Science of Animal Husbandry

Complete a Punnett square for a cross between a heterozygous dam (Gg) and heterozygous sire (Gg). In your answer list numbers 1-4 in your reply and and write the correct with the matching number.

1 - GG 2 - Gg 3 - Gg 4 - gg

This is a two part question. Part 1: Complete the Punnett Square. List #1-4 in your answer and write the correct answer next to the corresponding number. Part 2: What are the chances that your NH stallion will have an HYPP affected foal if bred to a heterozygous (NH) mare?

1 - NN 2 - NH 3 - NH 4 - HH There is a 50% chance the foal would be NH and have HYPP

Place the following considerations for balancing rations in the correct order:

1. Describe the animal being fed (size, age, stage of production) 2. Look up the animal's nutrient requirements 3. Determine what feedstuffs are available 4. Determine the nutrient composition of feeds 5. Balance the ration

Place the steps of this sample milk routine in the correct order.

1. Pre dip 2. strip 3. wipe 4. attach milking unit 5 post dip

List the six types of milking parlors identified in the unit.

1. Tie-stall 2. Herringbone 3. Portable 4. Parallel 5. Rotary 6. Robot

List and characterize six or more benefits of wool discussed in the lesson.

1. Wool is very breathable because of the fiber level 2. It is all natural because it comes from sheep 3. It is very durable because the coiled structure allows it to stretch and compress 4. It traps heat because of the coils in the wool, which traps heat 5. Wool is odor resistant because it absorbs water vapor and limits sweat and bacteria build-up 6. It is easy to clean because the fibers of wool have a natural protective membrane

In 2019, the average dairy cow produced ____________ milk than the average dairy cow in 2010.

11% more

The gestation period of sheep at goats is ___________ days.

150

Colostrum must be received within ______hours of birth or the gut will close, resulting in failure of passive transfer.

24 or 72 (not 12)

Producers should target a short calving season to produce a more uniform calf crop; less than _____ days in ideal. (1 pt)

60

Goat milk makes up _______ of all dairy consumed globally.

70%

Identify and match the following blanks on the goat image below.

A - hind saddle B - tail C - stifle D - hock E - cannon F - pastern

Identify the missing components in the Net Energy System; A, B, C, and D.

A = Gross B = Digestible C = Metabolize D. Net

You are asked to do an operations audit on a dairy farm that is struggling with productivity of its Holstein heifers. The heifers are bred at 14 months, calve at 23 months, and experience a herd-average dystocia score of 3.4. To facilitate a rapid turnover, the voluntary waiting period is 45 days, at which time the producer uses AI to attempt rebreeding. You are asked to provide guidance on metrics to use to ensure improved productivity. a. What is a better breeding target and calving target than of age? (2 pts) b. Would you recommend the producer increase, decrease, or maintain the length of the voluntary waiting period? Why? (2 pts)

A better breeding target that age is the percentage of the final body weight of the cow. When heifers are 55% of their final weight they should be bred. I would recommend increasing the VWP to 50 or even 60 days

What is animal husbandry?

A branch of animal science that focuses on activities relevant to the production and are of animals for human benefit

Which of the following are examples of homozygous alleles? (Mark all that apply.)

AA bb aa

Compare and contrast the philosophies of animal rights and animal welfare.

Animal rights are simply beliefs that humans hold in regards to animal use. This means that animals should not be used in medical experiments or research, they should not be hunted, and they should not be used in service of humans. Animal welfare is the concern for the care of the animal, meaning that they are taken care of, are in good health condition, and are living a good life. Animal welfare is all about the health and wellness of animals.

What does ADG stand for and what is it? How would you determine the ADG for a heifer that had been on a new ration for 90 days?

Average Daily Gain would be calculated by dividing the pounds that the heifer has gained over that 90 days by 90

_____________ ______________ ___________ (BCS) are used to assess the nutritional status and overall health of their animals. The ideal BCS for breeding cows is ______ - ________.

Body condition scoring 5 - 6

Explain the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance.

Codominance means that both alleles are seen in the phenotype. Incomplete dominance means that a mixture of the alleles is seen in the phenotype.

______________is highly nutritious milk produced immediately after parturition. It is also rich in antibodies.

Colostrum

What contributions do animals make to human needs? (Select all that apply)

Companionship food biomedical research

Over the past 70 years the number of dairy cows in the US has_________, while the total pounds of milk produced has ___________.

Decreased, increased

List at least four of the characteristics a producer would examine to evaluate the effectiveness of a ration.

Digestibility, palatability, nutrient composition, and animal performance

List the 8 categories of feedstuffs.

Dry forages and roughages, non-nutritive additives, forages, protein supplements, vitamin supplements, mineral supplements, silages, and energy feed.

Write the correct name of the facility type for each description below.

Drylot - Cows are kept in a dry dirt or sand lot with free access to feed, water, and shelter Free Stall - Cows have free access to feed, water, and shelter -as with drylot dairies- but greater emphasis is placed on climate control. Cows can roam through the building or hang out in a stall of their choosing. In harsh winter conditions, the shelter will be closed up to keep cows warm Pasture - Cows can roam pastures to graze and rest, though feed and water will be provided in the barn whenever necessary. Cows still have shelter, but usually stay outside during inclement weather.

