Schoology - The Gilded Age

Closed Shop: A union-organizing term that refers to the practice of allowing only ____________ employees to work for a particular company. The _____________ became known for negotiating closed-shop agreements with employers, in which the employer would agree not to hire nonunion members. 1. unionized; AFL 2. unionized; National Labor Union 3. any imployee; AFL 4. none of the choices are correct

1. unionized; AFL

During the Gilded Age, which of the following groups generally voted Republican? 1. Roman Catholic immigrants 2. Black northerners 3. Confederate war veterans 4. Southern Protestant farmers 5. Unskilled wage earners

2. Black northerners

During the Gilded Age, which of the following groups generally voted Republican? 1. Roman Catholic immigrants 2. Black northerners 3. Unskilled wage earners 4. Confederate war veterans 5. Southern Protestant farmers

2. Black northerners

1. Millionaire who conspired to corner the gold market in 1869 - 2. President assassinated during his first year in office - 3. Obscure candidate who was at one point dubbed "The Great Unkown" James A. Garfield - A Rutherford B. Hayes - B Jay Gould - C

1. C 2. A 3. B

In contrast to the Knights of Labor, what did the American Federation of Labor advocate for? 1. Concentrating on improving wages and hours and avoiding general social reform 2. Using secrecy and violence against employers 3. Uniting both skilled and unskilled workers into a single large union 4. Implementing socialism in state governments 5. Working for black and female labor interests as well as those of white men

1. Concentrating on improving wages and hours and avoiding general social reform

What brought a halt to Boss Tweed's widespread corruption? 1. The journalistic exposes of The New York Times and cartoonist Thomas Nast 2. Outraged citizens who rebelled against the waste of public money 3. A congressional committee hearing championed by Liberal Republicans 4. Tweed's political opponents in New York City 5. Federal prosecutors who uncovered the theft

1. The journalistic exposes of The New York Times and cartoonist Thomas Nast

Pendleton Act 1. Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reining in the spoils system. 2. The last piece of federal civil rights legislation until the 1950s, the law promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism in jury selection, but it provided no means of enforcement and was therefore ineffective. In 1883, the Supreme Court declared most of the act unconstitutional. 3. Federal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the United States. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in U.S. history. 4. The agreement that finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended Reconstruction.

1. Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reining in the spoils system.

The assassination of President James Garfield by a disappointed office seeker did which of the following? 1. Created the impetus to establish the first civil service system for federal employees 2. Prompted the creation of the Secret Service 3. Meant that the Conklingites would all get good jobs 4. Meant that Chester Arthur continued his record of cronyism and his fondness for fine wines and elegant clothing 5. Led politicians to turn to the bulging coffers of the big corporations

1. Created the impetus to establish the first civil service system for federal employees

States in which of the following time zones were not compelled by the federal government to cede land to railroad companies? 1. Eastern Time 2. Mountain Time 3. Central Time 4. Pacific Time

1. Eastern Time

Which of the following was the most important factor promoting the construction of railroads after the Civil War? 1. Government subsidies in the form of loans and land grants 2. Foreign investment in U.S. businesses 3. None of the choices are correct. 4. Technological innovations that made long-haul shipping economical

1. Government subsidies in the form of loans and land grants

The depression that began with the panic of 1873 created the first major clamor for which of the following? 1. Inflationary policies to be promoted by issuing greenbacks and other forms of soft money 2. Sharp restrictions on immigration from Europe and East Asia 3. State or federal regulation of large corporations and of stock trading 4. A national health insurance plan 5. Federal insurance and job creation for the unemployed

1. Inflationary policies to be promoted by issuing greenbacks and other forms of soft money

Which of the following best accounts for the success of the American Federation of Labor in organizing labor in the late 1800s? 1. Its policy of organizing only skilled craftsmen 2. Its organization of all workers within a single industry into one union 3. Its active recruitment of immigrant workers 4. Its policy of racial inclusiveness 5. Its campaign for a minimum wage

1. Its policy of organizing only skilled craftsmen

To justify their economic domination of their industries, large trusts like Standard Oil and those of Swift and Armour claimed what? 1. Large-scale methods of production and distribution could provide superior products at low prices. 2. Only large American corporations could compete with huge British and German international companies. 3. They were fundamentally concerned with serving the public interest instead of private profit. 4. Competition among many small firms was contrary to the law of economics. 5. They would hold their wealth for only a short time in a trust before redistributing it to American workers.

