SCCJA CUMULATIVE
what are some examples of issues that should be taken into consideration while setting priorities for handling a collision?
Types and number of injuries sustained, Hazardous material spills, Downed electrical line, Blocked or obstructed roadways, evidence preservation, manpower availability for traffic control and related duties
Yellow section in ERG
UN ID numbers
Roadway has two names, example-US 176 and US 76 what number should be used
US 76, always take the lowest of numbers
Dry firing is allowed only
Under supervision of an instructor
UTT stands for
Uniform traffic ticket
Golden Rule
Uniformed officer is in charge-do not argue, comply, limit movements, identify self, advise info on suspect
Preservation of evidence begins when?
Upon arrival
Dealing with Traumatized victims support while interviewing
Use first person language Preserve dignity and choice Be open Avoid retraumatizing the victim Be present and in the moment Sit down, do not stand over Do not judge them
Countermeasures In ambushes
Use force reasonable and necessary, fight back, withdraw from threat, find cover and concealment, seek assistance
Graham vs. Connor
Use of force ( reasonable) and (necessary)
When searching
Use quadrant system with overlap from top to bottom
Best way to test PPE mask
Vacuum test, with or without the filter
Haz-Mat risk they pose
Very damaging to the environment, wildlife and human life
Self abuse/neglect
Victims become frustrated when they are no longer able to care for themselves because they lose a sense of independence. They realize they have become dependent on family, friends and strangers to provide their basic needs. In addition, mental or physical challenges may lead the adult to grieve or even despise being in a body that simply no longer works. Because of this victims may experience depression, unhappiness and express a wish to end their lives so that they will no longer be a burden to those who are caring for them.
Law enforcement has to give the jail what information when taking someone to jail
Victims information- name, phone number, address
When approaching stopped vehicle remember
Violator is watching, safely latch ur door,do dodge around exercise, secure trunk on approach
U Visa
Violent crime victims
Reaction
Voluntary or involuntary response to a hazard
State operated facilities must be reported to
Vulnerable Adults Investigations Unit of the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division (SLED)
Legal entries
Warrant, arrest warrant for suspect, consent from key holder, exigent circumstances for public safety and emergency searches to preserve evidence when being destroyed or removed
Harris technique
Weak hand holds flashlight and crosses under the strong hand. The back of each hand is pressed against the other.
Most important items when off duty
Weapon and credentials
Bladed ready
Weapon is out just below eye level, body slightly bladed
SCCJA recommends
Wearing of level 111A w shock plate or vest should stop the round you carry
Indicators to look for in vulnerable adult that may tell if he/ she is being abused or neglected
Well kept Dressed Have utilities in house Smell/odor Nutrition Isolated Visual injuries, marks, or bruises Treatment of the adult Adult is Restrained/restricted/ ties down
Types of Questions (Funnel Approach)
When considering the manner in which an interview should begin, it is a recommended to ask open-ended questions. These questions require explanation and tend to provide a great deal of information up front.
Approach
When en route to call look for suspicious activity, use light and sound discipline
Chimel v. California
When or if arrest is made, it is reasonable to search
Dodge or wrap around exercise is
When the officer leaves cover of his cruiser
Proper distance to stop behind the violator is
When the rear tires meet the hood of ur vehicle
Secondly contact
When vehicle disengages, rotates or strikes a second time
points of impacts
Where a unit strikes another unit or object or overturns
Necessary
Which must be done, is mandatory or compelled by circumstances
Best way to search any crime scene
With a warrant
Responsibility for solving crimes lies
With all police personnel
Garages or repair shops shall report accidents or bullet damages
Within 24 hrs after vehicle is received
Methods of recording evidence
Written reports, field sketches, photographs, video recordings
Respect the victims coping strategies which may be
Yelling Crying Smoking
#1 Responsibility
You are #1 at the scene of collision and to keep collision from getting worse
hate crime
a criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender's bias against a race, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, sexual orientation, disability, gender, and gender identity
Juvenile Arbitration Program -
a program where a juvenile agrees to punishment determined by the arbitrator, in conjunction with the victim, the juvenile's parent or guardian, law enforcement, and the community. for first time offenders.
active shooter
a suspect whose activity is immediately causing death and bodily injury. The activity is not contained and there is immediate risk of death and serious injury to potential victims
Domestic violence is:
a systematic, comprehensive method of controlling an intimate partner or family member through physical, sexual is the most difficult to discuss, emotional, psychological, or financial abuse.
custodial release
a written promise obtained from the adult whom a juvenile is released to
Verbal Characteristics of Potential Untruthful Behavior
a. A truthful person will give definitive answers; he/she will not qualify the response ("Yes, I was there."). b. A deceitful person will qualify his/her answers. c. A truthful person will be emphatic, or tell the interviewer that witnesses/fingerprints are wrong. A deceitful person will suggest that the interviewer could be wrong. d. A truthful person will become angry when accused and will not calm easily or quickly. e. A deceitful person will take a long time to answer questions; a truthful person will not. f. A deceitful person will lie with specific details.
Considerations: Personal Data
a. Age - elderly and very young will require special consideration b. Race c. Sex d. Ethnic group e. Education
Police Investigation
a. Assign only one officer to interview the victim(s) b. Protect the anonymity of victim whenever possible c. Explain to victim and witnesses the likely sequence of event d. Refer victim to support services in the community; e. Tell victim how to contact the police department to obtain further information on the case f. Report the suspected hate crime to the supervisor on duty g. Refer media representatives to the supervisor on duty or public information officer h. Document the incident thoroughly on department report forms i. Assist investigators in making any other reports that may be required under federal or state guidelines and laws
Considerations: Attitude
a. Cooperative - Usually the easiest to deal with, but be careful with someone who is too eager. b. Reluctant - Not unusual, but find out why: (1) Do not have time to get involved (2) Afraid of retaliation (3) Do not like police (4) Bad previous experience (5) Peer pressure c. Hostile - Why? (1) Be alert, hostile people can become aggressive people. (2) If possible, have back-up
Elements of investigating the scene:
a. Describe the conditions of the scene (become your own best witness) b. List actions taken by the officer(s); arrest, detain, advise, etc. (to bring closure to a call; all actions taken by the officer(s); be thorough) c. Take photographs; collect and document evidence (include the case number on all related evidence/documents collected) (remember the chain of custody)
considerations: Attitude of Interviewer
a. Do Nots (1) Do not pre-judge. (2) Do not let prejudice or biases show. (3) Do not show anger. (4) Do not be sarcastic. b. Dos (1) Be pleasant, polite, and interested in what the interviewee is saying. (2) Keep the parties informed. Explain what will happen next and let him/her know why you are asking certain questions. (3) Detain for as little time as possible; cooperation is a two-way street!
Police Support Law enforcement officers must be mindful that victims of a hate crime may not come forward for a variety of reasons. According to the IACP (2020), these reasons may include:
a. Fear of re-victimization or retaliation b. Fear of having privacy compromised c. For gays and lesbians, fear of repercussions from being "outted" to family and employers d. Fear of law enforcement and uncertainty about justice agency responses e. For aliens, fear of jeopardizing immigration status, being reported to ins or deportation f. Humiliation or shame about being victimized g. Lack of a support system h. Cultural and language barriers
Intolerance is based on:
a. Ignorance b. Indifference c. Limited Perception
Movements to Locate Suspect(s)
a. Line of sight/heavy fire from suspect(s) may dictate entry point and breaching methods. Move quickly and efficiently to engage active shooter. b. Controlled Directed Fire may be necessary while additional officers maneuver/deploy. c. If available, use cover and concealment while moving. Cover stops bullets; concealment only hides you from view. d. Cover and movement tactics can be used to move across large open areas. -Interior movement and clearing techniques (1-2-3-4-5 officer dynamic movement). Dynamic movement by officers involves speed, surprise and shock of action to gain a tactical advantage. -Upon entering, if the location of the active shooter is known or there are signs or indicators (gunshots, injured victims or cries for help) tending to establish the location of the shooter, officers should move immediately and aggressively to engage the active shooter. -Once the immediate threat is eliminated officers can conduct a deliberate clearing of the location room by room.
List some Reasons for Taking Field Notes:
a. Memory aid- Information written down as soon after the event as possible will be the best resource the officer can use to complete the incident report. b. Key to other records Field notes should often be supplemented by photographs, sketches, field-inquiry reports, lab reports, the chain of custody forms, etc. c. Investigative aid-When investigating an incident, it is difficult to gather information in a logical or chronological order. d. Protection- By keeping a log of activities, officers have a written record to fall back on should any discrepancies arise concerning their actions or lack thereof. e. Evaluation- Well-written field notes provide a source for self-evaluation. f. Memorandum or official information- The field notebook is the perfect place to make notes on field interviews with individuals that do not lead to an arrest.
Elements of writing a disposition:
a. Note the particulars of the arrest if applicable or what other action was taken b. Note the location of the suspect and list appropriate charges c. List recovery of any property/contraband d. Record any follow-up activities
Elements of victim/witness/suspect statements:
a. Note what they stated they saw, did or heard, etc. b. Use direct quotes; "use their words" to include profanity, excited utterances, etc.
Determining Bias Motivation
a. Perceptions of the victim(s) and witnesses about the crime b. The perpetrator's comments, gestures or written statements that reflect bias, including graffiti or other symbols c. Any differences between perpetrator and victim d. Similar incidents in the same location or neighborhood to determine whether a pattern exists e. Whether the victim was engaged in activities promoting his/her group or community f. Whether the incident coincided with a holiday or data of particular significance g. Involvement of organized hate groups or their members h. Absence of any other motive such as economic gain
Arrival on Scene Of An Active Shooting
a. Pick a secure deployment location. Quickly check gear. Orient yourself without coming under fire. b. Coordinate with other units. Ensure supervisors and dispatch knows you are on scene and where/when you intend to deploy/go c. Base intelligence on what you see and hear upon arrival (smoke, fire, victim bodies, blood, gunshots or silence).
Initial Deployment - En-route Tasks
a. Rapid deployment to an active shooter is an emergency response. Since the #1 objective is to find, confront and stop the deadly behavior (Locate, Isolate, and Control), officers should respond in emergency code with blue lights and siren! b. Obtain pertinent intelligence (description of shooter, location and building diagram). c. Determine initial deployment location. d. Determine ETA of other responding officers and coordinate initial deployment from secure location.
Elements of Gathering preliminary information:
a. Source of call b. Type of incident (Has there been a crime committed?) c. Location, weather conditions
Who Reads Reports?
a. Supervisors b. Follow up Investigators c. Attorneys Solicitors d. Judges e. Back up officers f. Victims g. Civil Courts Attorneys h. Probation officers i. Advocates j. The media
Considerations: status(Emotions and Attitudes)
a. Victim (physical condition) b. Witness c. Suspect d. Officers must be able to evaluate information provided by persons who are emotionally charged during an incident. This information, coupled with facts, should be taken into consideration while attempting to verify reliability and credibility of a witness.
Arguments for Hate Crime Legislation
a. Victim may suffer more psychological trauma. b. Victim may suffer more physical trauma. c. Hate crimes may have a wider impact. d. Hate crimes may spark retaliation or community unrest.