Health is about the balance between several factors including: (Select all that apply)

Environmental factors agent factors host factors

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized in adequate quantities by an animal.

Essential AA

EPD's stand for ______________ _______________ _______________.

Expected progeny difference

Growth promoters must be approved by the ________________. (1 pt)

FDA

The largest single cost for most livestock operations is _____, sometimes accounting for as much as 70% of total expenditures.

Feed

Which of the following are tools for livestock selection? (Mark all that apply)

Genetic testing visual appraisal epds/ebvs performance measures

Explain some ways that goat behavior differs from sheep behavior.

Goats are quite different from sheep, especially in their behavior. Goats are generally more curious and independent than sheep. Due to the difference goats do really well in both smaller groups and large herds and they typically enjoy being around humans, unlike sheep, who are quite nervous and distant.

Describe normal presentation for a baby goat at parturition.

Goats present in the "superman" pose. They come out front feet first followed by the head then the rest of the body.

Compare and contrast how handling methods would differ between a prey animal and a predator animal?

Handling methods are different with prey and predator animals because of their different temperaments. Prey animals are shy and skittish, so you want to avoid small enclosures as much as possible and you want to keep the situation calm and quiet. With predator animals, you don't have to worry about them being shy, you have to worry about them being aggressive. You don't want to dance around them, so be straight to the point with your handling and don't be afraid to put them in a smaller enclosure or kennel.

Animal handling facilities should (Select all that apply)

Have flooring with good traction and permit the animals following instinct

Of the 6 'common' breeds of dairy cattle in the US discussed in this lesson, which breed produces milk with the highest pounds of milk per lactation?

Holstein

What was the name of the stallion who was responsible for passing on the variant for HYPP? Why was he such a desirable sire?

Impressive was such a desirable sire because he had great conformation and disposition and had a great pedigree.

Evaluate the role of humans in ensuring animal welfare through health management in domestic species:

In domestic species especially, it is the responsibility of humans to ensure that animals are being treated in the best manner possible and are kept in the best of health. We are in charge of making sure that our pets are eating the right kind of food and are getting enough excercise. We are also responsible for making sure that they're exhibiting appropriate behavior in regards to health indicators.

Match the term to the correct definition.

Lamb - meat from a sheep less than 14 months old Mutton - meat from a sheep more than 14 months old Chevon - goat meat

Discuss the concept of 'Liebig's Barrel." Include an example of a limiting nutrient and how it would affect performance.

Liebig's law states that the achievable yield is dictated by the nutrient that is most limiting. Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient; a lack of it would result in poor appetite, poor growth, reduced fertility, and reduced milk production.

Suffolk, Hampshire, and Dorset are examples of _________ sheep breeds often seen in the U.S.

Meat/ram

List a least five products produced from animals.

Milk, cheese, beef, butter, lard, wool, and leather.

Match the dietary goals with the production stages listed below.

Pre-Weaning - TMR formulated to help develop the rumen by providing a "scratch factor," though most nutrition will come from milk or milk replacer Prepubertal Heifers - aid in maturation and development, but prevent development of excessive adipose tissue Lactation - TMR should by high calorie to meet energy and protein demands of milk production Dry Period - TMR has relatively reduced energy concentration as due to decreased caloric needs

Why should a producer utilize tools like EPDs and genetic testing in addition to visual appraisal and performance measures when selecting breeding animals?

Producers should utilize tools like EPDs and genetic testing in addition to visual appraisal and performance measures because EPDs and genetic testing analyze the genetics of the animals rather than the physical aspects of the animal. This testing allows producers to locate all of their stock with genetics issues and only breed the stock that offer the best genetic composition.

Match the hormone to its correct function.

Prolactin - stimulates lactogenesis Oxytocin - released as a response (calf suckling or even sight of calf) Estrogen - Stimulates duct growth and triggers prolactin release Progesterone - stimulates alveoli growth during pregnancy but inhibits prolactin until after parturition

Sheep and goats are herbivores, which mean they have a ____________ digestive system so they can access nutritional value from plants.

Ruminant

Explain why sheep and goats are considered an excellent companion to cattle in mixed grazing systems.

Sheep and goats are great grazing companions for cattle because they eat the things that cattle ignore, so the pasture is completely grazed.

Explain how perceiving the world as a prey and herd animal influences the behavior of domesticated sheep.

Sheep perceive the world as prey, so they are more likely to scare and have a small flight zone. They are also herd animals, so they are most comfortable in large groups. If sheep are kept in small groups, they are more prone to anxiety, which makes them that much easier to startle.

Explain why strong selection for a single trait can have severe consequences.

Strong selection for a single trait can have severe consequences because the selection of the single trait can forgo all of the other traits that will be in that animal, which could lead to incredibly poor traits or even genetic issues.

Name and describe a piece of federal legislation that protects animal welfare.

The Animal Welfare Act was signed itno law in 1996 and regulates the treatment of animals in medical research, testing, transport, teaching, and exhibition.