1. Large-scale methods of production and distribution could provide superior products at low prices.

The passage above (Sherman Anti-Trust Act) was most effectively used for which purpose in the late nineteenth century? 1. Limiting the power of labor unions 2. Restricting the power of monopolies and trusts 3. Upholding the powers of the Interstate Commerce Act 4. Supporting the goals of Social Darwinists 5. Regulating railroads and grain storage silos

1. Limiting the power of labor unions

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in all of the following except: 1. More rights for blacks in the South 2. The return to Democratic-dominated electoral politics in the South 3. President Hayes agreed to withdraw federal troops from former Confederate states. 4. The resolution of the 1876 election 5. The official end of Reconstruction

1. More rights for blacks in the South

"We believe that the time has come when the railroad corporations will either own the people or the people must own the railroads ... We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible ... We demand a graduated income tax ... We demand a free ballot." Which of the following groups included the passage above in its platform? 1. People's Party (Populists) 2. National Grange 3. Union-Labor Party 4. Democratic Party 5. American Federation of Labor

1. People's Party (Populists)

Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the Populist Party? 1. Sharecroppers 2. Industrialists 3. Bankers 4. Immigrants

1. Sharecroppers

Members of which of the following groups were most likely to support the Populist Party? 1. Sharecroppers from the South 2. Chinese railroad workers from the West 3. Irish immigrants in New England cities 4. Industrialists in the Midwest 5. Bankers from the East

1. Sharecroppers from the South

All of the following were nineteenth-century transcontinental railroad lines except: 1. The Canadian Railroad 2. The Atchison, Topeka, and Sante Fe Railroad 3. The Northern Pacific Railroad 4. The Southern Pacific Railroad 5. The Great Northern Railroad

1. The Canadian Railroad

Who is associated with the Haymarket Square riot? 1. The Knights of Labor 2. The American Federation of Labor 3. The National Labor Union 4. Women workers 5. Black workers

1. The Knights of Labor

Access to natural resources for businesses changed from the mid-1800s to the late 1800s most directly as a result of which of the following factors? 1. The expansion of communication systems such as the electric telegraph 2. The emergence of new scientific theories such as evolution 3. The invention of the automobile and the building of highways 4. The establishment of national parks for wilderness preservation

1. The expansion of communication systems such as the electric telegraph

What was one of the most difficult adjustments many formerly rural workers had to make to the industrial system? 1. The strict discipline and regimentation of time 2. The complexity of technological machinery 3. The short working hours compared to work on the farm 4. The warmness and intimacy of contact with their bosses and supervisors 5. The lack of seasonal variation in work

1. The strict discipline and regimentation of time

How are federal soldiers portrayed in the image ("The Strong Government") on the left? 1. As slave masters 2. As liberators 3. As protectors of the public peace

1. as slave masters

Between 1870 and 1900, farmers did all of the following in an attempt to better their condition EXCEPT 1. limit production of crops 2. seek state regulation of railways 3. organize cooperative marketing societies 4. form a third political party 5. advocate inflation of the currency

1. limit production of crops

In the three decades following the Civil War, the policies of the Republican Party generally favored 1. northern industrial interests 2. southern agricultural interests 3. the interests of laborers 4. inflationary currency policies 5. woman suffrage

1. northern industrial interests

Horace Greeley 1. A railroad magnate who was involved in the Black Friday scandal in 1869 and later gained control of many of the nation's largest railroads, including the Union Pacific. He became revered and hated for his ability to manipulate railroad stocks for his personal profit and for his ardent resistance to organized labor. 2. A New York newspaper editor, Greeley ran for president in 1872 under the mantles of the Liberal Republican and Democratic parties. 3. The Republican congressman from Maine who became Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1889 and then led the Billion-Dollar Congress like a "czar," making sure that his agenda dictated the business of the legislature. 4. None of the choices are correct.

