Science Mid- term

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secondary wave

(s-waves)- the second set of waves to be felt, waves travel vertically, slower than p-waves

mantle convection

....is modeled by the water movement

3 million years

Approximately how long did the Gauss epoch last

vertical

In which direction is the movement in a reverse fault?

continental drift

Wegener's hypothesis

It returns to its original shape

What happens to a rock that undergoes elastic deformation once the stress is removed?

Gilbert

Which epoch saw the most fluctuations between normal and reverse polarity

folded mountains

Which figure forms along this boundary?

volcanism

_________not a force causing plates to move

crater

a bowl-shaped geological formation at the top of a volcano: lava travels through a conduit to erupt through this

continental- continental

a convergent boundary that does not have a subduction zone

magnetometer

a device that measures magnetism

rift valley

a divergent boundary within a continent forms this

isochron

a line on a map that denotes crust that formed at the same time

Richter scale

a numerical rating system that measures the energy of the largest seismic waves

elastic deformation

deformation causes a material to bend and stretch

Volcanism

refer to all processes associated with the discharge of magma , hot water, and steam

surface waves

slowest type of waves, only travel along earth's surface. cause the ground to move sideways and up and down like ocean waves

shape of continents

suggested to early cartographers that the continents were once joined

older than the continental crust

the age of oceanic crust is...

seismograph

the amount of energy released and the amplitude of seismic waves are measured by the scale known as...

modified mercalli scale

the damage by earthquakes is described by...

strain

the deformation caused by stress

sea-floor spreading

a process that creates new ocean crust by the up-welling of magma at ocean ridges

Moment- magnitude scale

a rating scale that measures the energy released by an earthquake

faults, or plate boundaries

a region where earthquakes are expected but none have occurred for a long time

tsunami

an underwater earthquake causes the movement of a column of water resulting in a ...

The Pacific Ocean

area surrounded by the Ring of Fire

ridge push

as the older portion of the sea-floor sinks, the weight of the uplifted ridge is thought to push the oceanic plate toward the trench formed at the subduction zone

tepra

ash is the smallest type of .....

convergent boundary

boundary where two plates come together

calderas

forms in the depression that surrounds the vent at the volcanoes summit

centimeters per year

how fast do plates move relative to each other

tectonic plates

huge pieces of crust and rigid upper mantle that fit together at their edges to cover earth's surface

composite volcano

in the most explosive types of eruptions, lava accumulates to form this..

Continental drift

the idea that continents now separated by an ocean were once attached

Pangea

the name given to a single continent that existed 200 mya

amplitude

the numbers in the Richter scale determined by height of a wave

epicenter

the point on earth's surface directly above the focus

focus

the point where the waves originate

subduction

the process in which tectonic plates sink back into the mantle and creates deep- sea trenches

magnitude

the size of seismic waves

Paleomagnetism

the study of the history of Earth's magnetic field

stress

the total force acting on crustal rocks per unit of area

cinder-cone volcano

the type of volcano that is the smallest and has the steepest slopes

ridge push

the weight of a subducting plate helps pull it into a subduction zone in which process?

slab pull

the weight of the subducting plate toward the trench formed at the subduction zone

continental- continental boundary (picture)

what boundary is shown?

the magma is less dense than the surrounding material

what causes magma to rise upward in a mantle plume?

compression

what type of force caused the reverse fault to form?

divergent

what type of volcanism produces the most lava annually?

plastic deformation

when stress builds up past a certain point, called the elastic limit rocks undergo .....

down

which direction does the icy water move

depth of the ocean

which observation was not instrumental in formulating the hypothesesis of sea-floor spreading

Normal fault

which type of fault is shown?

Strike-slip

which type of fault is shown?

reverse fault

which type of fault is shown?

composite

which volcano is shown?


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