SB ch. 21 plant form and function
The different size of new cells produced in spring versus late summer produces
Annual tree rings
What part of the root gives rise to cells that form the root cap, ground, tissue, vascular, tissue, and dermal tissue?
Apical meristem
Primary growth, which Linton shoots and roots, is produced by the
Apical meristems
essential nutrients
Are chemicals that are required by plants and that are vital for metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
Select all of the following that are modified leaves
Cactus spines, insect catching structures of carnivores plants, onion bulbs
Remnants of apical meristems with in axillary buds
Can become active inform side branches, when a shoot loses its terminal bud
Match each essential nutrient in plants to its function.
Carbon -part of organic components Nitrogen -part of nucleic acids, amino acids, ATP, chlorophyll Phosphorus -part of nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP Iron -chlorophyll synthesis, electron carriers Potassium -controls opening and closing of stomata
The cohesion tension theory is based upon the cohesive properties of water, and explains how xylem sap moves
True
Vanesalville cells and leaves conduct photosynthesis when stomata are open
True
Vascular cambium and cork cambium are two types of lateral meristems that produce secondary growth
True
Vascular tissue, called xylem transports water and dissolved minerals of a plant and vascular tissue called phloem distributes the organic molecules produced in photosynthesis to all plant parts
True
Water enters a plant through its roots and is pulled up the column of xylem sap due to transpiration and cohesion
True
Xylem and phloem compose the vascular tissue that moves substances throughout the plant
True
Xylem is a vascular tissue that functions to transport water and minerals throughout the plant
True
In a stem, _____ tissue, arranged into bundles of xylem, and phloem, is embedded into ground tissue.
Vascular
What tissue allows top plants to stand erect and compete for sunlight?
Vascular
In the stems of the most monocots
Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue
Select all of the following that describe Eudicot stems?
Vascular bundles arranged in a single ring, cortex lies between epidermidis and vascular bundles, pith occupies the center
What lateral meristem is a thin layer between the primary xylem and primary blowing, and produces most of the diameter of a way route or stem?
Vascular cambium
Xylem and phloem him are two types of
Vascular tissue
In monocot roots
Vascular tissue is arranged in a ring, and surrounds a central pith of parenchyma cells
All parts of the plant except the reproductive parts are called the _____ parts of the plant.
Vegetative
And leaves, vascular bundles, which are often prominent features of leaves are called
Veins
Transpiration is the evaporation of what from a leaf
Water
What follows the loading of sugars at sources and unloading of sugars at seems to create the positive pressure that drives phloem transport
Water
Select all of the following that describe a taproot system
Absorb minerals and water from deep in soil, present in most eudicots, maximize support for the plant, enlarged main root
As water exits, a plant by transpiration through stomata in the leaves, water enters the plant by
Absorption from the soil at the roots
What describes growth of plants?
Addition of modules and favorable conditions
Possible functions of specialized stems include
Anchoring the plant, water storage, starch storage, and protection.
There are ____ elements that are essential nutrients for plants.
16
A leaf with an undivided blade is called
A simple leaf
Most eudicots develop
A taproot system, which grows fast and deep
Match each letter with its correct route structure
A- phloem B-xylem C- epidermis D-cortex E- endodermis F- root hair
Match each letter on this diagram of secondary growth in a shoot with its correct label
A-cork B-cork cambium C-primary phloem D-secondary phloem E-vascular cambium F-secondary xylem G-primary xylem
Match each letter from the diagram of a route to its correct description
A-root cells, mature and differentiate B-root cells become longer lengthening the root C-root cells are undergoing mitosis
In a shoot, side branches can form from
Axillary buds
Undeveloped shoots that form at notes along the stem are called
Axillary buds
Root cap
Protects the growing tip of the route from abrasion
Nitrogen fixing ____ form nodules on the roots of pea plants in their relatives.
Bacteria
Nitrogen fixing blank form nodules on the roots of pea plants and their relatives.
Bacteria
All the tissues to the outside of the vascular cambium in a woody plant is called
Bark
While closings stomata helps prevent the loss of too much water in plants, it also reduces the rate of photosynthesis
Because CO2 cannot enter the plant through the stomata
Leaves are made up of a flattened, _____ supported by a stalklike petiole
Blade
An axillary bud can remain dormant or develop into a
Branch or flower
Match each essential nutrient to have a plant obtains it.