2. A New York newspaper editor, Greeley ran for president in 1872 under the mantles of the Liberal Republican and Democratic parties.

After the Civil War, some businesspeople and newspaper editors—such as the Atlanta Constitution's Henry Grady—promoted the idea of a New South. Which of the following best describes their vision for the southern states? 1. An agricultural region of large plantations growing cotton, tobacco, and rice, worked by sharecroppers 2. A mixed economy no longer primarily dependent on cash crops 3. An industrial region whose economic mainstays would be the mining and smelting of minerals and metals 4. A postindustrial region whose economy revolved around health care, insurance, and financial services 5. An agricultural region consisting of small farms focused on growing food crops

2. A mixed economy no longer primarily dependent on cash crops

Gilded Age 1. A system, prevalent during the Gilded Age, in which political parties granted jobs and favors to party regulars who delivered votes on election day. Patronage was both an essential wellspring of support for both parties and a source of conflict within the Republican party. 2. A term given to the period 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era. 3. A worldwide depression that began in the United States when one of the nation's largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses. 4. Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reining in the spoils system.

2. A term given to the period 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era.

How did Congress intend to decide the disputed election? 1. By holding a reelection in the disputed districts 2. By a special electoral commission created by Congress 3. By following the procedure laid out by the Constitution

2. By a special electoral commission created by Congress

Who is likely buried in the image ("The Strong Government") on the right? 1. The Solid South 2. Carpetbaggers 3. Slaveholders

2. Carpetbaggers

Which was a result of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882? 1. The doctrine of "birthright citizenship" was deemed unconstitutional. 2. Chinese immigration was prohibited in the United States until 1943. 3. Chinese immigrants were prohibited from leaving the United States until 1943. 4. All people born to immigrants in the United States were prohibited from leaving the country. 5. Children born to Chinese immigrants in the United States were forced to return to China.

2. Chinese immigration was prohibited in the United States until 1943.

All of the following were true of the Election of 1884 except: 1. Victory-starved Democrats turned enthusiastically to a noted reformer, Grover Cleveland. 2. Cleveland chose to "lie like a gentleman" about his illegitimate son. 3. Reform-minded Republicans opposed the nomination of James G. Blaine. 4. Reformers who bolted to the Democrats were sneeringly dubbed Mugwumps by their enemies. 5. Blaine's enemies publicized the fishy-smelling Mulligan letters, written by Blaine to a Boston businessman and linking the powerful politician to a corrupt deal involving federal favors to a southern railroad.

2. Cleveland chose to "lie like a gentleman" about his illegitimate son.

True or False: Democrats and Republicans were at opposite ends of the room on questions of the tariff and civil-service reform during the postwar period. 1. True 2. False

2. False

Why was the Democrats' nomination of Horace Greeley as their presidential candidate in 1872 politically disastrous? 1. Greeley conceded the campaign to Grant without a fight. 2. Greeley had spent many years denouncing Democrats as morally deficient slave traders and traitors. 3. Greeley was too strongly identified with the cause of black Reconstruction. 4. Greeley had been involved in corrupt schemes as an editor of the New York Tribune newspaper. 5. The Liberal Republicans had already nominated Greeley as their candidate.

2. Greeley had spent many years denouncing Democrats as morally deficient slave traders and traitors.

Who was declared the victor in 1876? 1. Tilden 2. Hayes 3. Roosevelt

2. Hayes

What was the significance of the Supreme Court ruling in Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois? 1. It enforced state laws on interstate commerce. 2. It prohibited states from regulating interstate commerce. 3. It prevented railroads from creating rebates and pools. 4. It compelled railroads to publish standard rates. 5. It established a federal regulation on the railroads.

2. It prohibited states from regulating interstate commerce.

Which of the following was true of the American labor movement in the late nineteenth century? 1. It was controlled by immigrant socialists and anarchists. 2. It was involved in a number of violent strikes. 3. It was confined to factory workers. 4. It was allied with the Democratic party. 5. It was protected from employer harassment by federal law and policy.