Considerations: Emotional State
a. victim - emotional - physical condition b. witness - attitude - emotional state c. suspect - attitude - emotional state
having enough power or skill to do something
ability
what elements must be present in order for deadly force to be used?
ability, opportunity, and jeopardy
according to Peel, what is the test of police efficiency?
absence of crime and disorder
the majority of collisions are caused by a drivers failure to
adjust to the existing conditions
Confidentiality regarding fingerprints and photographs?
agency must not share fingerprint or photographs with other agencies unless they need assistance in apprehending an escapee, to locate a missing juvenile, etc.
what is the oldest, most universal, widely abused drugs?
alcohol
double action only
all rounds are fired double action, no single action capability
single action semiautomatic
all rounds fired single action
Pennsylvania vs Mimms
allows an officer to order the DRIVER OUT of a vehicle following a lawful traffic stop.
Supplemental Incident Report
also referred to as the Overflow Page, is used for information that will not fit on page one, such as additional victims, suspects or witnesses, additional stolen property, or additional narrative. This page can also be used as part of the original report or to add to, delete from, or change an original report later. This page can be used in any number necessary. As with page two, this page is used to add or modify the original at a later time than the original
incident report:
always page one of any original documentation. No matter how many pages the finished report is, never use more than one of page one. If more space is necessary, then choose from the other two pages.
a degenerative brain disorder which accounts for 60-80% of memory disorder and dementia cases:
alzheimers disease
after reviewing collision circumstances, request additional assistance including but limited to:
ambulance, EMS, firefighting equipment, tow trucks
field sketches
an accurate, complete and detailed sketch of the collision scene is needed and used for evaluation and court purposes
prejudice is defined as:
an injury or damage resulting from some judgement or action of another in disregard of one's rights
collision
any event that results in injury, death or property damage attributed directly or indirectly to the motion of a motor vehicle or its load
Incapacitating Injury
any injury which prevents the injured person from walking, driving or normally continuing the activities he was capable of performing before the injury occurred. including: severe lacerations, broken or distorted limbs, skull or chest injuries, abdominal injuries
secondary crime scene
any subsequent scenes
What are areas of domination?
areas that officers control and allow officers a shooting position that dominates and covers a large area
the US supreme court was ordained by the US constitution in:
article III, section I
P.A.S.S technique is used to aid in:
assisting a user in deploying a fire extinguisher
how old must one be in order to apply for a beginner's permit?
at least 15
located under the slide, guides the bullet out of the weapon
barrel
located around the muzzle on front of the slide
barrel bushing
How can you gain the trust of a victim during a interview?
be patient and understanding, respect their wishes, assure them it is not their fault.
when were asylums created?
beginning of the 16th century
what three things do incident reports need?
beginning, middle, and end. lots of detail not opinion establish jurisdiction and establish the nature of the relationship.
what to look for to tell if someone is being trafficked?
being controlled, inability to move, signs of battering, fear of communicating, lack of passport.
this disorder is also called manic depressive illness:
bipolar disorder
autism is usually diagnosed within what time frame according to your SCCJA manual?
birth to 3 years
injury
bodily harm to a person
mutual combat equals what?
both parties fighting definition: a condition or circumstance in which the parties involved agree to a voluntary confrontation
Field Notebook
can be a spiral or loose-leaf binder, but it should be small enough to fit into the shirt or pants pocket because it needs to be carried ON the officer's person.
why should law enforcement be observant?
can lead to suspicions. Suspicions should lead to questions. Questions should lead to answers. Answers may lead to probable cause,
On March 1, 2011, DEA published a final order in Federal Register temp. placing 5 synthetic
cannabinoids into Schedule I of the CSA
Who should translate for law enforcement?
certified translator
what are some signs of strangulation?
change of voice, memory loss, loss of bowl control, headache, vision changes, vomiting etc.
an individual who engages in any type of sexual activity with individuals legally defined as children:
child molester
Domestic Violence of a High and Aggravated Nature:
class: felony court: general sessions elements: commits the offense under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life and great bodily injury to the victim results, using a deadly weapon, causing stupor or loss of consciousness for any period of time, presents of a minor, person known to be pregnant, robbery burglary theft, block phone from calling emergency services.
deliberate Intent
classification given to the cause of an event which occurs when a person acts deliberately to cause the event or deliberately refrains from prudent acts which would prevent occurrence of the event includes: suicide, self inflicted injury, homicide, injury or damage purposely inflicted
what was the first written law on record for the crime and punishment of rape?
code of hammurabi
what is the most commonly used interviewing technique used by LEO's?
combination
a driver of a moped, motorcycle, or bicycle may proceed through the intersection on a steady red light ONLY when the driver:
comes to a full and complete stop for 120 seconds
Amphetamine for medical use are
commonly used for ADD or ADHD
what are legal ways to enter a resident on a DV call?
consent, if they need immediate aid, probable cause to effect an arrest to prevent domestic abuse to family members, emergent circumstances.
what kind of searches can law enforcement do in DV incidents?
consent, plain view, search incident to arrest, search warrant.
If you notice a "medic alert" tag/card/bracelet what should you do?
convey any information to appropriate personnel
what is law enforcements responsibilities to give to victims?
copy of incident report, assist them to apply for victims' compensation benefits, inform them on the progress of the case.
class 8
corrosive
use barricade for _______________ not support
cover and concealment
C.A.T-
crime analysis team
Every call for service has the potential to turn into a:
crime scene
what features should flashlights be equipped with?
dead man switch, should be non reflective, should be durable
In showing extreme indifference to the value of human life during the crime of domestic violence of a high and aggravated nature what do we have to show?
deadly weapon, stagulation causing stupor or loss of consciousness for any period of time
how should we answer questions in court?
directly and truthfully
When law enforcement arrives on scene what do they want to do and what do they not want to do?
do's: activate cameras, wait for backup if possible, dont's: don't park in front of the house, don't run lights and sirens,
cardinal rule: if there is even the slightest doubt while confronting a suspect(s)
don't shoot!
Methamphetamine production at homemade
drug labs continue to grow
how long should a juvenile be held in secure confinement or holding faculty?
during secure confinement they should be held for no longer than 6 hours and out of sight and sound from adults. they can be held in temporary facilities for a period of 48 hours before trial in family court.
where spent shell casing exits the weapon
ejection port
in the frame of most semiautomatics; ejects the spent cartridge out of the weapon
ejector
Trespass Upon the Grounds or Structure of a Domestic Violence Shelter:
elements: has been charged with or convicted of Domestic Violence or Domestic Violence of a High and Aggravated Nature, who is subject to an order of protection, or who is subject to a restraining order, to enter or remain upon the grounds or structure of a domestic violence shelter in which the person's household member resides or the domestic violence shelter's administrative offices, no trespassing signs up.
what four ways do victims respond to Trama short term?
emotional, physical, cognitive, behavioral.
NIJ (National Institute of Justice) standard
establishes minimum performance requirements and test methods for the ballistic resistance of personal body armor designed to protect the torso against gunfire
an "operator" means
every person who drives or is in actual physical control of a motor vehicle upon a highway or who is exercising control over or steering a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle
a "driver" means:
every person who drives or is in an actual physical control of a vehicle
Domestic violence of a high and aggravated nature what bodily injury is needed?
extreme indifference to the value of human life, great bodily injury.
common officer communication errors include
failure to tell dispatch your current location
stickers are not allowed to be placed on license plates (T/F)
false
who has primary jurisdiction on issuing ordering protection and wo has secondary how long does a normal order take? and how long does emergency protection order take?
family court has primary, magistrate has secondary, normal time 5 to 15 days. emergency 24 hours.
The Five Stages of an Active Shooter Incident
fantasy stage planning stage preparation stage approach stage implementation stage
What's the biggest fears in immigrate populations?
fear of deportation, don't know there rights, translation issues,
why do men always not report DV?
fear of not being believed, fear of losing his children to his wife if they divorce, lack of resources, and being mistaken as the aggressor
can be either spring loaded or inertia, located in slide
firing pin, striker
what are the procedures to be used when taking a juvenile into custody.
first assess the situation and determine if a law has been broken that would require a "charge or case be made, procedures for taking the child into custody will begin by contacting the on-call counselor for the Department of Juvenile Justice
Primary contact
first contact between the two collision vehicles, or the location in which a single vehicle struck a fixed object, or an overturning vehicle struck the roadway
Before being issued PPE, a person should be
fit tested
Tennessee v. Garner enacted the:
fleeing felon doctrine
Oxygen, nitrogen, Chlorine and argon are
forms of gas
main part of the weapon, can be made of steel, alloy, or polymer
frame
how do we need to separate the two parties in a DV call?
from each other's sight and sound.
sexual arousal by rubbing one's self against a non consenting stranger in public defines:
frotteurism
What three ways do you need to take pictures of a DV scene?
full body, mid-range, closeup got to show its measurement.
which court sets bond in cases that can result in life sentences?
general sessions
Stereotypes:
generalizations about a group where a defined set of characteristics is attributed to this group; they can be positive or negative.
If the suspect has fled and we have probable cause, what do we need to do?
get a warrant and make sure it's put into NCIC.
What level of injury is required in DV 1st degree?
great bodily injury or offer or attempt to cause great bodily injury, violates a protective order and in the process commits domestic violence in the second degree, has two or more prior convictions within 10 years, uses a firearm in any manner. extenuating circumstances: presence of a minor, victim is pregnant, attempt to block someone from use of their cell phone with threatened use of force or use of force.
How do you set up an investigative plan?
guard yourself against snap judgements, be flexible, be aware that some collisions are staged, be aware that some collisions can be homicide or suicide
a habitual offender is someone who:
had committed three or more offenses as described in subsections a, b, and c in section 56-1-1020 in the SC code of laws during a 3 year period
A person who harbors stereotypes, intolerance, or prejudicial attitudes and uses this as his/her basis during the commission of a crime may be charged with a:
hate crime
Places to avoid traffic stops
hills, curves, heavily trafficked and poor lit areas, roads without shoulders
believed that there are 4 essential fluids in the human body and when those fluids became imbalanced, mental illness occurs
hippocrates
license plates issued for motor vehicles must be attached to the outside of the vehicle and, open to view, and must be fastened securely in a _________ and __________ position
horizontal; upright
statutory definition individual-
human being
When can a child be detained in a juvenile detention center?
if he committed a violent crime, if the child is a flight risk to others, and if the crime involved a weapon.
what can officers say in DV incidents?
if you need us call us, call us again if you need any help, please call us if the aggressor comes back.
Definition of IED:
improvised explosive device
what is the proper and sensitive ways to perform a death or emergency notification?
in person, as soon as possible, in pairs, plain language, with compassion, and do a follow up.
a copy of every __________ ____________ written must be submitted to SLED, along with the booking report
incident report
objective information
includes such verifiable facts as the subject's address, the color of a vehicle, or the date and time of the incident
traffic enforcement programs
including prosecution in court, selective enforcement programs and driver licensing
traffic engineering programs
including public information, legislation and research to build better roads, cars, and provide better signage
traffic education programs
including public support, financial responsibility and public information
fatal injury
injury that results in death
what is the proper order of a radio transmission
intent to stop violators vehicle, location of the vehicle stop, the license #, nature of the stop, description of vehicle (CYMBALS), description of the occupants in the vehicle
What two things does law enforcement have to do when responding to a DV call?
investigate and do a incident report.
