Schumacher Exam 1 pt1

A cognitive psychologist who tries to explain differences in performance among individuals will probably concentrate on how those individuals differ in their a. knowledge and thinking. b. social influences. c. emotions. d. age

A

In terms of the field of psychology, what happened after WWII? a. The need for therapy grew rapidly. b. Behavior modification was deemed unethical. c. Cognitive psychology lost steam and was eventually replaced. d. IQ tests were first devised

A

In which way would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to try to help a slow-learning child? a. teach better problem-solving strategies b. test the child's vision and hearing c. administer drugs or prescribe a special diet to alter brain chemistry d. measure the child's IQ

A

Mary Calkins, a memory researcher in the early 1900s, is an important person in the history of psychology because she a. illustrates the barriers faced by women in the early days of psychology. b. was the first person to receive a Ph.D. in psychology. c. is credited with beginning cognitive psychology. d. is responsible for Freud becoming well known in the United States.

A

One thing that a psychiatrist does that a clinical psychologist is not allowed to do in most states is a. prescribe drugs. b. conduct research. c. analyze dreams. d. hypnotize people.

A

Sigmund Freud, the Austrian psychiatrist, attempted to help his patients by a. analyzing patients' dreams and tracing current behavior to childhood experiences. b. changing inappropriate behaviors through behavior modification. c. identifying brain abnormalities that prevented the person from adequate functioning. d. comparing the intelligence of different species of animals.

A

Since the mid 1960s, __________ has become increasingly popular. a. cognitive psychology b. Freudian psychology c. Structuralism d. research with rats in mazes

A

The field of psychology today is a. extremely diverse in the subjects it explores. b. devoted mainly to the study of laboratory animals. c. devoted mainly to studying anxiety and depression. d. no longer interested in studying mental processes.

A

The first useful intelligence test was devised in 1905 by a. Alfred Binet. b. Francis Galton. c. William James. d. John Watson.

A

The theories of Sigmund Freud have a. sharply decreased in their influence. b. remained remarkably stable in their influence over time. c. dramatically increased in their influence. d. been proven and accepted as correct by psychology

A

Titchener is known for his studies of a. the structures of the mind. b. the functions of various mental elements. c. overt behavior. d. the subconscious.

A

What do psychologists and philosophers mean by the term mind-body question? a. "Is the mind separate from or identical with the physical brain?" b. "Which is stronger, the mind or the body?" c. "Is the mind aware of anything that goes on in the body?" d. "Do you mind what I do with your body?"

A

Which of the following jobs is a school psychologist most likely to perform? a. consult with the teacher about how to best meet the educational needs of a troubled student b. prescribe and administer medications for students who need them c. advise a parole board about which students are most likely to be dangerous d. conduct study sessions for students who need help with their homework

A

William James advocated the __________ approach to psychology. a. functionalism b. structuralism c. humanistic psychology d. psychoanalysis

A

__________ provide advice and consultation to police, lawyers, and courts. a. Forensic psychologists b. Counseling psychologists c. Developmental psychologists d. Psychiatrist

A

A psychologist who applies psychological principles to help athletes train and compete is a/an a. health psychologist. b. sports psychologist. c. athletic director. d. forensic assistant.

B

An individual can typically practice school psychology in the U.S. with a a. bachelor's degree. b. master's degree or doctoral degree. c. doctoral degree only. d. high school diploma and a recommendation from a school counselor.

B

If you become skillful at basketball because your friends encourage you to play and you have practiced a lot, your behavior is influenced primarily by __________. If you are good at basketball mainly because you are very tall, as have been all of the members of your family for generations, your behavior is influenced primarily by __________. a. nature...nurture b. nurture...nature c. nature...nature d. nurture...nurture

B

Industrial/Organizational psychologists observe and study a. how people influence one another. b. people at work. c. individual problems. d. educational problems.

B

People who support the concept of free will believe that a. heredity plays a critical role in the development of behavior. b. some choices go beyond the realm that science could study or predict. c. different parts of the brain control different types of behavior. d. behavior is basically predictable.

B

Positron-emission tomography (PET) is used to measure the a. changes in a child's brain from one year to the next. b. amount of activity in various portions of the brain. c. effects of radiation on behavior. d. similarity in behavior emitted by people with various genetic makeups.

B

The primary concern in the field of ergonomics is to a. understand the attitudes of people at work. b. improve the design of machines so that people can use them more effectively. c. choose the people who can most effectively learn how to operate machines. d. redesign jobs so that more work can be done automatically and less by employees.

B

__________ was one of the first psychologists to try to measure human intelligence. a. Charles Darwin. b. Francis Galton. c. John Watson. d. Mary Calkins.

B

A __________ psychologist might study how people's well-being is influenced by smoking, drinking, diet, and exercise. a. counseling b. forensic c. health d. cognitive

C

A biopsychologist tries to relate behavior to a. interactions between conscious and unconscious thought processes. b. experiences early in life. c. electrical and chemical activities in the body. d. the influences of other people.