2. It was involved in a number of violent strikes.

"If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests, and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." William Jennings Bryan, 1896 Which of the following groups would most likely agree with the quote above? 1. New York City financiers 2. Midwestern farmers 3. Urban workers 4. White-collar and professional workers 5. Railroad executives

2. Midwestern farmers

What does the image (Chicago street) indicate about urban life in Chicago? 1. Electricity had not yet arrived by 1900. 2. People worked in one part of the city and lived in another. 3. Living conditions were unbearably squalid.

2. People worked in one part of the city and lived in another.

In 1868, Republicans generated enthusiasm for their candidate, Ulysses S. Grant, by doing what? 1. Promising to redeem federal war bonds in gold 2. Reviving gory images of the Civil War 3. Denouncing military Reconstruction

2. Reviving gory image of the Civil War

What was the basic belief of the Social Darwinists? 1. The wealthy should give to the poor. 2. Survival of the fittest. 3. Hard work pays off. 4. Anyone can succeed, regardless of natural talent. 5. Everyone is born with equal abilities.

2. Survival of the fittest.

Which of the following labor organizations endorsed the philosophy of "bread and butter" unionism by concentrating on demands for higher wages, shorter hours, and improved work conditions? 1. The Knights of Labor 2. The American Federation of Labor 3. The Molly Maguires 4. The Industrial Workers of the World 5. The National Labor Union

2. The American Federation of Labor

Which two railroads joined to create the first transcontinental line in 1869? 1. The Pacific and Great Northern 2. The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific 3. The Southern Pacific and the Northern Pacific 4. The New York Central and the Santa Fe 5. The Burlington Northern and the Santa Fe

2. The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific

The People's (Populist) Party emerged most directly in response to which of the following late-nineteenth-century trends? 1. The development of political machines 2. The growth of corporate power in agriculture and the economy 3. The influx of migrants from Asia and southern and eastern Europe 4. The efforts of businesses to gain control over markets and resources abroad

2. The growth of corporate power in agriculture and the economy

Interlocking Directorates 1. The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition. 2. The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the board of directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s. 3. The practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market, often by forming trusts and alliances with competitors. 4. None of the choices are correct.

2. The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the board of directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.

"Waving the Bloody Shirt" 1. The common emphasis from the Populist Party. 2. The use of Civil War imagery by political candidates and parties to draw votes to their side of the ticket. 3. A method of surrender in combat. 4. Common tactic used by the Democratic Party.

2. The use of Civil War imagery by political candidates and parties to draw votes to their side of the ticket.

How did the government contribute to the building of the national rail network? 1. They imported substantial numbers of Chinese immigrants to build the railroads. 2. They provided free grants of federal land to the railroad companies. 3. They created a spy agency to steal trade secrets from British railroad companies. 4. They built and operated the first transcontinental rail lines. 5. They transported the mail and other federal shipments via the rail lines.

2. They provided free grants of federal land to the railroad companies.

The precipitating factor in the 1894 Pullman strike was Pullman's 1. retraction of its promise to provide an employee insurance and retirement plan 2. cutting of wages without proportionate cuts in company housing rents 3. employment of immigrant labor at less than a living wage 4. introduction of scrip in part of payment wages 5. dismissal of union workers

2. cutting of wages without proportionate cuts in company housing rents

Although the Sherman Antitrust Act was originally intended to inhibit the growth of business monopolies, courts initially used its provisions successfully against 1. banks 2. labor unions 3. immigrants 4. public schools 5. urban political machines

2. labor unions

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the formation of labor unions was often a response to 1. the presence of women in certain areas of industrial work 2. low wages and dangerous conditions in industrial work 3. the large numbers of immigrants working in factories 4. federal protection of workers' rights to organize 5. the emergence of multinational companies and increased global competition

2. low wages and dangerous conditions in industrial work

What did a vertical integration like the Carnegie Steel Corporation accomplish? 1. an extremely hierarchical corporate organization, with all decisions tightly controlled at the top. 2. monopolistic control of every phase of business, from raw material to final consumer. 3. It sped the promotion of workers from the lowest positions to the highest. 4. It drove out competing metal producers like those in copper and aluminum. 5. It created a system of interlocking directorates among supposedly competing companies.