Leading circumstances in which LEOs engaged at time of death was
investigative or enforcement activities, or ambush
hostage/barricaded suspect response
involves setting up containment, perimeters, gathering information, and requesting appropriate resources locate, isolate, control
Parens Patriae-
is defined as the empowerment of the state to act on behalf of the child, provide care and/or protection, or the equivalent to that of the parent.
what is human trafficking?
is the commercial exchange for profit of human beings who are placed in situations where they are subjected to involuntary acts such as sexual exploitation, forced labor, and/or domestic servitude. trafficking involves process of using physical force, threats, promises of love, deception or other forms of coercion or intimidation to obtain, recruit, harbor, and transport people
great danger, peril, or to have ones life in danger
jeopardy
What two things must we establish in court in DV situations?
jurestiction, relationship
drug court-
juvenile charged with drug charged will be required to complete a program focused on treatment of addictions.
What is the most common cause of vehicle fires?
leaking or spilled fluids
how do you gain the attention of the violator?
light and sound
During a rapid deployment to an active shooter, the first priority is to:
locate and stop the threat
How does crimes affect victims?
loss sense of trust, and control, leaves them feeling vulnerable, traumatic stress, they are revictimized by the community response, media, law enforcement, family, service providers, and the court system
Characteristics of batters:
low self of stem, jealous, entitlement, isolation, verbal abuse to intimidate.
holds ammunition; loads into the grip of the weapon
magazine
lever or pushbutton on the frame allows you to take the magazine out of the weapon
magazine release
what are ways to interact with victims?
make sure they are safe, don't be biased, ask simple questions, avoid interrupting them. build rapport, take their statement, and a follow up.
victim
may or may not be a witness to the event, but can usually supply some information directly related to the call for service.
'Secure confinement'
means an area having bars or other restraints designed to hold one person or a group of persons at a law enforcement location for any period of time and for any reason.
define status offense as defined in Title 63 of the South Carolina Code of Laws.
means an offense which would not be a misdemeanor or felony if committed by an adult including, but not limited to, incorrigibility or beyond the control of parents, truancy, running away, playing or loitering in a billiard room, playing a pinball machine, or gaining admission to a theater by false identification
statutory definitions of victim-
means any individual who suffers direct or threatened physical, psychological, or financial harm as the result of the commission or attempted commission of a criminal offense
court definition under Title 63 of the South Carolina Code of Laws.
means family court
what is estimated to account for one half to 1 percent of all collisions?
mechanical failure
the criminal intent that is needed as part of the critical element of proof called:
mens rea
class 9
miscellaneous
K2 or spice
mixture of herbs and spices that is typically sprayed with a synthetic compound chemically similar to THC, fake weed, marketed as incense
What level of injury is needed for DV 2nd degree?
moderate bodily injury.
what percent of rape victims will never see their offender caught?
more than 98%
potentially uncooperative
most dangerous type of suspect to handcuff. the experienced criminal and the intoxicated suspect.
What is blood raking?
moving hands over bodies and checking to make sure there is no apparent blood loss
what court does not have civil jurisdiction?
municipal court
Wounded, bleeding, dying victims and fellow officers
must be bypassed until the threat has been eliminated.
are all collisions accidents?
no
striker fire
no hammer
what information does law enforcement need to know before arrival to a DV call?
number of people, call history, if there is any weapons, injuries, back up availability, nature of the call, form a plan of action prior to arrival.
The emotion and chaos of an active shooting scene will likely result in unreliable information regarding:
numbers and descriptions of suspects
subjective information
observations an officer makes at the scene of an incident. They include things such as the demeanor of a DUI suspect or the extent of injuries to a crime victim.
Psilocybin
obtained from certain mushrooms indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Mexico, and the US. produces muscle relaxation, dilation of pupils, vivid visual and auditory distortions, and emotional disturbances.
Group prejudice
occurs when a person conforms to group norms because it appears that is what is expected
secondary contacts
occurs when a vehicle disengages from primary contact, rotates and strikes the opposing vehicle a second time
Personal prejudice
occurs when members of another racial/ethnic group are seen as threats to one's own personal interests
Interviewer's Behavior
officers must realize that the person is also observing his/her behavior as well.
when traveling in the opposite direction when would the driver of a motor vehicle not have to stop for a stopped school bus?
on a multi-lane highway or multi-lane private road
When doing a death notification what should you do?
once the diseased has been properly identified notify the next of kin asap, do it in person, with two people, don't do it outside ask to come in, be simple and direct, with compassion, and do a follow up, if they need a ride somewhere transport them.
what is the length of detention for juveniles who are being held in non-secure custody?
only for time necessary for identification, investigation, detention, intake screening, or waiting for release to parents.
When interviewing someone ask what?
open-ended questions, take notes, listen, don't assume.
night firing safety
operate on a code of silence, obey all safety rules, malfunctions shall be handled by instructors, not students
what are 2 types of law enforcement reports?
operational and administrative
combination of circumstances favorable for the purpose of time or a good chance or occasion to use ones ability. probable cause must still exist.
opportunity
weak handed shooting
palm to palm transfer of weapon from strong to weak hand with wrist and elbow locked, finger is not on trigger during the transfer. The non shooting hand is placed across the chest.
What are field notes?
personal observations recorded by the officer at the scene of an event or at the time information is first gathered
What is PPE?
personal protective equipment
prosecutable child abuse cases are built upon three critical factors:
physical evidence, witnesses, confessions
A _______________ ______________ is the unconscious and involuntary response that people say or show when they are under stress; the response can be verbal or nonverbal
physiological response
adult Jail-
place of detention for adults includes a state, county, or municipal police station, law enforcement lockup, or holding cell
Incident Transition
point in the incident where the "active shooter" stops his/her violent actions and trues to escape or barricades himself/herself
Possible health effects of hazardous materials include
poisoning, nausea and vomiting, headache, skin rashes, chemical burns
who generally investigated traffic collisions?
police
sexual explicit reproduction of a child's image defines:
pornography
Heroin identifiers
powder is white to dark brown, Mexican heroin known as: black tar, sticky like tar or hard like coal
What are our two biggest motivations behind DV?
power and control
What are some indicators that batters may use violence against there partner?
power, control, being served with papers, obssisve over there partner, drug and alcohol.
this type of molester uses seduction to lure a child, typically lacks the interpersonal skills, and is more likely to abduct and murder children:
preferential child molester
What's the four reasons we want to separate DV persons?
prevent contact, conduct interviews without the victim being under fear of threat, prevent the alteration of statements, restrict access to weapons.
In determining whether a person is the primary aggressor, the officer must consider what five things?
prior complaints of domestic violence, severity of the injuries, likelihood of future injuries, if one of the persons acted in self-defense, household member accounts regarding the history of dv.
state v. perkins said that:
protest is protected speech
P.A.S.S technique stands for:
pull,aim,squeeze,sweep
class 7
radioactive materials
active shooter response
rapid deployment calls for the first responding officer(s) on scene to form 1, 2, 3, or,4 man teams and immediately locate and stop threat
an infant or child under 2 years of age must be properly secured in a __________ facing child seat in a vehicle
rear
what are the steps in providing proper first aid?
recognize and evaluate victims conditions, proper emergency treatment
First responders at Haz-Mat have 6 responsibilities
recognize incident and activate response, protect yourself, determine initial response, decide and take immediate action, manage the incident until relieved, transition command
State v. Abdullah
recognizing that the Fourth Amendment does not bar police officers from making warrantless entries and searches when they reasonably believe that a person within is in need of immediate aid
compressed during recoil, returns slide to firing position
recoil spring
rod inside recoil spring(plastic or metal); in some models, the spring and guide are one piece
recoil spring guide
totally uncooperative
refuses to comply with the officer's reasonable verbal commands, prepared to or does resist arrest. officer should avoid trying to handcuff this type of individual until there is backup
resititution
repaying the victim for damage to the property or stolen goods, repairing damage or cleaning up vandalism for the victim or community or writing a letter of apology to the victim
What are operational reports?
reports taken by individual officers about crimes, incidents, arrests, and other daily activities.
what are administrative reports?
reports that affect the administration of a department.
weapon cleaning equipment:
rod, brass, patches, rags, solvent, gun oil, qtips if possible, old toothbrush
When can deadly force be used?
self defense, in defense of another person, to prevent the commission of a deadly felony, or to halt a fleeing felon who s an immediate significant threat
What are some elements of an on scene investigation?
set up an investigative plan, scene protection and examination for evidence, scene examination, drivers/victims/witnesses, locating witnesses, interview medical personnel, interview drivers and witnesses
what does SANE stand for?
sexual assault nurse examiner
what are the components of human trafficking?
sexual exploitation, forced labor, domestic servitude.
what are the most common forms of human trafficking?
sexual exploitation, labor exploitation, and servile marriage which is a mail order bride officer needs to determine if the bride is being held by force.
procedural concerns on transferring a juvenile:
shall be handcuffed, should be searched, may be photographed.
Reasons and causes officers killed in line of duty nationwide )2009-2018 stats)
shot-528 job related illness-408 automobile crash-350 struck by a vehicle-122 motorcycle crash-59
collision photography
should be used as a supplement to the investigation ,assist in remembering in what was seen & used in court
what are some fundamentals of shooting
sight alignment, sight picture, trigger control, breath control, grip
located on the front and rear of the slide
sights (front and rear)
what are the types of semiautomatics?
single action, double action, double action only, striker fire
primary crime scene
site of original activity, more evidence is typically yielded from this kind of crime scene
Long term responses to Trama?
sleep problems, intrusive thoughts, dreams/nightmares, flashbacks, withdrawal/isolation, PTSD, mood swings, sadness, shame, depression, intense fear, phobic reactions, consideration of suicide, drug and alcohol problems, mental illness, heightened fear and distrust, concentration-memory problems, and guilt.
when assembled contains firing pin, extractor, recoil spring, guide, barrel, and on some models a decocker
slide
locks slide to the rear on the last shot; releases the slide to go forward when pressed
slide latch/release
unsupported barricade shooting
standing and speed kneeling
what are the different types of supported barricading shooting positions
standing, kneeling, roll over prone
what are resources available to victims of crime?
state victim resources, community resources, other advocacy organizations.
totally cooperative
subject complies with commands of arrest
what are the 3 phases under the cycle of violence theory?
tension building stress tensions build, acute battering violent outbursts, honeymoon making up
which case made flag burning protected speech?
texas v. johnson
"the conduct of legal proceedings according to established rules and principles for the protection and enforcement of private rights, including notice and the right to a fair hearing before tribunal with the power to decide the case"
the 14th amendment due process
what are circumstances a juvenile can be involved in a transfer of judicial jurisdiction and the procedures for that transfer.
the Constitution gives to the circuit court exclusive jurisdiction or in those cases where jurisdiction has properly been transferred to the circuit court by the family court under the provisions of this section.
evasive action
the action or combination of actions taken to avoid a collision or other hazardous situation
action point
the action point follows reaction and is the place where a person puts into action his decision, such as braking or steering, based on his perception of a hazard
petitions are-
the charging document for family court.
Culture may be defined as:
the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group
reaction distance
the distance traveled during reaction time
double action semiautomatic
the first round is double action, the rest are single action
The continuum of violence theory dismisses what phase?
the honeymoon phase
perception reaction time
the length of time from actual perception of a hazard to the implementing of some avoidance action
final position
the location where a traffic unit comes to rest after collision
who is responsible for maintaining proof of financial responsibility in the motor vehicle at all times?
the owner
Point of possible perception
the place and time at which a normal person could perceive a hazard. The driver may or may not actually see the hazard here, but conditions are such that the hazard is visible if the person is attentive.
point of impact
the place where a traffic unit strikes another traffic unit or some other object or overturns.