What two sheep production systems were discussed in class? Include two characteristics of each system.

The two sheep production systems are the flock farm system and the range flock system. Farm flock systems are from 5 - 200 sheep and are assisted in the lambing process. Range flock systems consist of hundreds or thousands of sheep and they graze on hundreds of acres of pasture land.

An advantage of goat eating habits over sheep and cattle is:

They tend to select forage typically ignored by sheep and cattle

A __________or TMR, is a nutritionally complete ration formulated to efficiently meet the dietary needs of dairy cows.

Total mixed ration

A Forage, like grass or legume hay, contains >18% crude fiber and >70% digestible energy.

True

A roughage, including bulky feeds like corn stalks and wheat straw, contains 18-50% crude fiber and is relatively less digestible.

True

Acid detergent fiber contains cellulose and lignin but not hemicellulose.

True

Animals acquire nutrients from the consumption and digestion of feedstuffs.

True

Domestication is the process of bringing a wild species under the control of humans through selective breeding for human benefit.

True

In order for cows to produce a single gallon of milk, 400 gallons of blood must pass through the udder.

True

Milk from a seal contains more protein and more fat than milk from a dairy cow.

True

Sheep are goats are usually less susceptible to heat stress than other livestock. Sheep and goats are known for prolificacy, which means they produce many offspring.

True

Sheep farming is mankind's oldest industry.

True

The digestible carbohydrates (such as starch and glucose) in a feedstuff that can be utilized by the animal for energy are known as non-fiber carbohydrates.

True

The lactation period of a cow is 305 days.

True

The largest sector of the Idaho agriculture industry is dairy production.

True

True or False: The United States market has minimal demand for variety meats such as tongue, lips, liver, heart, and kidney. However, international consumers are willing to pay premium prices for these products (1 pt)

True

What are two reasons genetics are important in animal agriculture?

Two reasons that genetics are important in animal agriculture are to breed animals with good genes and to not ever breed animals with bad genes or genetic mutations.

Solid components of milk include all of the following except _______.

Water

What are the six nutrients? (must have all six, no partial credit)

Water, carbohydrates, protein, fats, vitamins, and minerals

What is weaning? When are beef calves usually weaned? How will it affect the behavior of cows and calves? Describe what steps should be taken prior to weaning and how two-step weaning can ease the transition for both the cow and calf. (

Weaning is when calves are separated from their mothers so they will stop feeding from their mothers. Beef calves are usually weaned around 6-8 months. Weaning can distress both the cow and the calf and they may be more vocal than normal and walk around looking for each other. Prior to weaning, calves should be adapted to the feeder and waterer and should be vaccinated and dewormed.

digestible __________ + digestible __________ + digestible __________ = TDN

carbohydrate, protein, fat

List the three sources of protein in animal rations.

casein, whey, and plant protein

The 'ideal' animal may change due to: (Mark all that apply)

continuous improvement changes in export laws regional differences consumer demand shift

Which of the following are energy forages? Mark all that apply.

corn barley

Though the amount of sheep produced in the United States and Idaho has ________ over the years, it has ________globally because their versatility makes them a desirable livestock species.

decreased, increased

What is the term for difficulty calving?

dystocia

Good animal handling practices include

eliminate visual distraction

Genes are: (Mark all that apply)

found withing chromesomes composed of dna

Match the forage to the correct process.

green chop - mechanically harvested hay - dried haylage - ensiled

Predator animals (Select all that apply)

have binocular vision detect motion to aid in hunting food

What type of milking parlor is shown in the image below? (cows pointed in a <)

herringbone

The voluntary waiting period in dairy cattle (mark all that apply).

is 60 - 70 is the time between calving and breeding

In 2019, the top two commodities in Idaho were:

milk and cattle

Which of the following feedstuffs do not contain nutrients?

non-nutritive additives

In 2019, livestock cash receipts totaled:

over 4.5 million

An animal's flight zone could be thought of as the animal's ___________.

personal space

Explain what is meant by P = G x E

phenotype equals genetics times environment

Genetic diseases in livestock include: (Mark all that apply)

polled/horned malignant hyperthermia curly calf syndrome spider lamb syndrome

Objectives of animal care and use include: (Select all that apply)

protect animal from distress and injury protect humans from disease protect animals from disease humane care and treatment of animals

___________ are made up of amino acids.

proteins

What is the first step in proximate analysis?

remove all moisture

Place the priorities for breeding selection in the correct order.

reproductive soundness structure volume muscle balance/eye appeal sex characteristics

Sheep are ______________________________, meaning they have a definite breeding season with multiple cycles within that season. This is followed by a season of _____________, (usually 5-7 months), which is any period of time when a nonpregnant adult female does not have regular heat cycles.

seasonal, estrous

Lactose is a ___________

sugar (carbohydrate)

What is the period of time from 3 weeks before to 3 weeks after parturition.

transition

Idaho ranks first in the nation in which kind of livestock production?

trout

What nutrient is required in the largest amount?

water

Milk from dairy cows in general contains approximately 86% __________and approximately 14% _______.

water, solids

The first commodity valuable enough to warrant international trade was

wool