2. monopolistic control of every phase of business, from raw material to final consumer.

What can be inferred about manufacturing in 1900? 1. Racial segregation was still a norm in factories. 2. Public advertising was important to sales. 3. Factory workers were mistreated.

2. public advertising was important to sales

The method of mass production that developed during the nineteenth century was a process that 1. gave workers greater autonomy, less supervision, and the chance to be creative 2. relied on the use of power-driven machinery 3. promoted more cooperation between labor unions and factory owners 4. relied on guilds to train artisans 5. utilized wireless communications to improve efficiency

2. relied on the use of power-driven machinery

Which of the following was not an effect of transcontinental railroad lines? 1. Cities grew in number and population. 2. The cost of the railroads resulted in an economic depression. 3. Lands were depleted more quickly. 4. The country experienced a mighty stream of immigration. 5. The mining and agricultural industries were stimulated.

2. the cost of the railroads resulted in an economic depression

The image (Tweed Boss at Ballot Box) was created most directly in response to: 1. poll taxes and literacy tests that blocked African Americans from voting 2. the power gained by urban political machines 3. the exclusion of women from voting 4. social reform efforts by settlement-house workers

2. the power gained by urban political machines

As a result of electoral irregularities, how many contested electoral votes were there in this election? Meaning that the election's results would have to await the settlement of these votes. 1. 30 2. 10 3. 20

3. 20

Haymarket Square 1. Eighteen anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin. 2. All the choices are correct. 3. A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people. Eight anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin. Four were executed, one committed suicide, and three were pardoned in 1893. 4. Five were executed, one committed suicide, and three were pardoned in 1893.

3. A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people. Eight anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin. Four were executed, one committed suicide, and three were pardoned in 1893.

Jay Gould 1. A New York newspaper editor, Greeley ran for president in 1872 under the mantles of the Liberal Republican and Democratic parties. 2. None of the choices are correct. 3. A railroad magnate who was involved in the Black Friday scandal in 1869 and later gained control of many of the nation's largest railroads, including the Union Pacific. He became revered and hated for his ability to manipulate railroad stocks for his personal profit and for his ardent resistance to organized labor. 4. The Republican congressman from Maine who became Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1889 and then led the Billion-Dollar Congress like a "czar," making sure that his agenda dictated the business of the legislature.

3. A railroad magnate who was involved in the Black Friday scandal in 1869 and later gained control of many of the nation's largest railroads, including the Union Pacific. He became revered and hated for his ability to manipulate railroad stocks for his personal profit and for his ardent resistance to organized labor.

Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois: 1. A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. 2. This decision occurred in 1886. 3. All choices are correct. 4. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry.

3. All choices are correct

Grover Clevelend 1. During his second term, he faced one of the most serious economic depressions in the nation's history but failed to enact policies to ease the crisis. 2. Cleveland's first term was dominated by the issues of military pensions and tariff reforms. He lost the election of 1888, but he ran again and won in 1892. During his second term, he faced one of the most serious economic depressions in the nation's history but failed to enact policies to ease the crisis. 3. All choices are correct. 4. President from 1885 to 1889 and again from 1893 to 1897.Cleveland's first term was dominated by the issues of military pensions and tariff reforms. He lost the election of 1888, but he ran again and won in 1892. During his second term, he faced one of the most serious economic depressions in the nation's history but failed to enact policies to ease the crisis.