Point of perception
the point where a situation, such as a hazard, is comprehended or perceived as a hazard
The DOT placard and label system is used in
the transportation Of hazardous materials
Most hit-and-run collisions are solved when:
the vehicle is located
a seriously injured person should not be moved before the arrival of medical personnel unless:
the victim is in a life threatening position
what signs should you look for when interviewing a victim of trauma?
the victim's demeanor, and visible signs of assault.
when preparing for a DV case we must prepare for every case as if what?
the victims not going to testify, going to testify for the bad guy, not going to show up.
when may law enforcement fingerprint juveniles?
they are charged with an offense, or probable cause that the juvenile committed an offense.
supplementary incident report:
this page is designed to be used if additional narrative space is necessary. This page can be used in any number and can be part of the original report, or it can be used to add to or change an original report later.
Green Personality
this personality is always questioning the status quo.
Blue
this personality type is searching for the meaning of life.
Gold Personality
this personality type is the keeper of tradition.
Orange
this personality type wants to do things now and they have a "just do it" attitude.
what is a major reason for scene protection and examination of evidence?
to ensure that all short lived or sensitive evidence is not removed, lost, stolen, destroyed, or altered
what is the primary responsibility of an investigator at the scene of a collision?
to keep the collision from becoming worse
emergency searched are allowed when
to protect life and safety, to arrest a fugitive in hot pursuit, to preserve evidence being destroyed
what are the top causes of collisions in SC?
too fast for conditions, following too closely, fail to yield the right of way, disregarding traffic sign or signal, improper lane use/change
class 6
toxic and infectious substances
what was the first known surgical procedure thought to cure mental illness?
trephenation
protects against accidental fall of the trigger
trigger guard
a driver is not responsible for an occupant 17 years of age or younger who has a driver's license, special restricted license, or a beginner's permit and who is not wearing a seatbelt (T/F)
true
a driver may obtain full driving privileges at the age of 16 after holding a conditional license for one year without any violations or at fault accidents (T/F)
true
a driver or occupant who has a doctor's note may be exempt from wearing a seatbelt (T/F)
true
if an individual poses a threat to himself/herself or others, law enforcement intervention is necessary (T/F)
true
in order to charge someone with DUS 2nd, the driver must have had a prior DUS within 5 years (T/F)
true
name calling, the use of profanity, and obscene gestures directed at an officer in and of themselves doe not constitute "fighting words" (T/F)
true
only fully published opinions can serve as case law (T/F)
true
police have tolerate fighting words (T/F)
true
the conditional driver's license restriction of transporting a maximum of 2 individuals under the age of 21 does not apply when the conditional driver's license holder is transporting family members or students to and from school (T/F)
true
where can an open container of beer or wine be located in a vehicle?
trunk or luggage compartment
failure to yield the right of way
typically angular impact collisions
witness
typically provide information about an event or circumstance.
following too closely
typically rear end collisions, can be misinterpreted as too fast for conditions
Too fast for conditions
typically rear-impact collisions
disregarding traffic sign or signal
typically side impact collisions
improper lane use/change
typically sideswipe collisions
who was the first to conduct electric shock therapy?
ugo cerletti
Suspects
usually possesses the most significant information since he/she was also a "witness" to the incident. Can also supply insight as to the motive.
Narcotic
variety of substances that dulled senses and relived pain
what are the laws for victims of crime?
victims bill of rights: To preserve and protect victims' rights to justice and due process regardless of race, sex, age, religion, or economic status, victims of crime have the right to be treated with fairness, be informed when accused is arrested, criminal proceedings etc.
As time increases what also increases?
violence.
the questions that the state and defense ask the jury to determine bias are called?
vior dire questions
chapman technique
weak hand holds flashlight underneath pistol or beside pistol with thumbs together
one handed shooting
weapon and elbow locked out straight, slightly inward canting the weapon will help lock the wrist and reduce recoil
in a bench trial, when does jeopardy attach?
when the first witness is sworn in
in a jury trial, when does jeopardy attach?
when the jury is sworn in
What should you never tell the suspect of a DV call?
who called, or what the victim said to law enforcement.
objectives of a collision investigation
who, what, where, why, when
Elements of a complete report:
who? what? when? where? why/how?
What should law enforcement not say to a victim?
why do you stay, I wouldn't put up with that, you need to leave, you're crazy etc.
How should you treat the victim dealing with trauma?
with respect and dignity, use first person, don't judge, be honest etc.
the US supreme court hears appeals by:
writ of cert
how does the SC supreme court hear appeals?
writ of certiorari and direct appeal
written report
written narrative describing a collision scene is essential for preserving the evidence you see and collect
methods of preserving and recording evidence
written report, field sketches, and collision photography
can a person required to report have photos and x-rays taken without parental permission?
yes
can motorcycles have vertically mounted license plates?
yes
When notifying next of kin for fatal and/or critical injuries what should you follow?
your agencies policies and procedures
definition of child as defined in Title 63 of the South Carolina Code of Laws.
"Child" or "juvenile" means a person less than eighteen years of age.
statutory definition criminal offense pertaining to victim and witness services
"Criminal offense" means an offense against the person of an individual when physical or psychological harm occurs, or the property of an individual when the value of the property stolen or destroyed, or the cost of the damage to the property, is in excess of one thousand dollars. a victim of a misdemeanor or felony under state law must be notified of or provided with the information.
Tennessee v. Garner
"Fleeing Felon Doctrine" This doctrine allowed police officers to use deadly force to apprehend a fleeing felon who would otherwise escape.
Lessons learned from active shooter situations
(1) Active shooter incidents are spontaneous. (2) Suspect behavior is unpredictable. (3) Pre-incident signs existed in school incidents. (4) Incidents occur in a target rich environment. (5) First responders were outgunned and did not have adequate training. (6) A tactical intervention took too long. (7) Multi-jurisdictional response issues were present.
Breaching/Entering.
(1) It may be necessary to attempt a door/window breach if it is determined that the suspect is inside a locked room and actively shooting people. (2) An inward opening door can be breached with a ram. Outward opening doors may be pried open using a breaching/prying tool. If a window is available it can be broken out and raked clean with a breaching tool. Bolt cutters may be required for chained doors. (3) Ballistic breaching with explosives and special shotgun rounds may be necessary with metal cased or solid core wood doors. Proper standoff and angle is essential for the safety of the officers as well.
Household member` means:
(a) a spouse; (b) a former spouse; (c) persons who have a child in common; or (d) a male and female who are cohabiting or formerly have cohabited.
Once it appears that a threat has been neutralized, officers should initiate the following sequence of actions:
- quickly determine and announce the status of threat condition - check status of their duty weapon's condition. - set up security after clearing any points of likely opposition - determine an immediate action plan based on whether or not there is more stimulus - communicate the status of the incident with dispatch - check their personal medical status by using blood raking -aid victims until additional emergency personnel enter the structure.
Threat engagement Officers will:
- slow down when approaching the threat area - engage the threat from the leading edge of the door frame - use the proper limited entry technique - clear hard corners prior to entering a room where a threat is located.
What are the 3 generations you will encounter the most as law enforcement?
-Baby Boomers (born between 1946-1964) -Generation X (born between 1965-1980) -Generation Y (born between 1981-2000): The Millennials
Approach to exterior door with entry
-During the entry phase, weapons will be in the ready position whether carrying a pistol or long gun. -Officers will maintain 360 degree security in order to scan and monitor all danger areas. -Officers will move at a speed that allows them to process each danger area. -Entering the door, Officers will conduct a brief scan of the entry point prior to entering the structure.
Implementation Stage
-Once the shooter opens fire, immediate action must be taken. -Initial responding officers need to immediately proceed to the suspect and stop the threat. -If he/she is not stopped, the active shooter will continue to kill until he/she runs out of victims or ammunition. -Remember, the active shooter is unique because he/she is going for the "top score," or the highest number of kills on record for an active shooter incident. -It is almost like a bizarre video game, except its real.
Outer Perimeter Issues and Concerns
-Parents If the active shooter incident occurs in a school, you will have numerous parents converging on your location. -The media is also a concern to officers during an active shooter incident. A separate "staging area" needs to be set up for the media. Keep this area away from parents. -General public: If assisting with outer perimeter issues, be aware that the public may also begin to show up at the scene to see what is going on. -First responders (EMS & Fire) You may need to secure specific locations for personnel from responding fire, EMS and life flight helicopters.
Preparation Stage
-The suspect may be obtaining gunpowder or other chemicals for improvised explosive devices. -He/She might break into a house to steal weapons and ammunition and/or hide them in a designated place closer to where he/she plans to attack. -The suspect may do a practice run or walkthrough of the operation, gearing up for the assault. -Potential shooters have been known to call friends and tell them not to go to school or work on a certain day in order to keep them out of the line-of-fire.
Active Shooter "Profiling"
-There is no 100% accurate profile for an active shooter. -Criminal profiling is guesswork at best. -Shooters can be both male/female and of all races. -When criminal profiling an active shooter, look beyond to the facts and evidence that support criminal activity.
fantasy stage
-dreaming of the shooting -fantasizing about the news coverage and attention he/she will receive -may draw pictures or make web postings -may discuss plans with friends and foes
Components of a good report:
-factual -clear -complete -concise -impartial
planning stage
-suspect is determining logistics: the who/what/when/where of the day -may put plans in writing and will often discuss these plans with others -time and location will be decided -weapons will be determined and how they will be obtained -will determine how to travel to target location and how they will dress to conceal the weapons
Approach Stage
-the suspect has made plans and has committed to carry out the act. -suspect is actually moving toward the intended target and will most likely be carrying the tools that he/she will use for the massacre. -Officers may come into contact with the suspect at this stage because of a citizen complaint, a traffic stop or something similar. - A thorough investigation can lead to an arrest of the suspect before he/she brings down a multitude of innocent people in a shooting or bombing.
When receiving a report of the collision it's useful to obtain information such as:
-when/where the collision occurred. -How bad was the collision and what vehicles were involved? -Traffic disruption problems -Have dispatcher obtain the name, address and phone number of the caller
Response tactics during hallway movement
-work from the center of the hallway to promote views into rooms and movement options. -scan rooms in the prescribed manor to identify those who are actively causing harm. -negotiate through a structure while being exposed to hallway movement (large crowds fleeing, injured victims). -respond to stimulus by the active threat.
Level 1 protects against
.22, .25, .32
Steps to maintaining the proper mindset and controlling one's emotions:
1. Be aggressive and decisive in actions. 2. Be prepared to be fired upon and continue fighting if hit. 3. Be prepared to encounter and bypass casualties. 4. Be flexible, ready to adapt and improvise to win.
detailed physical descriptions include:
1. Build 2. Complexion 3. Hair 4. Facial Hair 5. Hairstyle 6. Scars 7. Disfigurement 8. Odor 9. Demeanor 10. Teeth 11. Speech 12. Clothing 13. Vehicles 14. Weapons 15. Other Items
What 3 questions are used in the "verbal lie detector" method of interviewing?
1. Did you do it? (Watch for reactions, body language or denials.) 2. Have you told me everything? 3. Has everything you told me been the truth?
during an active shooter situation, be mentally prepared to:
1. Encounter numerous victims and bypass them as you search for the shooter. 2. Encounter and engage suspects. 3. Receive incoming fire.