C

Because people expect a particular individual to succeed, they treat that person differently and thereby cause the success they expected. This phenomenon is likely to be studied by which kind of psychologist? a. physiological psychologist b. comparative psychologist c. social psychologist d. quantitative psychologist

C

Cognition can best be defined as a. emotional attachment. b. intense concentration. c. how we think and acquire knowledge. d. transmission between neurons.

C

Contemporary psychologists now agree that a. research on American college students is the best strategy for learning about human behavior. b. we can learn more about the basic principles of human behavior by studying Chinese people rather than Americans. c. many psychological processes need to be studied in a large variety of cultures. d. cultural influences are not as important on psychological processes as originally believed

C

From around 1920 to 1970 research in psychology focused primarily on the study of a. the structure of the mind. b. the meaning of dreams c. behavior. d. unconscious processes.

C

People who support the idea of free will OPPOSE the concept that a. the mind and brain are separate entities. b. people can sometimes change their opinions. c. all behaviors have causes that scientists can study. d. people have a conscious mind.

C

Psychology is best defined as the study of a. abnormality. b. social influences. c. behavior and experience. d. consciousness.

C

Sigmund Freud's method of helping those who were troubled involved a. identifying the maladaptive behaviors and eliminating them. b. changing brain chemistry so as to increase synaptic potential. c. tracing current behavior to early childhood experiences. d. altering the four humors (e.g., blood, yellow bile) in the body.

C

The discipline of psychology was established in a. 1900, when Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams. b. 1890, when James published The Principles of Psychology. c. 1879, when Wundt established the first research laboratory. d. 384 B.C., with the birth of Aristotle

C

The field of ergonomics is also known as: a. industrial-organizational psychology. b. school psychology. c. human factors. d. artificial intelligence.

C

The field of psychology known as ergonomics or human factors concentrates on a. facilitating cooperation between groups of people with a history of hostility. b. understanding the evolution of the human mind. c. design of machinery and instructions so people can understand them better. d. improving education for children who learn slowly or differently from others.

C

The nature-nurture issue can best be defined as the study of a. how brain activity causes mental activity. b. whether or not behavior is predictable or random. c. how differences in behavior relate to differences in heredity and environment d. how the mind directs free will.

C

Which type of psychologist would be most interested in studying built-in behavior tendencies that serve adaptive functions? a. cognitive b. behaviorist c. evolutionary d. psychoanalytic

C

Wilhelm Wundt is famous for a. being the first person to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States. b. establishing the first mental-health clinic. c. establishing the first laboratory for psychological research. d. being the first patient successfully treated by a psychotherapist.

C

According to the position known as determinism, a. after engaging in any behavior, a person feels an urge to engage in the opposite behavior. b. people can choose for themselves what kind of people they want to be. c. development of any behavior depends equally on hereditary and environmental determinants. d. every behavior has a cause.

D

Brain researchers would probably be most comfortable with which of the following statements? a. The mind controls thought and the brain controls behavior. b. Mental activity causes brain activity. c. Brain activity and mental activity are completely independent. d. Brain activity and mental activity are the same thing.

D

Comparative psychologists usually compare a. cross-cultural differences in I.Q. scores. b. tests that measure different forms of mental illness. c. the behaviors of children of different ages. d. the behaviors of different species of animals.

D

If you ran a large corporation and you wanted to hire a psychologist to help ensure that you hired people who were well-suited for the jobs you have, you would be best advised to hire a/an __________ psychologist. a. counseling b. forensic c. social d. industrial/organizational

D

In addition to using laboratory apparatuses, Wundt used a method called __________ in which he asked subjects to look within themselves and report the intensity and quality of their sensations. a. extrapolation b. intensification c. insightfulness d. introspection

D

Study of the functions of the mind (the actions the mind performs, rather than the ideas the mind has) was advocated by a. Wilhelm Wundt. b. Edward Titchener. c. John Watson. d. William James

D

The mathematical relationship between the intensity of a stimulus and its perceived intensity is called the a. structural-functional dynamic. b. sensory threshold. c. quasi-experimental function. d. psychophysical function.

D

The word psychology was derived from the Greek words psyche, meaning __________, and logos, meaning __________. a. mind...body b. word...study c. normal...abnormal d. mind...word

D

Which kind of psychologist is most concerned with how behavior is influenced by other people? a. cognitive psychologist b. evolutionary psychologist c. quantitative psychologist d. social psychologist

D

Which of the following correctly states how a particular type of psychologist would probably approach the differences in behavior between boys and girls? a. A cognitive psychologist would try to explain it in terms of differences in the brains of boys and girls. b. A psychoanalyst would try to measure the differences without necessarily trying to explain them. c. A behaviorist would try to understand the different thought processes of boys and girls. d. A social psychologist would try to understand how children are affected by the expectations adults have for boys and girls.

D

Women make up about __________ of the current graduate students in psychology. a. 12% b. 25% c. 41% d. 67%

D

__________ is recognized as the founder of behaviorism. a. Edward Titchener b. Carl Rogers c. Hermann Ebbinghaus d. John Watson

D