3. All choices are correct.

The People's Party (Populist) advocated which of the following? 1. A decrease in agricultural production 2. Support for civil rights legislation 3. An increase in the money supply 4. Public ownership of the means of production 5. Joint ownership of businesses by urban laborers and farmers

3. An increase in the money supply

The cartoon suggests that the disparate groups that favored the People's (Populist) Party typically shared which of the following? 1. Support for United States expansionism 2. The idea that wealthy people had some obligation to help people living in poverty 3. Belief in a stronger federal government role in the United States economic system 4. Advocacy of individual rights

3. Belief in a stronger federal government role in the United States economic system

How did J. P. Morgan eliminate his banking competition? 1. By spurring the depression of the 1890s 2. By lowering his prices 3. By establishing interlocking directorates 4. By using vertical integration 5. By using horizontal integration

3. By establishing interlocking directorates

William M. "Boss" Tweed: "As long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it?" During the late nineteenth century, politicians such as the one depicted in the image most likely would have opposed which of the following? 1. The expansion of the transcontinental railroad system 2. Social services provided to immigrants by local politicians 3. Calls for reforms to local and state governments 4. Social services provided to immigrants by local politicians

3. Calls for reforms to local and state governments

Blaine lost the election of 1884 for all of the following reasons except: 1. A witless Republican clergyman from New York damned the Democrats in a speech as the party of "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion." 2. Cleveland's paper-thin plurality of about a thousand votes in New York State were enough to give him the presidency. 3. Cleveland had been involved in an amorous affair with a Buffalo widow, who had an illegitimate son, for whom Cleveland had made financial provision. 4. Blaine's "Mulligan letters," one of which ended with the furtive warning, "Burn this letter." 5. Blaine lost the crucial support of a number of Irish voters.

3. Cleveland had been involved in an amorous affair with a Buffalo widow, who had an illegitimate son, for whom Cleveland had made financial provision.

Which of the following was LEAST involved in the struggle for women's rights? 1. Carrie Chapman Catt 2. Lucretia Mott 3. Dorthea Dix 4. Elizabeth Cady Stanton 5. Alice Paul

3. Dorthea Dix

Tweed Ring A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the________ Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled ____________ from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars. 1. Chicago; $200 million 2. New York City; $1 billion 3. New York City; $200 million 4. None of the choices are correct

3. New York City; $200 million

What conclusion may be reasonably drawn from the image ("The Strong Government") about the cartoonist's views? 1. The Solid South must die in order for the entire nation to succeed. 2. A strong federal government is necessary for economic development. 3. Southerners will thrive without outside interference.

3. Southerners will thrive without outside interference.

Which of the following best explains a connection between the economic productivity of the United States in the mid-1800s and in the late 1800s? 1. The use of sharecropping in the South expanded cotton agricultural production. 2. Corporations' need for managers fostered the growth of a large middle class. 3. The application of new technologies expanded large-scale industrial manufacturing. 4. Labor unions sought to improve conditions in factories and wages for workers.

3. The application of new technologies expanded large-scale industrial manufacturing.

What conclusion may be reasonably drawn from the image about the architecture of downtown Chicago? 1. Buildings were particularly vulnerable to fire. 2. Many buildings were left vacant. 3. The buildings were used for residential and commercial interests alike.

3. The buildings were used for residential and commercial interests alike.

Vertical Integration 1. The practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market, often by forming trusts and alliances with competitors. 2. A mechanism by which one company grants control over its operations, through ownership of its stock, to another company. The Standard Oil Company became known for this practice in the 1870s as it eliminated its competition by taking control of smaller oil companies. 3. The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition. 4. The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the board of directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.

3. The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition.

Horizontal Integration 1. A mechanism by which one company grants control over its operations, through ownership of its stock, to another company. The Standard Oil Company became known for this practice in the 1870s as it eliminated its competition by taking control of smaller oil companies. 2. None of the choices are correct. 3. The practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market, often by forming trusts and alliances with competitors. 4. The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition.

3. The practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market, often by forming trusts and alliances with competitors.

Which best describes the relationship between the Democrats and the Republicans during the Gilded Age? 1. They were divided over silver vs. gold currency. 2. They agreed on currency policy but not the tariff. 3. They had few significant policy differences. 4. They disagreed primarily over the power of the federal government. 5. They held similar views on all economic issues except for civil-service reform.