Elements of the report writing checklist:
1. Gather Preliminary Information 2. Victim/Witness/Suspect Statement 3. Investigate the Scene 4. Disposition
According to True Colors (2020) The Four Color Personalities, the personalities can be described as follows:
1. Gold 2. Green 3. Blue 4. Orange
order of progression for initial interview:
1. Identify self 2. Create favorable atmosphere and build rapport 3. Interviewee's free narrative - Encourage interviewee to talk. Do not interrupt. They should be doing 90% of the talking at this point, you should be doing 10%. 4. Question and Answer - Get specific information. Pin down and resolve inconsistencies. 5. Get all the facts 6. Use comparisons 7. Separate fact from inference 8. Verify and test 9. Summarize and obtain descriptions where appropriate 10. Close
What are 3 parts of an incident report?
1. Incident Report - Page One 2. Supplementary Incident Report - Page Two 3. Supplemental Incident Report
Characteristics of Culture
1. Learned: Culture is not biologically inherited; it is passed from one generation to the next. 2. Gives a Range of Acceptable Behaviors: Our culture dictates what is deemed acceptable and unacceptable. 3. Subject to Change: As new cultural traits are added, others are removed because they are not deemed useful or helpful. 4. Cannot Remain in Isolation: No culture exists completely separate from the outside world.
There are several outward behaviors that the interviewer can watch for to help evaluate information garnered from interviews, such as:
1. Loss of eye contact 2. Adjusting clothes/jewelry 3. Crossing of the legs 4. Gazing into the distance 5. Rubbing the hands, back of the head or neck 6. Sweating or scratching 7. Laughing/smiling at inappropriate times **THESE TYPICALLY HAPEN IN CLUSTERS(MORE THAN ONE OF THESE BEHAVIORS AT A TIME)**
Steps of successful report writing
1. Organizing 2. Revise 3. Write in First Person 4. Write in Chronological Order 5. Proofread
Preparation Prior to an Incident
1. Prepare information packets on potential locations within your jurisdiction/area of operation. 2. Officers should walk through potential locations. Know how to get around the location, meet the workers, etc. 3. Maintain proficiency with weapons (rifle, handgun, OC, baton, etc.). Carry extra magazines and ammo. If you don't have a patrol rifle, carry a shotgun, but consider the ballistic capabilities of your weapons. 4. Wear ballistic body armor, carry a primary and secondary flashlight (preferred weapon mounted light), and have a (hands free) radio on the right channel. 5. Be mentally prepared
what should you consider while proceeding to the scene of a collision?
1. Proceed quickly but safely. 2. Do not depend on other vehicles yielding 3. Consider the urgency 4. Choose the best approach 5. Be alert for the possibility of hit-and-run drivers and vehicles leaving the scene. 6. When possible and/or necessary, place warning devices on the approach to the collision
things to take into consideration while interviewing:
1. Status 2. Personal Data 3. Emotional State 4. Attitude 5. Attitude of Interviewer 6. Communication Skills of Interviewee 7. Communication Skills of Interviewer 8. Interview Environment 9. Interviewer's Behavior 10. Types of Questions (Funnel Approach) 11. Timing 12. Case Background
category of persons:
1. Victims 2. Witnesses 3. Suspects
When/Why to Write a Report
1. Whenever departmental policy prescribes 2. Whenever police action is taken 3. When statute requires documentation
Additional Resources for Interviewing
1. doctors 2. DSS 3. DJJ 4. PPP(Probation, Pardon, & Parole) 5. Records section 6. other officers 7. School officials/teachers 8. ministers/church personnel
3 interview classifications
1. formal (structured) -requires preparation 2. informal (casual) -appears to be a normal conversation 3. combination -typically used at the scene
3 methods of taking statements
1. verbal 2. written 3. taped
The avg years of service for LEOs killed was
10
one in ______ men will be assaulted in their lifetime
10
what age of children should never be incarcerated?
10 years or younger.
how many circuit courts are there in the US?
13
what is the age eligibility for the alcohol education program?
17-20 years
Ratification of the Bill of Rights occurred in:
1791
how many jurors sit on the grand jury?
18
Definition of vulnerable adult
18 yoa or older physically and psychologically incapacitated
Westroads Mall in West Omaha. Omaha, Nebraska, December 5, 2007.
19 year old Robert Hawkins shoots and kills 8 people and wounds 5 others. Suspect commits suicide.
a motor vehicle owner may attach a trailer hitch to a motor vehicle provided that the hitch does not obscure more than ______ inches of the license plate issued to the motor vehicle
2
Most firefights last
2 1/2 seconds
Proper month day and year must always be
2 digit month 2 digit day and 4 digit year MM/DD/YYYY
Rapid deployment of an officer on suspicion stops should take
2 seconds or less
In police families how much more likely are they to experience DV than the general population?
2-3 times
how old does one have to be in order to transport alcoholic liquors to and from a place where alcoholic liquors may be lawfully possessed or consumed?
21
how long can law enforcement hold an individual on an order from the judge?
24 hours
the period of emergency protective custody may be extended up to:
24 hours
CHEMTREC is a
24 hr emergency response assistance
When should you follow up for pictures after a DV?
24, 48, 72 hours to show the progression of the injuries.
Suspects used personal weapons (hands, feet, knees, head, teeth)
24.7% of the time
an individual driving cannot receive more than ______ seatbelt violations per car, or a total of ______ in fines
2; $50
Speed
3 seconds or less to cuff suspect
Officer suicide risks
35-39 years old, 10-19 years of service, 20% misclassified, 64% slip under radar
The avg age of LEOs killed is
37
According to SC LEO hall of fame From 1797-2020, how many SC officers were killed?
379
Abuse of alcohol and prescriptions among officers is almost
4 times the national avg and DV is 2-4 times more common than the general population
What percentage of police families experience DV?
40%
Alcohol is the factor in approximately ________of deaths from motor vehicle crashes
41%
Level 111A protects against
44+ sub machine guns
how long does a person have to register their vehicle with the DMV when they purchase a new vehicle or are required to be registered according to section 56-3-210 (A)?
45 days
an abandoned vehicle is one that is left unattended on a highway for more than ________ or a vehicle that has remained on private or other public property for a period of time more than ______ without consent of the owner or person in control of the property
48 hours; 7 days
Crime scene searches are governed by the
4th amendment
SC district court is under this jurisdiction, as in NC, VA, MD, and WS:
4th circuit court of appeals
In summary court cases, how many peremptory challenges do the state and defense each have?
5
LEOs typically only lives
5 yrs past retirement
According to the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics in 2018, how many law enforcement officers were feloniously killed?
55
on a road where the speed limit is 70 mph, what is the maximum speed that a mobile home may be transported?
55 mph
Statutes that set forth the obligations and requirements for accident reporting in South Carolina
56-1-10
US dept. of Justice Statistics in 2018 estimated
58,866 assaults against officers occurred
The requirement for an indictment for a capital offense is required by which amendment?
5th
protection orders last how long?
6 months to a year
Officers should maintain________________reactionary gap
6-8ft
the maximum speed on an interstate in SC is:
70 mph
from the time of issuance from the judge, how long is the mental health order valid to take a person into custody for evaluation?
72 hours
how long does family court have to hold a probable cause hearing for the EPC of a child?
72 hours
Emergency protective hearing is held in what time period?
72 hours excluding weekends and holidays
Divorce rates among officers is
75% on 1st marriages and higher on 2nd marriages
It is estimated that _______ of human communication is nonverbal?
80%
up to ________ of rapes are committed by men known to their victims
80%
Crack was introduced in the mid
80s and abuse spread quickly
a child at least _____ years of age and ________ inches tall may be restrained by an adult safety seat belt if the child can be secured properly by an adult safety seat belt
8; 57
"excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel punishment inflicted"
8th amendment
Hazardous materials are divided into how _______ different hazard classes?
9
How many justices sit on the US Supreme Court?
9
SLED 2009-2018 stats
92% were handguns used to kill LEOs
Traffic collision investigation also provides a foundation for developing
A better understanding of the traffic problems
stabilized situation
A collision can be considered to be in a stabilized condition once all motion and other actions constituting the series of events have ceased and no further harm will ensue unless a new series of events is initiated by some means
Interview
A conversation with a purpose designed to obtain and evaluate information given to law enforcement officers by persons who have knowledge of the events or circumstances of a crime, accident, or other matter of police interest.
Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF)
A joint effort by federal and state law enforcement agencies to combat terrorism
Direct Abuse
A person who knowingly and willfully ABUSES a vulnerable adult is guilty of a felony
Indirect Abuse
A person who knowingly and willfully NEGLECTS a vulnerable adult is guilty of a felony
Haz-Mat is not a fire service problem it is
A public safety problem
What is a Law Enforcement Report?
A report for law enforcement purposes is any written or electronic communication on a departmental form, a preprinted, standardized set of questions.
statement
A single declaration or remark or an assertion; a report of facts or opinions; the act or process of stating or presenting orally or on paper.
Armed Barricaded Suspect
A suspect who is in a position of tactical advantage, usually barricaded in a room, building or vehicle, who is armed with a weapon.
Traditional Deployment
A tactical concept where law enforcement officers maintain a secure perimeter around an armed suspect and wait for a specially trained units to arrive on scene and intervene.
Tactics and strategies of drug patrol may include
ACE or CAT teams, drug dogs, undercover operations, wire taps
If unsafe act is observed that endangers anyone, who is responsible to call CEASE FIRE
ANYONE
Control
Ability to secure the scene
Evasive action
Action taken to avoid a hazard
Driver side advantages
Affords contact w driver, affords control of driver when exiting
The 3 stages of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome are
Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion/burnout
Most oldest universal and widely abused drug is
Alcohol
The B.A. block is for
Alcohol concentration levels. If refuses write REFUSED or BLOOD if collected
Unless a building is entered legally
All arrests and evidence seized may be for nothing
Yaw marks
Always curved, outside tires leave darker marks, length is not useful for speed estimates
If a roadway has both US and SC priorities
Always take the highest priority, US
Base intersection
Always the closest public roadway that intersects the roadway that collision occurred on
harmful event
An occurrence of injury or damage
speed in application
An officer should be able to handcuff a suspect in three seconds or less.
All LEO claims in officer used excessive force-arrests, investigatory stops should be
Analyzed under the 4th amendment
Physical evidence is
Any material, micro, solid, liquid or gaseous that may aid an investigation
Haz-Mat defined as
Any substance or material in any form or quantity that poses unreasonable risk to safety, health and property
Handcuffing is based on 3 tactical considerations
Approach to contact, control upon touch, speed in application
The basic tactics and techniques are
Approach, Position and Control
Intersection
Area which is embraced with the prolongation of the lateral curb lines
Timing
As a general rule, the most appropriate time to conduct an interview is as soon as possible after an incident.
Sniper attack
Assaults from distance with cover and concealment
When officers arrive on a DV call what should they do when they get control of the scene?
Assess any injuries, identify everyone on scene, be observant, get written statements.
ACTE
Assess situation, create simple plan, take action, evaluate progress
The evidence that is documented and recorded at the scene will
Assist in determining the cause of the collision, and provide information that will assist in collision prevention
Cover officer
Assistance, establishes force presence
Reasons officers more susceptible to stress
Authority figures, isolation issues, structure of institution, shift work, danger of comaraderie , control needs, negative world view
Equipment that increases survival
Backup firearm and ammo, long gun, extra cuffs, 2 flashlights
Death Notification Practices
Be absolutely certain of identity In time Get medical info if possible, EMS on standby Go. DO NOT CALL Take someone with you Present credentials Sit down Inform simply and directly Answer all questions honestly Provide as many details as possible Offer to make calls Offer to assist with media
Proper interview methods include
Be alert, be certain of violation, professional, decide appropriate charge, inform violator on law, ask for DL, Reg. And proof of insurance, issue citation, inform court date, time and location
Driver side disadvantages
Being hit by oncoming traffic, in line of sight and of fire, greater risk of being assaulted
Addressing resistance during cuffing can be met by
Bent arm take down or disengage
Depressant or downers are examples are
Benzodiazepines (xanex,Valium) Rohypnol (roofies)
what was established to operate as a restriction on the national government?
