, nitrogen-fixing bacteria gain _____ from the plant.

Sugars

The _____ produced during photosynthesis, are transported by the phloem to non-photosynthetic cells, which cannot produce their own food.

Sugars

Select all of the following that are modified stems

Tendrils rhizomes water storage flush of cacti tubers

Modify believes, store nutrients, provide protection, and attract animals

True

Select all the advantages of modular growth in plants

The loss of a branch or root system doesn't harm the plant, plants can respond to environmental changes, a plant can ob structures where resources are more plentyful

Monocots typically have a fibrous root system that is relatively shallow

True

Sapwood is composed of younger secondaries xylem

True

Scientist can examine annual tree rings to determine a trees, age and rainfall pattern and it's history

True

Lateral meristems

Thicken the shoots and roots

Apical meristems produce new cells at the

Tips of roots and shoots

In a plant, a _____ is a group of cells interacting to provide a specific function, and a ______ is a functional unit composed of multiple interacting tissues.

Tissue; organ

What process drives water movement in the plant?

Transpiration

Select all the functions of vascular tissue.

Transport materials between roots and shoots and support tall growth

A pair of guard cells around a stoma and control whether it is opened or closed

True

Annual tree rings and would consist of a thick layer of large cells produced in spring, and a thin layer of small cells produced in late summer

True

As water molecules evaporate from the mesophyll of the leaf water from the veins takes its place and pull water up the xylem

True

Carbohydrates made during photosynthesis move from the mesophyll cells of a leaf

True

Implants lateral meristems consist of internal cylinders of cells that divides to produce tissues, both to the inside, and the outside of the meristem

True

Place the steps in order of a water molecule, entering a plant at its roots and exiting the plant the relief, beginning with the first step at the top of the list.

Water molecule enters route the route hair Water molecule moves between cells of the cortex The endodermis is reached in the water molecule enters endodermal cells by osmosis Water molecule enters the xylem Water molecule moves at the plant and exits the leaf through a stoma during transpiration

Xylem sap contains a dilute solution of

Water with dissolved minerals and hormones

Plants with tough, what are you covering and bark are classified as

Woody plants

What cells deliver water and minerals to mesophyll cells and leaves?

Xylem

What type of tissue moves water, dissolved minerals, and hormones from the roots to all parts of the plant?

Xylem

Water and minerals are transported in a plant as a fluid called

Xylem sap

What part of a tree trunk is the nearest feed vascular cambium, and transports, water, and dissolved minerals

Younger, secondary xylem

What part of a tree trunk is the nearest the vascular candidum in transport water and dissolved minerals?

Younger, secondary xylem

Match each root zone two is correct description

Zone of cell division-contains apical, meristem, and root cap Zone of elongation -cells absorb water, and dermal ground and vascular tissue begin to form Zone of maturation - cells complete differentiation into functional ground, dermal and vascular tissues

What is the function of vascular tissue in plants?

it moves materials inside plants

Water and minerals enter a plant through the

roots

Phloem is a type of vascular tissue responsible for transporting

sugars