3. They had few significant policy differences.

William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" oration was primarily an expression of his 1. opposition to teaching the theory of evolution in public schools 2. fundamentalist religious beliefs 3. advocacy of free and unlimited coinage of silver 4. anti-imperialist convictions 5. neutral stance toward the belligerents of the First World War

3. advocacy of free and unlimited coinage of silver

The image (The Protectors of Our Industries) was created most directly in response to the 1. provision of government subsidies for transportation 2. rampant consumerism of the middle class 3. consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies 4. increased migration of people from southern and eastern Europe

3. consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies

In the last half of the nineteenth century, the New South advocates supported 1. elimination of convict leasing 2. creation of a southern literature critical of the Old South 3. expansion of southern industry 4. elimination of Jim Crow segregation 5. limitation on West Indian migration to the United States

3. expansion of southern industry

The situation depicted in the image (The Protector of Our Industries) contributed most immediately to 1. the creation of a federal agency to regulate the money supply 2. efforts by southern leaders to achieve industrial development similar to that of the North 3. the organization of new labor unions to confront managerial power 4. businesses seeking control over markets and resources outside the United States

3. the organization of new labor unions to confront managerial power

Plessy v. Ferguson 1. System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century. 2. Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reining in the spoils system. 3. None of the choices are correct. 4. A Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s.

4. A Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s.

Crédit Mobilier scandal 1. A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices—and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the Crédit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the vice president to allow the ruse to continue. 2. Was an example of some of the corruption that occurred during this period of time. 3. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the Crédit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the vice president to allow the ruse to continue 4. All choices are correct.

4. All choices are correct.

In its efforts on behalf of workers, the National Labor Union won which of the following? 1. All of these choices are correct 2. An eight-hour day for all workers 3. Equal pay for women 4. An eight-hour day for government workers 5. The right to collective bargaining

4. An eight-hour day for government workers

Which one of the following railroad companies did not receive a land grant from the federal government? 1. New York Central Railroad 2. Northern Pacific Railroad 3. Central Pacific Railroad 4. Great Northern Railroad

4. Great Northern Railroad

Which of the following is true of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890? 1. It forced businesses to adopt pooling agreements. 2. It quickly limited the number of mergers taking place. 3. It ended effective cooperation between business and the federal government. 4. It had little immediate impact on the regulation of large corporations. 5. It led to federal control of the railroads.

4. It had little immediate impact on the regulation of large corporations.

Which of the following most directly affected the lives of the late-nineteenth-century workers? 1. Widespread movement to suburban neighborhoods 2. Alternative visions of a good society offered through utopianism 3. Groups that advocated for women's voting rights 4. Political machines that provided social services in exchange for votes

4. Political machines that provided social services in exchange for votes

Who did southern textile mills generally employ? 1. Veterans of the Civil War 2. The middle class 3. Black people 4. Poor whites recently off the farms 5. Immigrants

4. Poor whites recently off the farms

What was one reason for the extremely high voter turnouts and partisan fervor between the Democrats and the Republicans of the Gilded Age? 1. Disagreement regarding the issue of the civil service 2. Religious conflict between Catholics and Lutherans 3. The absence of the development of any significant third parties or political movements during the Gilded Age 4. Sharp ethnic and cultural differences in the membership of the two parties 5. The parties' differences regarding economic issues such as the tariff and the currency question

4. Sharp ethnic and cultural differences in the membership of the two parties

The decisions of the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries generally did which of the following? 1. Strengthened the position of organized labor. 2. Strengthened the regulatory powers of the federal government. 3. Protected the civil and political rights of African Americans. 4. Strengthened the position of big business. 5. Protected the civil and political rights of women.

4. Strengthened the position of big business.

Rutherford B. Hayes 1. President from 1885 to 1889 and again from 1893 to 1897. 2. Elected to the presidency in 1880, he served as president for only a few months before being assassinated by Charles Guiteau, who claimed to have killed him because he was denied a job through patronage. 3. Elected as vice president in 1880, became president after Garfield's assassination. He was primarily known for his efforts at civil service reform, which culminated in the Pendleton Act. 4. The former Republican governor of Ohio who became president after the contested 1876 election. By 1880 he had lost the support of his party and was not renominated for the office.