Bill of Rights
great bodily injury
Bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious permanent disfigurement
Bladed draw
Body bladed 45 degrees, draw weapon push weapon out toward target
Failure to fire
Bullet doesn't feed from magazine
Date of arrest and date of violation
Can be different dates
Marijuana
Cannabis plant THC most frequently encountered sold by ounce 1/4 $40 1 ounce $100, 1lb $1000 averages 20% THC
Four types of abuse
Caregiver stress Perpetrator Characteristics Intergenerational/transgenerational Violence Self abuse/neglect
Gap skids
Caused by releasing and reapplying the breaks
Alcohol is a _____ ______ ______ _______and is_____ _____ ______
Central nervous system depressant, absorbed in bloodstream
University of Texas shooting
Charles Whitman
University Of Texas shooting (1966)
Charles Whitman shoots and kills 15 people (including an unborn child), wounds 32 others with a high-powered rifle from the top of the clock tower on the University of Texas, Austin. Incident resolved by two uniformed patrol officers who were able to gain entry into the tower and shot and killed Whitman.
Blue section in ERG
Chemical names
What are five indictors of deception?
Choice of words, Misdirecting questions, Denial flags, Changes in demeanor, posture or behavior, Stalling or repeating questions.
what are the elements of DV 2nd degree?
Class: Misdemeanor Court: Genral sessions Elements: moderate bodily injury, violates a protection order and in the process of violating the order commits domestic violence in the third degree, has one prior conviction for domestic violence in the past ten years, if the offense is committed in front of a minor, offense is committed against a person known, or who reasonably should have been known, by the offender to be pregnant, impeding the victims air flow, use of threatened or physical force to block a cellular device.
what's the basic elements of DV in the 3rd degree?
Class: Misdemeanor Court: Summary Elements: Cause physical harm or injury to a person's own household member; OR 2) Offer or attempt to cause physical harm or injury to a person's own household member with apparent present ability under circumstances reasonably creating fear of imminent peril.
Stimulants or uppers examples are
Cocaine, crack, amphetamines, meth, bath salts
Extracted from leaves of a coca plant
Cocaine-sold in bags 1gr $75 8ball or 3.5 gr $150
DNA collection performed how
Concentrate using tip of swab , let air dry, seal in coin paper envelope
Create a winning mindset by
Conquering fear, move beyond fear and focus on the knowns. Do anything to better yourself
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
Consent to search vehicle provided stop not an unlawful detention
Engaging in incidents off duty
Consider equipment you have, population of area, back stop if u have to shoot, reaction of bystanders
Transgenerational
Considered as a possible reason for abuse of an elderly parent by his/her own child who was physically or emotionally abused by that parent when he/she was a child
There are two types of damage incurred by vehicles as a result of a collision
Contact and induced
Three officer; point, point cover, rear guard.
Contact/Point determines direction and speed, point cover picks up uncovered angles, and rear guard defends group from rear or picks up additional angles as appropriate.
Final position of vehicles and bodies are
Controlled and uncontrolled
Controlled and uncontrolled final positions defined
Controlled-position reaches intentionally-ex:vehicle pushed off road to clear traffic, Uncontrolled-position is more valuable to investigation
Types of suspects when handcuffing
Cooperatve, potentially uncooperative, totally uncooperative
Circle yes or no for court appearance required
Court appearance only required when violation will suspend violators DL
Qualities of a good investigator
Courtesy, realize importance of your job, ability to take charge, distinguish between facts and opinions, basic knowledge of collisions and how they occur and knowledge of traffic laws
Chunk or rock from cocaine ready to freebase
Crack-$20 rocks
Other aiding law enforcement agencies
DEA and SLED offer local assistance
department definition under Title 63 of the South Carolina Code of Laws.
DJJ
ERG refers to
DOT Emergency Response Guidbook
Knives are close range
Deadly weapons
Reasons officer kill themselves
Depression, relationships, easy access to firearm, drug and alcohol abuse, financial difficulties, internal investigations
Non-traditional response
Dictate that officers enter the structure upon arrival to the incident, whether as a single Officer or multi-unit capacity.
Types of ambushes
Direct assault, sniper assault, and coordinated attacks
Perception distance
Distance traveled during perception delay
Perception reaction distance
Distance traveled during perception time
44-53-445 code of laws
Distribution of controlled substance within proximity of school-separate offense to sell, buy, distribute within one-half mile radius of school, park or college
Chain of custody
Document chronological history of evidence. EX: case number, date, time, location, suspect, description, seizing officer
Muzzle of weapons will be pointed
Down range at all times when not holstered
Different officer approaches are
Driver side and passenger side
3 components of the collision
Driver, vehicle and roadway
Collision causes are
Drivers and mechanical
Drugs are scheduled how and why
Drugs are placed in schedules I-V depending on their medical use, potential for abuse, safety or dependence and liability
Drivers collision causes are
Due to failure to adjust to existing conditions
safety equipment that should be used at all times
Ear and eye protection and ball cap
Even #s must be
East/West
Columbine High School Massacre Littleton, Colorado, April 20, 1999.
Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold shoot and kill 13 people and wound dozens of others. Both suspects committed suicide. Officers arrived on scene 2 minutes after the initial call; however, officers did not make entry until 45 minutes later.
Mechanical collision causes are
Estimated to cause one half to one percent of all collisions
Green section in ERG
Evacuation/isolation distances and water reactive substances
Collision
Event results in injury, death, property damage directly or indirectly from motion of a motor vehicle
Rendering medical aid is more important than
Evidence collection
Signs that someone could be a trafficking victim
Evidence of being controlled Evidence of inability to move or leave job Bruises or other signs of battery Fear of depression Non English speaking Recently brought to this country Lack of passport
Violation section needs to be formal name of charge
Ex: Driving under the influence, not DUI
Accident investigation
Examination of all elements contributing to accident, resulting in explanation of series of events based on factual data
class 1
Explosives
Haz-Mat first responders are the
Eyes and ears of the situation
natural point or combat stance
Facing target, feet shoulder width apart, draw the weapon, arm extended and wrist locked
Tactical errors that decrease survivability
Fail to recognize threat, tactical positions not used, allowing suspect to be in control, fail to use force that was necessary
Neglect
Failure or omission of a caregiver to provide the care, goods, or services necessary to maintain the health or safety of a vulnerable adult. Ex. Not giving medication
Self stress includes
Family needs and changes, nervousness about protecting public, disappointment when expectations not met, competency, fear of being second guessed
Final position or final rest
Final position after collision
Duties of investigator on collisions
Find out who,what,where,why,and when
The most positive form of ID is
Fingerprints
#1 weapon used to kill LEOs
Firearm
Two officer contact and cover.
First officer (contact/point) determines direction and speed of movement; second officer (cover) supports the contact officer, picks up angles not covered by first officer, is responsible for radio communication and rear security.
MSDS is
Fixed facility information sheets on specific chemicals stored at a facility
Red section of NFPA 704
Flammability hazards
Class 3
Flammable liquids
Class 4
Flammable solids
Limited entry tactics
For limited entry, the Officers should utilize a methodical slicing method known as the 45/90/45 and starting the process off with the leading edge of the door
SC's location is ideal
For shipping contraband throughout eastern seaboard. Midway between Miami and NY
What is PPE used for?
For the purpose of protecting the wearer from hazardous materials
Control upon touch
Gain immediate control
Class 2
Gases
Officers may change roles as contact and cover why
Gender issues, language barriers or skills
Photos will be taken in this manor
General, midrange and close up /to scale
Items to avoid
Gloves that prevent utilization of equipment, unnecessary jewelry
Search patterns
Grid, inward spiral, parallel/CSI, strip/line, zone/sector
Orange section in ERG
Guid pages w/ precaution info
If you don't know what you have at a scene go to
Guide 111 in the ERG
When escorting cuffed subject
Gun away from subject, hold elbow one hand and chain link of cuffs with other hand
Major drug threats in SC are
HC1, crack cocaine, and meth
Oldest known group of drugs, has physiological, sensory and psychic effects
Hallucinogens
The most often used piece of equipment that officers routinely carry
Handcuffs
Blue section of NFPA 704
Health hazards
Packaged in grams, sold in plastic bags or balloons,$20 to $80 a gram, mostly injected/SC routinely packaged in bindles
Heroin
Level 11A protects against
Higher velocity .357, .45
Hazardous materials may be shipped how
Highways, railways, waterways, and airways
Marijuana concentrate
Honey or butter appearance, THC levels 40-80%
Communication Skills of Interviewee
How well the interviewee is able to verbalize is one of the most important variables in interviewing, as is how well he/she understands the interviewer's questions.
T Visa
Human trafficking victims
If you don't know the answer in court, what should you say?
I don't know, and only answer questions asked.
What should law enforcement say to a victim they want to leave the DV situation?
I fear for you and your kids safety, it will only get worse, you don't deserve this.
How to respond on duty in plainclothes
Identify as LEO, if no threat to life be a good witness, follow dept. policies, weigh pros and cons of situation
When collecting evidence
Identify/prioritize, collect most to least transient, focus on easiest 1st, select a search pattern, be aware of multiple scenes, determine packaging and chain of custody
what are things officers Can Not say to people in DV incidents?
If I have to come back here again somebody is going to jail, if we have to come back here again everyone will be arrested, if we have to come back here, everyone will be arrested and the kids will go to DSS, if you [the victim] call us again, I am going to arrest you
Deadly force may be used
If Reasonable cause you believe in imminent danger of loss of life or serious bodily harm at hands of another
How should you approach a Haz-Mat scene
If possible upwind, uphill and upstream
Four areas of Needs of Human Trafficking victims
Immediate assistance- housing Metal health assistance- counseling Income assistance- cash Legal status- certification, immigration
Threat Assessment begins when
Immediately
It is not only important to have PPE but also
Important to know how to use it.
Contact officer
In charge, communication w/ suspect and dispatch, handcuffs and searches
Entering the Premises - Section 16-25-70 (C)
In effecting a warrantless arrest under this section, a law enforcement officer may enter the residence of the person to be arrested in order to affect the arrest where the officer has probable cause to believe that the action is reasonably necessary to prevent physical harm or danger to a family or household member.
White section in ERG
Include resource information, CHEMTREC, contact #s
Common concerns of VictiM
Indifference of the community Isolation: helplessness Feelings of guilt Public sympathy Disparities in judicial system Sensational or inaccurate media coverage Financial burdens of victimization Anger at plea bargains Outrage over leniency Frustration Lack of information Unanswered question Endless grief
Types of crime locations commonly encountered:
Indoors outside conveyances and on the victim/suspect
Traffic enforcement programs, engineering programs and education programs come from
Information collected during investigations
steps in the family court system
Intake, adjudication hearing, disposition hearing
Communications of the traffic stop include
Intent of stop, vehicle description, location, direction of travel, tag #, nature of stop, occupants
Physical Abuse
Intentionally inflicting or allowing to be inflicted physical injury on a vulnerable adult by an act or failure to act. Exxon giving too much medication
Placard and label system
International System devised by United Nations and United States Dept. of Transportation
Roadways are prioritized in this order
Interstate-1, US primary-2, SC primary-3, Secondary-4, city or county-5, others-6
Traditional response
Involve establishing perimeter and waiting on specialized teams (i.e. SWAT) to arrive on scene or waiting for additional units to arrive to establish a response team.
