sci earth and space

if three seismic stations have the following P-S intervals:DUG=57 sec, WUAZ=73 sec,ISCO=14 sec, place the stations in order from closest station(at the top)to the earthquake to the one farthest away

1. ISCO 2.DUG 3.WUAZ

match the fault type with its appropriate description

1. normal faults=the hanging wall moves down with respect to the footwall; most common along divergent boundaries reverse faults=the hanging wall moves up with respect to the footwall most common along convergent plate boundaries thrust faults=gently dipping faults in which the hanging wall moves up with respect to the footwall; most common along convergent plate boundaries strike-slip faults=two sides of the fault move horizontally past one another; fault plane is near vertical;most common along transform plate boundaries

how does the strength of the continental crust change with increasing depth

it first gets stronger and then becomes weaker

water-saturated sediment can lose its strength due to shaking during an earthquake in a process called

liquefaction

magnitude is the term for--------

a measure of the amount of energy released by an earthquake

1.vertical joints are seen in the rock;layers are not offset 2.a fault is visible in the rock;rocks have slipped past one another

a. answer b. answer

for the two different types of folds illustrated in the image match the letter of the location on the image with its most appropriate description

a.anticline,rocks warped in the shape of an A b.younger rocks exposed at the center of an eroded syncline c.older rocks exposed at the center of an eroded anticline d.syncline, rocks folded down in the shape of a U

most earthquakes are generated by movement along faults. Match the fault type with its image

a.normal fault b.reverse fault c.strike-slip fault

match the image with the type of stress it represents

a=compression b=tension c=shear

match the seismic wave feature indicated on the image with its appropriate descriptions

amplitude=characterized by how much the ground moves and is critical for estimating the strength and damage potential of an earthquake wavelength=along with velocity determines the wave period a critical component for assessing earthquake damage because a building's natural period may resonate with the period of the seismic wave

most earthquakes are caused by -------------

movement along faults

match the type of surfaces waves to the appropriate descriptions

rayleigh waves=1cause most of the damage during an earthquake 2.displace the surface vertically 3.create a rippling surface (during large earthquakes) love waves=1.displace the surface horizontally 2.cause buildings to slide sideways off their foundations

match the type of fault with its image and appropriate description

reverse=1.image b 2.created through horizontal compression strike-slip=1.image c 2.created with side to side motion parallel to the fault surface normal=1.image a 2.created through tension

which fault, located in california, is both the world's best known and extensively studied? this fault is found along a transform plate boundary and will likely produce a significant earthquake in the next 30 years.

san andreas

Geologists who study earthquakes do so by analyzing the movement of ------------waves through earth

seismic

match the earthquake term with its correct description

seismic wave=energy produced by earthquakes seismic station=location of scientific instruments that measure earthquakes epicenter=point on earth's surface directly above where an earthquake is generated hypocenter(focus)=location where an earthquake is generated

seismic waves are recorded by a digital instrument called a ---------and may be viewed either on a computer screen or as a paper plot printout called a ------------

seismometer;seismogram

the two basic types of seismic waves include-------- waves, which are created when seismic wave energy reaches earth's surface and is transformed into new horizontal and vertical waves, and ---------waves, which are usually generated at faults and travel through earth(primary and secondary)

surface, body

why are aftershocks so dangerous

they put additional stress on buildings already damaged by the primary earthquake

a large sea wave produced by uplift, subsidence, or some other disturbance of the seafloor, especially by a shallow submarine earthquake, is a (n)-----------

tsunami

based upon the image that shows colored dots to represent earthquake epicenters, which are true of the locations of earthquakes

1.a few earthquakes occur far away from plate boundaries 2.most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries

which of the following are potential sources of destruction that may be caused either directly or secondarily by earthquakes

1.aftershocks 2.tsunamis 3.landslides and rock falls 4.fires

a fold in which rock layers warp up in the shape of an A is a(n)--------- whereas a fold in which rocks fold down in the shape of a U is a(n)---------and a fold that has layers dipping in only one direction is called a (n)----------

1.anticline 2.syncline 3.monocline

which of the following are true for seismic waves

1.body waves include p-waves and s-waves 2.body waves travel within and through earth 3.surface waves only travel on the surface of earth

tsunamis may be generated by -----------

1.earthquakes that cause the seafloor to shift 2.landslides that displace large amounts of water 3.activity associated with volcanic eruptions

which of the following are true for domes and basins

1.erosion of a dome exposes older rocks in the center 2.in a basin, the rock layers dip toward the center in all directions 3.a basin is the structural opposite of a dome 4.in a dome, the rock layers dip away from the center in all directions

--------per unit area is-------

1.force; stress

which of the following correctly describe the March 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan

1.it was one of the five largest ever recorded 2.it created a very destructive tsunami 3.the earthquake occurred due to the subduction of the Pacific plate

what features may be common along active faults, such as the san andreas

1.linear ridges and/or valleys 2.scarp 3.drainage channels running parallel to fault 4.offset stream channels

rank seismic waves in order of recording by a seismometer(from first to last)

1.p-wave 2.s-wave 3.surface wave

rank the following in order for the process of locating an earthquake's epicenter.place the first step on top

1.select records from at least three seismic stations 2.determine the P-S interval for each station 3.estimate station distances from the epicenter using P-S intervals on a time-travel curve 4.draw circles around each station, with a radius equal to distance from the epicenter 5.locate the intersection of all of the circles to determine the epicenter of the earthquake

what features in the image help you identify the location of the fault

1.stream channel running parallel with fault 2.linear ridges and valley 3.scarp

rank the following in the best order, starting with the initial buildup of stress(on top)to describe stick-slip behavior along a fault

1.stress builds up along the fault;elastic strain occurs in the rock 2.stress increases to a point where it is greater than the strength of the faulted rock 3.earthquake occurs as the fault slips; seismic waves radiate outward 4.the stress on the fault has been temporarily and partially relieved

match the type of body wave(primary and secondary)to the appropriate descriptions

P-wave=1.compresses the rock in the same direction it propagates 2.travels at 6 to 14 km/s 3.travels through solids and liquids S-wave=travels at about 3.6 km/s 2.cannot travel through liquids movement perpendicular to the direction of travel

the direction in which a fault or layer is inclined is called its----------

dip

match the type of earthquake damage with the description

direct damage=1.liquefaction of the ground causes building collapse2.shaking collapses poorly constructed or rigid structures 3. fault scarps or ruptures destroy buildings and roads. secondary effects= 1. ruptured natural gas lines cause explosions and fires 2. flooring occurs due to failure of dams 3.flooding of dry land occurs as seawater inundates subsided areas

the sudden release of energy stored in rocks is an event called a(n)

earthquake

when rocks return to their original shapes after being strained, we call it ----------behavior

elastic

when a rock is compressed at shallow levels in the crust, it may fracture. if the stress continues the rock may move along the fracture to form a ----------

fault