Science

pun

a humorous play on words

lens

a piece of transparent and curved material, glass is a great example.

cell wall

a rigid structure that give support to the cell

Students should be evaluated in their demonstrations of acceptable presentation of scientific work by the

ability to communicate with others. ability to analyze and evaluate scientific work.

how many types of fungi are there

4

prewriting

activating prior knowledge, gathering and organizing ideas. includes brainstorming a list of ideas, researching, reading about a topic, may include deciding upon the intended audience.

Inquiry based learning refers to what?

activities of students in which they develop knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, as well as an understanding of how scientists study the natural world.

conductor

allows electricity to flow freely through it.

Plant

almost all food originates from plants. eukaryotic and multicellular autotroph.

flowering plants are called what

angiosperms

Vertebrates

animals that have a backbone and include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

amphibians

animals that live in water or on land during different stages of their life. they have lungs and legs as adults.

mixture

any combination of two or more substances, not chemically combined and without any definite weight proportions. it keeps their own chemical properties. for example milk is a mixture of water and buttermilk.

printed material

anything with printed text: books, magazines, journals ect.

Mechanical force

application of force to bend, dent, scratch, compress, or break something. Machines in general multiply force or change the direction of force.

Domain

archaea-bacteria-eukarya

interactive whiteboards

are becoming more and more popular in educational settings. lessons that would have taken place on a traditional whiteboard using erasable markers are now being accesses or created using new software that allows students to interact with the material in a digital fashion.

meiosis

cells are produced that contain half the genetic material of the parents sex cells.

ovule

contain and egg and creates fertilization to occur.

nonfiction

books that present information

Emergent Literacy

skills, knowledge and attitudes that are developmental precursors to conventional forms of reading and writing. During this stage children are exposed to structure or syntax of language and are encourage to produce what the text may be about.

Homogeneous Mixtures

solutions. they are uniform and consistent throughout. for example seawater is a solution containing water and salt which could be separated through the evaporation process. They contain dissimilar elements or parts.

Hypothesis

tentative and testable insight into the natural world that is not yet verified, but if it were found to b true, it would explain certain aspects of the natural world and might become a scientific theory. a hypothesis is typically situation dependent, however, theories began as hypotheses prior to being validated.

static

the accumulation of excess electric charge in a region that has poor electrical conductivity is called static electricity.

personification

giving human qualities to a thing or abstraction

Checklist

high frequency word checklists can be used as screening and progress monitoring tools to instantly assess what words students know

screening

instrument is used to assess students at the beginning of the year to identify the students reading level and capabilities

screening

instrument is used to assess students at the beginning of the year to identify the students reading level and capabilities. screening tool can then be compared to the progress monitoring assessments to show growth over time.

Repetition and routine

key components of hight quality instruction for young students. Through daily read aloud, guided reading, and shared reading instruction, students can be exposed to basic concepts of print.

Monotremes

mammals that lay eggs

Phase Change

matter can undergo a phase change through heating and cooling, shifting from one form to another, for example melting is a change from a solid to a liquid.

what are two ways cells can divide

mitosis and meiosis

Refraction

occurs when light passes through a transparent material such as water at a slant angle.

Abstract concepts

potential and Kinetic energy are hard for students to understand in saying this you should use manipulatives.

Northern hemisphere

the seasons are opposite from the southern hemisphere.

tubers

underground stems that can produce new plants

style

vocabulary and syntax the author uses to crate the story

Determining point of view

a point of view is a way of looking at something. Authors write from varying points of view. Student should be able to identify from which point of view an author is writing.

progress monitoring

a progress monitoring instrument us used throughout the year to show gains in reading achievement and to provide information to the teacher that will help guide instruction.

endoplasmic reticulum

a system of folded membranes in which proteins, lipids, and other materials are made.

Mycelium

a twisted mass of hyphae. it makes up most of the fungus but is hidden from view underground.

Jupiter

5th planet from the sun and is the largest. has small rings and atlas 50 moons

Saturn

6th planet from the sun and is second largest. 53 moons and is known for its ring

Uranus

7th from the sun and it is the 3rd largest. it is made up of hydrogen, helium, and methane gases. 27 moons and 9 faint rings made of rocks and dust.

Neptune

8th planet from the sun and is the fourth largest, has 13 moons

Components or reading fluency

Accuracy- Ability to correctly read the words in text Automaticity- Ability to instantly recognize a large bank of words and to quickly devote unfamiliar words Rate- Speed of reading Prosody- Ability to read with appropriate rhythm, intonation, and expression

Air

Air masses determine weather patterns there are 5 types Continental Arctic Air- bring extremely cold temperatures and little moisture. Continental Polar- bring cold and dry weather but not as cold and continental arctic. Maritime Polar- cool and moist and bring cloudy, damp weather to the U.S. Maritime Tropical- bring warm temperatures and moister. Continental Tropical- form over the southwest desert.

Unbalance forced.