Any call for service has the potential to
Involve hazardous materials
One of most important aspects of crime scene investigation
Is conducting a proper search
Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
Is not legal in the US, also considered as the date rape drug
Intergenerational
Is one that's occurs in ones own generation. Ex. Wife abusing vulnerable husband
Smuggling
Is strictly voluntary where the individual will contract with someone to bring him/her across the border.
Critical incident stress
Is when individuals are involved in a tragic or traumatic event for which neither was prepared for nor expecting
(Arapahoe County Sheriff's Office Centennial, Colorado).
James Eagan Holmes (shooter) Picture was taken hours after a shooting massacre at an Aurora, Colorado movie theater that killed 12 and injured 58 people on July 20, 2012.
Mcdonalds Massacre (1984) San Ysidro, California.
James Huberty shoots and kills 21 people, wounds 11 others. Incident resolved by SWAT sniper.
who determines the sentence in all cases EXCEPT the death penalty cases?
Judge
Certain phrases or he way he Officer talks to the victim may make them feel
Judged and cause the to have more fear and be more traumatized
Hemp
June 2nd 2014 was made lawful to cultivatee, produce, or otherwise grow industrial hemp in this State to be used for any lawful purpose
Primary responsibility of investigators at collision scene is to
Keep scene from getting worse
2. List the historical events and court cases that have impacted the juvenile justice system and their significance.
Kent v. U.S. his case was appealed by his lawyer in result case went to supreme court was charged with a 30-90-year sentence was apprehended on burglary charge for a second time. what came out of this case: As a result of the appeal, the Supreme Court created the following provisions: transfer of jurisdiction case a "child" has a right to a hearing in Family Court before a case is transferred to General Sessions Court. (2) Right to counsel at transfer hearing. (3) Right to access by counsel to social records, probation reports, etc. Re Gault v. U.S.: awarded due process for children and awarded the 5th 6th and 14th amendment Re Winship v. U.S.: Standard became beyond a reasonable doubt, have to prove that juvenile committed every criminal element of the crime. Mckeiver v. Pennsylvania: trial by jury is not constitutionally required for juvenile court. state v. Parker: Juvenile are entitled to Miranda warnings if they are in custodial setting. Not free to walk away.
Case Background
Know as much as you can about the incident or events before you begin your interview. In some cases, you may know only what the dispatcher passes on to you
hallucinogens examples
LSD, Psilocybin/magic mushrooms
Transient meaning
Lasting for only a short time; impermanent
The most common cause of vehicle fires is
Leaking or spilled fluids
Mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut.
Left 27 people dead, including 20 children and the gunman identified as 20-year-old Adam Lanza, reportedly had three guns on him, including an AR-15 semiautomatic rifle. Lanza killed himself in the school. After the shooting, it was discovered that Lanza had also shot and killed his mother, Nancy Lanza, in the home they shared.
Different types of vehicle positioning include
Left offset, right offset and in-line
Orange in ERG has two pages
Left side is potential hazards,right side is response
Which branch of the government makes the law?
Legislative
Perception reaction time
Length of time necessary for a person to perceive and react to a situation, Avg time is 1.6 seconds
Vest threat levels
Level 1 level 11 level 11A level 111A
Approach from the
Level II 1/2 strong side
Most crimes committed against our society are criminals who will most
Likely end up traveling our roads
All weapons at all times are presumed
Loaded
Privately operated facilities must be reported to
Long Term Care Ombudsman and APP
Required clothing while at range inlcude
Long pants, shirts, shoes and baseball style cap
Why officers don't seek help
Loss of badge and gun, viewed as weak
Level 11 protects against
Lower velocity .38, 9mm
Of all the things Haz-Mat target these are the most vulnerable
Lungs and respiratory tract
LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is the most potent hallucinogen known to science
Every year in SC thousands of traffic collisions occur on highways
Many involving serious injuries or death
Perpetrator Characteristics
Many times the children of the vulnerable/elderly person, are dependent on financial or housing assistance due to personal problems in the adult child's life cause by financial or mental health issues.
Maryland vs Wilson
May order passengers out of vehicle of traffic stops
Second intersection
Measuring from the center of the base to the collision location then continuing in same direction to the next intersection of a public roadway
44-53-375 code of laws
Meth, Ice, crank and crack- covers possession, distribution, PWID, and trafficking
All times written on UTT should be written in
Military time
Failure to extract
Most serious
Coordinated attack
Multiple suspects, is the most dangerous
Large diamond shaped placard comprised of 4 smaller diamonds that represent a certain hazard
NFPA 704
If a collision occurs off the roadway the lane number will be
NL for no lane
Violator has no middle name write in space provided
NMN
Bail deposited section is either ____ or ___
NONE, JAIL, SCHP is only agency allowed to collect cash bonds from violators
Barriers for victims
Nature of Crime is hidden Dependent on the trafficker Victims often kept isolated Victims are illegal and unaware of rights as victims Lack of awareness amount service providers Do not perceive themselves as victims
Haz-Mat target the
Nervous system, Skelton and marrow, thyroid gland, lungs, heart, blood, veins, liver, kidneys, intestines and skin
When should you use abbreviations on the UTS
Never
If suspect is out of their car,
Never allow them back in.........to possible weapons
The theory of transfer is that
No one can enter or exit a location without bringing in or taking out sometime of evidence/Every contact leaves its trace
Complacency kills
No such thing as routine
Odd #s must be
North/South
Conversions of directions will be as follows
North=East,South=West, East=North, West=South
Passenger side approach advantage
Not expected by driver, difficult to detect at night, better view
Mistakes that decrease survivability
Not maintains survival mindset not wearing armor did not identify as LEO overreaching capabilities careless not proficient w weapon fails to communicate w dispatch
When are you allowed to place trigger finger within the trigger guard
Not until weapon is pointed down range
First responders should
Note vehicles and people in area exiting, approach with caution, secure and protect scene, render aid
Within the blue, red, and yellow sections there will be a
Number (0-4) that represents severity of hazard
Short term response-
Numbness, detachment, denial, anxiety, sadness, anger, yelling, disoriented, feeling overwhelmed, helplessness/dependent, fearful, and/or the "flat" affect
Officers making arrests for drug violations must
Obtain a warrant from judge over jurisdiction they serve
Harmful event
Occurrence of injury or damage
LEOs should demonstrate application
Of force that is consistent and accepted with police tactics and is reasonable and prudent
Offense code block must be 2 digits
Offense codes that begin with 2,4 and 6 the first number indicates the points assessed
Carroll Doctrine -Carrol v. U.S.
Officer can articulate probable cause that vehicle contains contraband officer may conduct a search
Illinois v. Caballes
Officers can not prolong traffic stop to give canine time to arrive
Every PD throughout state is now carrying semiautomatic pistols due to
Officers require more fire power, ability to reload faster and fire rapidly
Detection of the violation based on reasonable suspicion or probable cause is when
Officers shall perform vehicle stops and only when they have these reasons to do so
Using drug field kits
Officers should never taste drugs, read and follow kit instructions, send drugs to certified lab to be tested
Stabilized situation
Once all motion has stopped or control is regained
Meth
Orally and injected, ICE is smokable meth, has unusual odors
Loaded weapons are not allowed outside the
Orange area directly behind firing line
Shipping orders are
Orders, bill of lading, manifest, most source of information available as to materials in transport
Types of sketches
Overview, elevation, cross projection or exploded drawing
class 5
Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides
Long term Responses, may be seen in court
PTSD Sleep problems Memory problems Dreams/nightmares Flashbacks Withdrawal/isolation Sense of foreshortened future Mood swings Sadness Resignation Depression Intense fear Phobic reactions Consideration of suicide Drug and alcohol problems Mental illness Heightened fear and distrust Shame Powerlessness Guilt
Effects on the officer
PTSD, emotional detachment, heart attacks, ulcers, weight gain, suicidal, marital problems, alcohol or substance abuse
System stress includes
Perception of court rulings, lack of follow up, lack of respect from public, negative media coverage, lack of understanding public, inconveniently scheduled court, prematurely release of offenders
Variables that contribute to Crime Victim Stress
Perception of the injury Prior experience with crime Type of crime/ severity Fear of death Use of weapons Number of assailants Mental health of victim Relationship to assailant Duration of assault Uber of victims Support system Age of victim/offender Ability to cope with stress Consequences to perpetrator
Areas critical incident stress effect
Perception, proximity, level of threat, responsibility, prior experience, nature and degree of support available
time line of violence
Period of time from the suspects first violent action until the action is stopped or the suspect transitions to another activity.
Sketches are
Permanent records, evidence in court if accurate to scene
Arriving on scene, the first thing to keep in mind is:
Personal safety
A Crime scene is
Physical location where crime occurred, place where potential evidence Been brought to and taken from scene and the starting point for an investigation
Define abuse
Physical or psychological abuse
what are the four major forms of DV abuse?
Physical, Emotional, sexual, financial.
Stress
Physical, chemical or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension
Action point
Place and time action is put into effect ex:(braking, steering)
Possible point of perception
Place and time when driver could have perceived a hazard
Signs of trouble with officers
Poor appetite, weight loss, sleep disturbances, loss of interest, loss of energy
identification characteristics
Positively identifiable with individual or source(ex:prints,blood,saliva, semen)
Shipping orders can be found where
Possession of operator, marked envelope in cab, engineer if on train, or engine closest to freight, wheelhouse, or with captain of ship, cockpit and w pilot
Class characteristics
Possibility come from more than 1 source
Every call for service is a
Potential crime scene
Serious of events-2 main categories
Pre-scene events and on-scene events
Classifications of crime scenes
Primary and secondary
Evidence frequently encountered
Prints, blood or fluids, trace evidence, footprints, tire tracks, victims injuries and weapons
You cannot use deadly force unless
Probable cause to believe suspect could cause serious bodily harm to you or someone else
When proceeding to a collision scene
Proceed quickly but safely
44-53-370 SC code of laws
Prohibited acts-manufacturing, distribution, dispense
Physical evidence only useful if
Properly collected, protected and submitted
Most Common Reasons For Human trafficking
Prostitution Exotic dancing Servile marriages Agricultural work Landscape work Domestic work and child care Factory work Restaurant work Construction work Hotel housekeeping Day labor
Emergency Searches are to do what
Protect life and safety, arrest fugitive in hot pursuit, to preserve evidence being destroyed or removed
Value of physical evidence
Prove crime committed, places subject at scene, establishes identity, corroborate testimony, causes suspects to confess, exonerate the innocent, develop motives
Failure to feed
Pull trigger nothing happens
Do not ___________ profile when conducting drug investigations
Racially
No weapons will be loaded until the ______ _______ gives the command
Range OIC
Yellow section of NFPA 704
Reactivity hazards
Graham vs. Connor
Reasonable and necessary, use of force issue
Within 100 hrs of a stressful event a person will
Recall or remember approximately 72%
Countermeasures when attacked with edged weapon
Recognize and avoid, create distance(min. 30 ft), present gun, and as last resort empty hand disarming
Effects on the agency
Reduced morale, tardiness or absent, poor performance
Actions of occupants of a traffic stop include
Remains in vehicle, exits and runs, exits and approaches
Cleaning the weapon
Remove magazine, clear the chamber , field strip, clean the barrel, clean the slide, clean the frame, oil the weapon
Impression evidence
Retained characteristics through direct physical contact
Officers should not
Retreat from attack but stand their ground and meet force with force
Work stress includes
Role conflict, frequent boredom, fear and danger, critical incidents, pressure of protecting others, exposure to human depravity, fiscal uncertainty/pay, shift work, unfair discipline, promotion process, fear of blood borne pathogens
Resources to victims of crime
SCVAN SCDSS VIP SCIVN Crime Victim Legal Network Attorney Generals Office Army Community Service Family Advocacy Program
Not present in all models; safely drops the hammer without firing the weapon
Safety/Decocker
When in the owners section never write
Same as above
Fentanyl
Schedule II synthetic opioid, 80-100 times stronger than morphine. As little as 2mg is potentially fatal
Oxycodone (Oxycontin)
Schedule II, a used orally or crushed and sniffed or dissolved and injected. Come in 10,20,40 and 80mg tabs
Benzodiazepines is a
Schedule IV, and is most widely prescribed
US vs Robinson
Search incident to arrest requires no additional justification
Initiation of stop procedures
Select safe location, gain attention of the violator, anticipate actions of driver
Sources of LEO stress
Self, work, system, organization
Crime affects victims in two ways by destroying
Sense of trust and a sense of control
Always package evidence
Separately, seal with tape do not staple, and plastic bags are not recommended
Accident
Sequence of events that produce unintended injury, death or property damage
Blacksburg, Virginia, April 16, 2007. Virginia Tech. Campus. Shooting
Seung-Hui Cho shoots and kills two students and leaves campus. Returns approximately two hours later and shoots and kills 32 people. Cho wounds several other students and teachers. Suspect commits suicide.
