Science

convection current

a current caused by the rising of heated fluid and sinking of cooled fluid. The internal heat source of Earth is: Magma will heat up at the heat source, causing it to expand, and rise As the magma moves away the heat source it will contract and sink

Lithosphere

the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle. Also The lithosphere is a combination of the Crust and the rigid portion of the mantle. The lithosphere is broken up into sections known as tectonic plates that move largely due to convection currents.

What happened in 1912 with Alfred wegener and his hypothesis?

In 1912, Alfred Wegener suggested why some continents seem to "fit together": Continental drift hypothesis: "continents have moved slowly to their current positions" Wegener suggested that the continents used to be one BIG continent, which broke up about 200 million years ago Pangaea = "all land"; original supercontinent Wegener suggested that tidal forces were responsible for the breakup His hypothesis was later disregarded, due to lack of evidence... ... but since then, more evidence has come to light...

Climate Evidence of Continental Drift

Plant fossils found in Antarctica, suggesting that... Climate on that continent might have been warmer once, therefore... The continent might have been closer to the Equator at one point

When a substance is heated, it will?

Rise

How do we know if the earths interior is true?

Scientists have used seismic data from earthquakes to determine the composition of the Earth's interior. Depending on the material they're traveling through, seismic waves can bend, refract, or change their speed. These changes are monitored and used by scientists to determine composition. Geologists use seismic data from earthquakes to determine the structure of Earth's interior. Seismic waves are emitted from earthquakes, and will bend, refract, and change speed as they travel through different materials.

When a substance cools, it will?

Sink

Wegener's evidence

fossils, rocks, climate

Alfred Wegener's theory

Continental Drift Theory

Hot spot

An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it

This layer is also known as the Plastic Mantle

Asthenosphere

The layer contains convection currents, a primary driving force behind the movement of Tectonic Plates

Asthenosphere. Also The Asthenosphere, or plastic-mantle, is the upper portion of the mantle composed of melted rock. Convection currents within the asthenosphere are a primary driving force behind the motion of the continents. In this layer seismic waves slow down.

The Age of the rock

By using radioactive measurements, scientists have discovered the age of the ocean crust progressively decreases the closer you move towards the mid-ocean ridge.

continental drift evidence

Fossil evidence Similar dinosaur and plant fossils found on different continents... Organisms evolve based on their habitat, therefore... Those fossils might once have been living in the same place!

Is a warmer substance more or less dense than a cooler substance?

Less dense

Evidence of seafloor spreading along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is given by

Magnetic stripes within the rock Scientists dragged a magnetometer across the ocean floor and discovered a unique pattern within the rock layers parallel to the mid-ocean ridge. Generally every 200,000 to 300,000 years the rock's magnetic polarity flips between a normal and reverse orientation. Because there is a record of these flips, new rock must be forming at mid-ocean ridges.

Rock Evidence

Mountain ranges from different continents line up when connected suggesting they were connected, mountains formed, then separated. Similar rock structures found on different continents... Rock structures formed during the time of Pangaea, therefore... As continents broke up, their rock structures went with them. There were Mountain ranges of similar age found on different continents. There was Suggested position of mountains during time of Pangaea

This layer contains high amounts of Nickel and Iron, and is liquid-like.

Outer core. (just the core -->)The core is another layer that can be divided into two different sections based on composition. Although different, both contain large amounts of the elements Nickel and Iron. This is a mostly liquid layer of the Earth's interior, that is composed of Nickel and Iron. In this layer, seismic waves are refracted and absorbed. This layer is 2,890 km below the earth's surface.

This layer is the thickest of the Earth's Interior.

Stiffer-Mantle. Also The mantle can be broken down into two different sections that differ based on their stiffness. The plastic-like portion of the mantle is known as the asthenosphere. There is another portion of the mantle that is more stiff than the asthenosphere, and this is known as the stiffer mantle. This is the thickest portion of the Earth's interior. Contains 80% of the Earth's volume. Is mostly solid in composition.

The core (for more definitions)

The Core can be divided into the inner core and the outer core. Both layers differ based on their composition, however both have high amounts of the elements iron and nickel. The Outer Core: Liquid-like layer of the Earth's Interior that is composed of Iron and Nickel. In this layer, seismic waves are refracted or absorbed. This layer is 2,890 kilometers below the Earth's surface. The Inner Core: The solid layer of the Earth's Interior that is composed of Iron and Nickel In this layer, seismic waves increase in velocity. This layer is 2,900 kilometers below the Earth's surface.

The earth is made up of 3 distinct layers. Name all 3.

The Crust, The Mantle, The Core

This layer is the interface (or boundary) between the crust and the mantle.

The Moho layer. The Moho layer is a thin interface that divides the lithosphere from the asthenosphere, which is the more plastic-like layer of the mantle.

This layer has a depth of 5-40 kilometers below the Earth's surface.

The breakdown of the crust

This layer is the thin, outer shell of earth

The crust. Divided into Continental and Oceanic crust. The continental crust is predominantly composed of granite. Continental crust is generally thicker, but less dense than oceanic crust. The oceanic crust is predominantly composed of basalt. Oceanic crust is generally thinner, but more dense than continental crust. Has a depth of 5-40 kilometers The crust, along with the uppermost part of the mantle is known as the lithosphere. The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move across the Earth's surface largely due to convection currents.

continental drift

The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations

The layer that is a solid ball of Nickel and iron

The inner core

This layer is located 2,900 kilometers below the Earth's surface.

The inner core. (just the core -->)The core is another layer that can be divided into two different sections based on composition. Although different, both contain large amounts of the elements Nickel and Iron. Unlike the outer core, the inner core is a solid ball of Nickel and Iron. In this layer, seismic waves speed up. The Inner Core is 2,900 km below the Earth's surface.

continental crust

The portion of the earth's crust that primarily contains granite, is less dense than oceanic crust, and is 20-50 km thick

Breakdown of earths interior

There are three main layers that make up the Earth's Interior -The Crust -The Mantle -The Core Also The crust is divided into two parts: Oceanic and Continental. Continental Crust is thicker, but less dense and is Granitic. Oceanic Crust is thinner, but more dense and is Basaltic. The crust contains a depth of 5-40 kilometers

oceanic crust

the portion of Earth's crust that is usually below the oceans and not associated with continental areas, thinner and higher in density that continental crust and basaltic rather than granitic in composition