Carbon and oxygen- Atmospheric gases that enter the plant Through stomata Hydrogen- water that enters the plant through the roots Minerals- products of decomposition and rock disintegration that interest to plant through the roots
Select the three macronutrients that account for 96% of the dry weight of a plant.
Carbon oxygen and hydrogen
What are the most abundant essential elements found in a plant?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Select all of the following that are macro nutrients, which are essential nutrients required by plants in large amounts.
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, and sulfur.
What type of plants obtain nitrogen and phosphorus by consuming small animals?
Carnivores plants
Mesophyll cells and leaves contain abundant
Chloroplast
Select all of the following that can be indicated by tree rings
Climate events, disease, fire history, and age of the tree
How do you parasitic plants obtain their essential nutrients
Connecting to the vascular tissue of a host plant
Stomata on leaves may close to
Conserve water
In plants apical meristems
Consist of internal cylinders of cells that divide to produce tissues, both to the inside, and the outside of the meristem
The walls of the roots endodermis
Contain a waterproof material, called Suberan
The walls of the roots endodermis cells
Contain a waterproof material, called Suberin
What gives rise to the densely packed, waxy cells that form the outer, most, protective layers and what are your plants?
Cork cambium
What lateral meristem produces cork to the outside and parenchyma to the inside
Cork cambium
Select the two types of lateral meristems that can produce secondary growth and woody plants
Cork cambium and vascular cambium
Directly beneath the root epidermidis is tissue called the
Cortex
Select all of the following that describe you eudicot stems
Cortex lies between epidermidis and vascular bundles pith occupies the center vascular bundles arranged in a single ring
The blank is a waxy layer that coats the epidermidis of above ground plant parts in that protects the plant from infection and predators
Cuticle
In a leaf, the petiole
Is the stock that supports the leaf blade
What tissue in the primary plant body consist of only one layer of flat, tightly packed cells that cover leaves, stems, and roots.
Dermal
Select the three main tissue systems in plants
Dermal, vascular, ground
A plant that stops growing after it reaches amateur size exhibit
Determinate growth
The ground tissue inside a leaf is called
Endoderm
The innermost cell layer of the roots cortex is the
Endodermis
Stomata
Epidermal pores that are flanked by guard cells and allow Leaves and stems to exchange gases with the atmosphere
Select all of the following that are composed of dermal tissue.
Epidermidis of leaves and epidermidis of stems and roots
A netlike, branching pattern of veins is characteristic of _____ leafs, and longitudinal, parallel veins are characteristics of ______ leaves
Eudicot. Monocot
Plants called _____ account for 97% of all angiosperms
Eudicots and monocots
What plants account for 97% of all angiosperms?
Eudicots and monocots
The higher, the water, concentration gradient between the leafs interior and the surrounding air, the
Faster the transpiration rate
The higher, the water, concentration gradient between the leaves interior and the surrounding air The
Faster the transpiration rate
Select all of the following are true about monocot root systems
Fibrous, relatively shallow, prevent erosion
Secondary growth in woody plants increases the ____ of stems and roots.
Girth
What type of tissue feels spaces between specialized cells types and is an important site of storage, respiration, and photosynthesis.
Ground
What type of tissue is responsible for storage, photosynthesis, and respiration in plants?
Ground
What type of tissue makes up the majority of a herbaceous plant body?
Ground
Most of the volume of a herbaceous stem is ______, consisting of loosely packed parenchyma cells.
Ground tissue
What is one of the three main plant tissue systems?
Ground tissue
The waxy cuticle that coats the epidermidis of plants
Helps the plant conserve water
A soft stemmed plant, like grass or daisy, has green stem at maturity and is classified as a ______ plant.
Herbaceous
A tough, complex molecule that strengthens the walls of xylem tissue
Lignin
Plants that can grow indefinitely by adding modules, have a
Indeterminate growth
In a plant stem, ______ are stem areas between the points where leaves attach.