4. The former Republican governor of Ohio who became president after the contested 1876 election. By 1880 he had lost the support of his party and was not renominated for the office.

City bosses and urban political machines in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries did which of the following? 1. They promoted prohibition and the abolition of prostitution. 2. They discouraged railroad and highway construction to prevent people from moving out of urban areas. 3. They enabled the urban middle class to participate more effectively in politics. 4. They provided some welfare for poor immigrants in exchange for political support. 5. They encouraged racial integration of residential neighborhoods.

4. They provided some welfare for poor immigrants in exchange for political support.

Who was known as the most versatile inventor of the Gilded Age? 1. Henry Ford 2. John D. Rockefeller 3. Andrew Carnegie 4. Thomas Edison 5. J. Pierpont Morgan

4. Thomas Edison

Which group was most dramatically altered by the new industrial age? 1. Small merchants and shopkeepers 2. Southerners 3. Native Americans 4. Women 5. African Americans

4. Women

Interstate Commerce Act 1. It gave the government an important means to regulate big business. 2. Railroads quickly became adept at using the act to achieve their own ends. but it gave the government an important means to regulate big business. 3. Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the act to achieve their own ends, but it gave the government an important means to regulate big business. 4. All choices are correct.

4. all choices are correct

The "temporary unequal distribution of wealth" that Carnegie refers to in the excerpt resulted most directly from the 1. growth of cities in both size and number 2. efforts by workers to organize local and national unions 3. government policy of reducing tariffs to promote free trade 4. consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies

4. consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies

All of the following are true of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act except: 1. it contained legal loopholes 2. it was the first congressional attempt to regulate big business for good 3. it was used to curb labor unions 4. it was very effective 5. it forbade combinations in restraint of trade

4. it was very effective

The cartoon above (Tweed Boss at Ballot Box) is a commentary on late-nineteenth-century 1. imperialism 2. labor unrest 3. business monopolies 4. municipal corruption 5. civil-rights campaign

4. municipal corruption

The American Federation of Labor under the leadership of Samuel Gompers organized 1. workers into a fraternal organization to provide unemployment and old-age benefits 2. workers and intellectuals into a labor party for political action 3. all industrial and agricultural workers in "one big union" 4. skilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gains 5. unskilled workers along industrial lines

4. skilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gains

The Interstate Commerce Act achieved all of the following except: 1. Prohibited rebates and pools 2. Outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long one 3. Set up the Interstate Commerce Commission 4. Required railroads to publish their rates openly 5. Eliminated government supervision of the railroads

5. Eliminated government supervision of the railroads

What best describes the primary base of the Democratic Party? 1. It focused on waving the bloody shirt—reviving gory memories of the Civil War. 2. It was in evangelical Protestant denominations and the small towns of the Northeast and the Midwest. 3. It included an estimated 500,000 former slaves. 4. It concentrated on the frontier states of Minnesota and Wisconsin. 5. It included wealthy easterners, poorer midwesterners, and debt-burdened agrarians.

5. It included wealthy easterners, poorer midwesterners, and debt-burdened agrarians.

The union membership card pictured above is designed to accomplish which of the following? 1. Encourage United States workers to unite against foreign competition 2. Point out the dangers of working as a longshoreman 3. Show that membership in the longshoremen's union was open only to workers born in the United States 4. Assure the public that strikes and walkouts were not part of union policy 5. Link union membership with patriotic and religious images

5. Link union membership with patriotic and religious images

What was the significance of the Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson? 1. Segregation laws were seen in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. 2. "Separate but equal" facilities were deemed unconstitutional. 3. Blacks were given the same legal rights as whites. 4. The Jim Crow system was declared illegal. 5. Segregation laws were upheld as constitutional.

5. Segregation laws were upheld as constitutional.

At the end of the nineteenth century, the desire of American business to control supplies of raw materials led to 1. horizontal integration 2. development of the factory system 3. development of the putting-out system 4. automation of industry 5. vertical integration

5. vertical integration