Failure to eject
Shell casing gets caught in ejection port (called a stove pipe)
Effects on the family
Shift work, need to feel control, fear officer be killed or hurt, high expectations of children, presence of a gun at home, believing officer rather spend time w friends than family
Organization stress includes
Shift work, unproductive management, equipment deficiencies, excessive paperwork, lack of reward for good work, politics
Reasonable
Showing reasons or sound judgement, not extreme or excessive
The rule of thumb is
Simple approach of judging proper distance. Extend arm hold thumb out close one eye cover scene, can you still see scene, if so too close
Nomenclature of handcuffs
Single strand and teeth, double strand, rivet, key hole and double lock mechanism, swivel and chain
Ideal ways to document a scene
Sketches, photos, and notes
Most illicit drugs are transported by
Small and mid size passenger vehicles
White section of NFPA 704
Special precautions/information
All locations on the TR-310 are located to what is known as
Standard direction
LEOs are held to higher
Standard than the ordinary man
If a suspect exits and runs
Stay w vehicle, call backup and do not pursue alone
Duties of a driver involved in a collision
Stop at or as close to scene as possible, may leave temporarily to contact police, stop to not obstruct traffic more than necessary, make every effort to restore traffic
Field Interviews
Street level encounters or contacts with individuals initiated by law enforcement officers in an effort to obtain information relating to an investigation into criminal activity, specific complaint, or other matter of police interest
Direct assault
Suspect threatens violence, visibly prepared to attack and assault is straight forward
Bath salts
Synthetic stimulants, manufactured in China and India, off-white or yellow colored powder
Two types of Visas
T Visa and U Visa
what is the most important program and resource for law enforcement to assist victims of human trafficking?
T and U visas T is specifically used for trafficked victims and the U is for all victims of violent crimes.
Position
Techniques for safety + potential evidence gathering and contamination as entering scene
Traffic stop
Temporary detention of a vehicle by police to investigate a possIble crime.
U.S. Supreme Court ruled that shootings of unarmed , nonviolent fleeing felony suspects violated the 4th amendment is also know as
Tennessee v. Garner
definition of necessary force:
That which is necessary is that which must be done, is mandatory, or is compelled by circumstances.
definition of reasonable force:
That which is reasonable is using or showing reasons or sound judgment and not extreme or excessive force.
Handguns is
The #1 weapon used to kill LEOs
Compilation of hazardous materials information can be found in what
The ERG
July 22, 2004 G.W. Bush signed
The LEO safety act which means employed LEOs or retired, local, state and federal can carry concealed lawfully
Each time weapon is drawn to dry fire it will be
The action will be visually and physically inspected to ensure it is unloaded
Caregiver Stress
The caregiver becomes overwhelmed due to the emotional and financial burden of providing care to the vulnerable adult, elder, or incapacitated person
Define human trafficking
The commercial exchange for profit of human beings who are placed in situation where they are subjected to involuntary acts such as sexual exploitation, forced labor, involuntary servitude or debt bondage
Stanford prison experiment Conducted in 1971
The experiment took 24 student volunteers and divided them into two groups: prisoners and guards. They had to play these roles in a mock jail.
The ERG book is good for
The first 30 mins
When approaching a stopped vehicle at night
The flashlight is always in the non gun hand
Between 2009 and 2018 Automobile accidents account for
The highest # of deaths with LEO's
NIK System of Narcotics Identification is
The international standard for testing substances
Communication Skills of Interviewer
The interviewer must be able to make him/herself understood by the interviewee. Communicating on the interviewee's level is important. Most important are the interviewer's listening skills
Interview Environment
The location of the interview cannot always be controlled by the patrol officer. Safety is an important factor for both officer and interviewee, but other factors should be taken into consideration in order for the interview to produce a successful outcome. Try to secure a place where the interviewee can be afforded privacy.
Interrogation
The process of asking questions of a person arrested or suspected of a crime.
rapid deployment
The swift and immediate deployment of law enforcement resources to ongoing, life threatening situations where delayed deployment could otherwise result in death or great bodily injury to innocent persons.
Most hit-and-run collisions are solved when
The vehicle is located
The contact vs. cover officer concept is like comparing
The worker bee to the meerkat, one works hard while other stands guard
Why tell the Long Term Care Ombudsman Program?
They can get anything and pass it on to you for investigation or trial preparedness
Brown-eyed/Blue-eyed experiment Conducted in 1968,
Third graders were divided based on eye color and treated either as superiors or inferiors based on such.
Behavioral Contract -
This is an agreement between the juvenile, parents and the solicitor dealing with the juvenile's behavior. This could be anything from attending an anger management class, to attending school (as in cases of truancy), or having a curfew placed on him/her for a period decided upon by the solicitor and the family of the juvenile
Diversion Program -
This means the juvenile will face the consequences of his/her offense without going into the Family Court.
Considerations on selection of vests
Threat level, conceal ability , wearability and coverage
Perception delay
Time involved from possible point of perception to actual point of perception
Scrub mark
Tire mark resulting from wheel locked or damaged so tire slide along roadway
Skid mark
Tire mark that results from tire locked sliding over surface
Scuff mark
Tire that is both rotating and side skipping
Vehicle preparation includes checks and setups
Tires, lights, radio,siren, horn, and flashlight, clipboard, pens, paper and weapons
The NFPA 704 system was devised
To be used at fixed facilities or on free standing structures such as stationary storage tanks
what is the #1 objective during an active shooter response?
To find, confront, and stop deadly behavior/threat.
Top causes for collisions in SC are
Too fast for conditions, following too closely, fail to yield, disregarding signs or signals, improper lane useage/change. Typically rear end collisions
Drug proceeds are usually moved by
Tractor trailers
Involuntary
Trafficking, one cannot consent to being trafficked or enslaved
Sir Robert Peel drafted ___________ Principles in 1829 that are relevant for today's law enforcement officer
9
a person classified as a Tier III offender of sex crimes is required to register every _________
90 days
how many district courts are there (lowest level federal court)?
94
people with this disorder have had their natural response mechanisms damaged which causes feelings of stress or fear when they are no longer in danger:
PTSD
The supremacy clause establishes what as the supreme law of the land?
US Constitution
what phases (in order) are part of the the rape trauma syndrome:
acute phase, outwards adjustment phase, resolution phase
who favored a decentralized government with the power resting with the states?
anti federalists
the most common mental health condition that affects approximately 18% of the US population?
anxiety disorders
the most common mental illness disorder that develops in children
attention deficient hyperactivity disorder
the mental hygiene was brought about by:
dorothea dix
this is the drug of choice among many populations and is accessible and inexpensive:
ethanol
article II of the US constitution grants:
executive power
circumstance where an object, or body part whose real or fantasized presence is psychologically necessary for sexual gratification is called:
fetishism
those words which by their vary utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of peace
fighting words
what is the most important part of a child abuse investigation?
forensic interview
what can influence whether or not a person develops a mental health condition?
genetics, environment, life experiences
sexual intercourse between blood relatives is referred to as:
incest
submissive, aggressive, acting out/incorrigibility, school related behavior, self destructiveness, severe depression, and PTSD
indicators of common sexual and physical abuse
what is the formal charging document of the grand jury?
indictment
this is formerly known as mental retardation
intellectual disability
use of the mouth on the penis of a male is called
intercourse
the judicial branch ____________ the law
interprets
in early hebrew law, what was the great importance when determining whether a sexual assault had taken place?
location of the assault
characteristics of a situational child molester?
low self esteem/poor coping skills, inadequate/social misfit, morally indiscriminate, may transport the child a short distance for privacy
speaking in a monotone voice or lack of speech would be classified as what kind of symptom of schizophrenia?
negative
can someone be prosecuted or punished at all for burning the american flag?
no
the initial period of emergency protective custody for a child is:
no more than 24 hours
who introduced the humane methods of treatment in asylums?
philippe pinel
psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia not seen in healthy people
positive
which type is responsible for the highest number of child victimizations?
preferential child molester
what hearing is known as the "probable cause hearing", who must request it, and within what time frame?
preliminary hearing, the defense, and within 10 days of the bond hearing
examples of _________ motions are continuance, settle defendant's prior record, and sequestration of witnesses
pretrial
Peel stated that the basic mission of law enforcement is to _______ as an alternative to _________?
prevent crime and disorder; using military force to repress crime
level of proof needed when presenting a case before the grand jury:
probable cause
this type of abuse that is done in conjunction with another type of abuse, such as sexual assault
psychological abuse
what are the five stages in the process of the child forensic interview?
rapport, anatomy identification, touch inquiry, abuse scenario, closure
what is the compulsory process for obtaining witnesses as listed in the 6th amendment?
the power to subpoena
who bears the burden of proof in order to obtain a conviction during trial?
the prosecution
what is the most common manipulation tactic used by "sextortionists" in order to have the child comply with their demands?
threaten to release of the sexually explicit images online
what is not protected when directed at law enforcement officers?
threats, physically interfering, intoxication
the 1st amendment protects a significant amount of verbal criticism and challenge directed at police officers (T/F)
true
unless a patient has been adjudicated incompetent, no patient may be denied the right to dispose of property, make purchases, marry, or vote (T/F)
true
within 72 hours of sexual assault, a sexual assault evidence kit should be used for both children and adults (T/F)
true
indicators that a child has been neglected are:
unhealthy, dirty, failure to thrive, unattended
what two additional protections does the SC Constitution have in article I: section 10 that the 4th amendment does not have?
unreasonable invasion of privacy and particularity requirement
how long may a hospital/doctor detain a child they feel is being abused without consent on the person responsible for the child?
up to 24 hours
how long does the law enforcement department have to conduct a prelim on the EPC of the child?
within 24 hours
during which part of the legal proceedings does the defendant enter as a plea?
bond hearing
characterized by a person's inability to regulate his/her emotions?
borderline personality disorder