Internodes
A compound leaf
Is one that is divided into leaflets, either all attached at one point or paired along the petiole
The vascular cambium and cork cambium are two types of
Lateral meristems that produce secondary growth
Select all the factors that increase the rate of transpiration
Low humidity, high temperatures and wind
Select the rules of the root cap
Lubrication, protection from abrasion, gravity, sensinG
Select all of the uses of word for humans
Lumber, paper, shingles , firewood
The nine required essential nutrients in large amounts are called
Macro nutrients
A plants new cells come from an area called
Meristems
In plants, newly formed cells come from regions of actively dividing cells called
Meristems
The ground tissue inside a leaf is called
Mesophyll
The seven essential nutrients required and small amounts are called
Micro nutrients
Select all of the following that are absorbed from the soil by plants roots
Minerals and water
Ability to respond to environmental changes and compensate for the loss of a plant part advantages to
Modular growth in plants
Ability to respond to environmental changes and compensate for the loss of a plant part are advantages to the
Modular growth in plants
Nodes and internodes help plants grow by dividing the plant into
Modules
In the stems of the most blank vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue
Monocots
Relationships between plant roots and fungi called _____ increase a plant ability to absorb water and minerals.
Mycorrhizae
mycorrhizal fungi Assist plants in obtaining minerals, especially _____, which does not move easily to roots.
Phosphorus
Select common component of phloem sap
RNA, water, minerals, sugars
select the statement about wood that is true
Nearly all of a tree trunk is composed of secondary xylem
Legumes (soy beans, clover, and alfalfa,) have nodules on their roots, which add usable _____ to the soil.
Nitrogen
Several types of bacteria can use a process called ______ to convert nitrogen gas to _____, which is a form of nitrogen that plants are able to use.
Nitrogen fixation; NH4+
Soy beans have a root nodules that contain _____ bacteria, which convert nitrogen to a form that plants can use.
Nitrogen fixing
Soy beans have root nodules that contain _____ bacteria, which convert nitrogen to a form that plants can use.
Nitrogen fixing
Plants cannot obtain nitrogen from the environment without the help of nitrogen fixing bacteria because
Nitrogen gas (N2) is not directly usable by plants
What are the most common ingredients found in commercial fertilizers?
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. N, p, & k
Plant leaves attached to the stem at Locations called
Nodes
Nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria stimulate the formation of growths called _____ in the roots of plants called legumes.
Nodules
Select all of the following that describe roots
Nourished by sugars produced and shoot system Absorb water and minerals for the plant Anchor the plant below ground
A plant stems, roots, and leaves are _____ of the plant and are composed of multiple interacting issues.
Organs
Plants that connect to the vascular tissue of other plant and remove water minerals and sugar are known as
Parasitic plants
In a lease, the _______ is the stock that supports the leaf blade
Petiole
Sugars are transported throughout a plant in a vascular tissue called
Phloem
The sugars produced by photosynthesis are transported throughout a plant, mainly by the
Phloem
Dissolution in a plant containing sugar, water, minerals, amino acids, hormones, and messenger RNA molecules is called
Phloem sap
The pressure flow theory accounts for the movement of
Phloem sap in a plant
Phloem transport is explained by the ______ theory, which describes the movement of phloem from sources to sinks
Pressure flow
Carnivores plants such as the Venus fly trap obtain nitrogen and phosphorus from ____ and often live in _____ soils.
Prey such as insects; water logged nutrient poor
Plant growth that lengthens the tips of roots and shoots is referred to as _____ growth
Primary
_____ growth is growth that increases the length of shoots and roots.
Primary
What vegetative organ is found in the belowground part of a plant?
Root
Extensions of epidermal cells are called
Root hairs
What is the benefit of rotating crops like corn and cotton with paintings of legumes on different years?
Root nodules and legumes replenish soil nitrogen
Select all of the following that are vegetative organs of a plant.
Root, stem, leaves
Essential nutrients other than carbon and oxygen must be obtained by a plant through its
Roots
Select plant organs that are commonly sugar "sinks"
Roots, shoot apical meristems, fruits, flowers
A potato that is storing the plants sugars as starch is acting as a
SInk
Select all of the following cell types that make up the majority of ground tissue in plants.
Sclerenchyma, parenchyma, collenchyma
The increase of girth of stems and roots and woody plants is referred to as _____ growth.
Secondary
In a woody plant, the innermost layer of bark is composed of
Secondary phloem
Wood is also known as ________ and accounts for much of the girth produced by secondary growth.
Secondary xylem
Most of the girth produced by secondary growth and woody plants is due to
Secondary xylem produced by the vascular cambium
The organ system of plants called the ____ system consist of the aboveground part of a plant.
Shoot
What describes the arrangement of vascular tissue in a eudicot route?
Solid core of xylem, with phloem located between xylem arms
In a stem, vascular tissue arranged into bundles of xylem and phloem is embedded in the ground tissue
True
In mature Woody Stem, the heartwood is composed of older secondary asyylm
True
Functions of roots include
Starch storage, water, storage, and gas exchange
The vegetative organ that supports a plants leaves and ends in a terminal bud is called the
Stem
Select all of the vegetative organs that are part of a plant shoot system.
Stem and leaves
Match each vegetative plant organ to its correct description.
Stem- Portion of the shoot that supports the leafs Leaves- Produce carbohydrates by photosynthesis Terminal bud- Undeveloped tissue at the shoot tip
Epidermal pours called _____ are flanked by guard cells in a lot of leaves and stems to exchange gases with the atmosphere.
Stomata
Gases enter and exit leaves and stems through the pores in the epidermidis called
Stomata
Intestines and leaves, vascular tissue is arranged into strands called
Stomata
In a plant, a source is any plant part that produces or releases
Sugars
In root nodules, nitrogen-fixing bacteria gain _____ from the plant.
Sugars
The _____ produced during photosynthesis, are transported by the phloem to non-photosynthetic cells, which cannot produce their own food.
Sugars
Select all of the following that are modified stems
Tendrils rhizomes water storage flush of cacti tubers
Modify believes, store nutrients, provide protection, and attract animals
True
Select all the advantages of modular growth in plants
The loss of a branch or root system doesn't harm the plant, plants can respond to environmental changes, a plant can ob structures where resources are more plentyful
Monocots typically have a fibrous root system that is relatively shallow
True
Sapwood is composed of younger secondaries xylem
True
Scientist can examine annual tree rings to determine a trees, age and rainfall pattern and it's history
True
Lateral meristems
Thicken the shoots and roots
Apical meristems produce new cells at the
Tips of roots and shoots
In a plant, a _____ is a group of cells interacting to provide a specific function, and a ______ is a functional unit composed of multiple interacting tissues.
Tissue; organ
What process drives water movement in the plant?
Transpiration
Select all the functions of vascular tissue.
Transport materials between roots and shoots and support tall growth
A pair of guard cells around a stoma and control whether it is opened or closed
True
Annual tree rings and would consist of a thick layer of large cells produced in spring, and a thin layer of small cells produced in late summer
True
As water molecules evaporate from the mesophyll of the leaf water from the veins takes its place and pull water up the xylem
True
Carbohydrates made during photosynthesis move from the mesophyll cells of a leaf
True
Implants lateral meristems consist of internal cylinders of cells that divides to produce tissues, both to the inside, and the outside of the meristem
True
Place the steps in order of a water molecule, entering a plant at its roots and exiting the plant the relief, beginning with the first step at the top of the list.
Water molecule enters route the route hair Water molecule moves between cells of the cortex The endodermis is reached in the water molecule enters endodermal cells by osmosis Water molecule enters the xylem Water molecule moves at the plant and exits the leaf through a stoma during transpiration
Xylem sap contains a dilute solution of
Water with dissolved minerals and hormones
Plants with tough, what are you covering and bark are classified as
Woody plants
What cells deliver water and minerals to mesophyll cells and leaves?
Xylem
What type of tissue moves water, dissolved minerals, and hormones from the roots to all parts of the plant?
Xylem
Water and minerals are transported in a plant as a fluid called
Xylem sap
What part of a tree trunk is the nearest feed vascular cambium, and transports, water, and dissolved minerals
Younger, secondary xylem
What part of a tree trunk is the nearest the vascular candidum in transport water and dissolved minerals?
Younger, secondary xylem
Match each root zone two is correct description
Zone of cell division-contains apical, meristem, and root cap Zone of elongation -cells absorb water, and dermal ground and vascular tissue begin to form Zone of maturation - cells complete differentiation into functional ground, dermal and vascular tissues
What is the function of vascular tissue in plants?
it moves materials inside plants
Water and minerals enter a plant through the
roots
Phloem is a type of vascular tissue responsible for transporting
sugars