Always cause a change in motion. they are often in opposite direction and not equal in size. When two unbalanced forces are exerted in the direction of the larger force. If two people were to arm wrestle the stronger person would carry the motion of force. Also if a car is stopped and a person were to push it, the two forces in the same direction equal it to move.

Gravity

An attractive force that draws objects toward the center on the earth.

1969

Apollo 11 Neil Armstong lands on the moon

1970

Apollo 13 aborts mission to the moon after explosion of oxygen tanks. they all returned safely.

1968

Apollo 7, first manned mission

Kingdom

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, animals

Plant tectonics.

Hot currents cause the plants of the Earths crust to move. they move the contents around the surface of the Earth and cause geological formations to occur.

How should scientific findings be displayed and or evaluated?

In a detailed and analytical way.

dominant trates/recessive traits

In genetics, a trait that will appear in the offspring if one of the parents contributes it. ( Compare recessive trait.) Note : In humans, dark hair is a dominant trait; if one parent contributes a gene for dark hair and the other contributes a gene for light hair, the child will have dark hair.

Surveys

Interest and attitude surveys can be used to gauge attitudes about reading and identify topics of interest to students

Mechanical Energy

Is the energy of the moving parts of machines or humans, ex. a moving bike or handshake or book resting on a shelf.

Electrons

Is the outer part of an atom.

Potential

It is stored energy in a position. Stopped car

Lava

Lava is magma and as it cools it forms the cone shaped volcano.

Recognizing story structure

Narratives or stories have a beginning, middle, and end and incorporate such literacy elements as setting, characters, and plot. Teachers highlight and facilitate the analyzing of story structure through questions techniques before, during, and after and read aloud or shared reading.

Words correct Per Minute

Number of words -- errors (x--E) X 60 / number of seconds

Inquiry process.

Observation- close analysis of information, procedures, and evidence. Measurement- involving qualitative description or evidence and value placed on precision and accuracy. Experimentation- testing questions and ideas. Communication- replaying results, writing, speaking, and explaining. Mental Processes- inductive reasoning, formulating hypotheses, analogy, extrapolation, classification, prediction, inference, synthesis, and deductive reasoning.

seismometer

The amount of energy released during the earthquake is measured by this and is used on the Richter Scale.

Convection current

The core is so hot, heat developed a current that radiates to the earths crust called convectional current.

What three main layers is the earth divided into?

The core, the mantle, and the crust.

Mantle

The layer above the core which makes up Earths volume.

Weight

The measure of the Earths pull of gravity on an object is called weight. It is the force of gravity on objects and is measured in pounds. The weight of a rock on Earth and the Moon would be different because the gravitational pull is different.

Cueing systems

There are 3 main cueing systems semantic-meaning a student derives from a sentence that is primarily based on prior knowledge syntactic- focuses on the structure of the sentence and how language works graphophonemic- cueing system focuses on various visual cues and knowledge about the relationship between sounds and symbols.

Potential Energy

This potential energy is a result of gravity pulling downwards

Student outcome or Summative assessment

Used to find out what students have learned and mastered in their individual programs.

Student assessment

Used to help determine the effectiveness of a program, curriculum innovation, pedagogic strategy, professional development, or policy initiative.

Renewable resource

Water is not a renewable resource. there is a limited about of water on earth. The water present on Earth goes through a cycle.

tsunami

When an earthquake occurs under water or from a tidal wave.

Cirrus Clouds.

Wispy and feathery. they only form at high altitudes and are composed of ice crystals.

Technology Used In Science

Word processors Spreadsheets Database software Online databases Internet Graphing calculators

1961

Yuri Alekseyevich became the first human in space

nucleus

a dark area in which the cell begins to make the ribosomes

Distinguishing between fact and option

a fact is a piece of information that is true and accurate. An opinion is a personal judgement. Students should be able to read a selection and identify what is fact and what is someones opinion.

chlorophyll

a green pigment found inside the inner membrane of a chloroplasts.

organs

a group of tissues that carry out a specific function within the body.

organelles

carrot out the life processes within a cell. they perform specific function within the cell, and different cell types have different organelles.

Concepts of print

checklist that identifies basic knowledge of print conventions and overall book structure that is letter identification, word boundaries, book cover, and so on

what are two things that plant cells have that animal cells do not have?

chloroplasts and cell walls

circuit

closed loop through which electrical charges can continuously move.

organizational format

combination of while group lessons and small group discussions provides multiple and varying speaking opportunities for student

internet

communication system that connect computers and their networks all over the world

metaphor

comparison of two distinctly different things suggesting a similarity between them

simile

comparison using like or as

cellulose

complex sugar that animals cannot digest without help

poetry

contains short lines, imagery, and elements of sound, rhythm and rhyme

Proteins and lipids

control the movement of larger materials into and out of the cell

inquiry

could include research about a particular author or topic

Sedimentary Rocks

cover igneous rocks with loose sediment. they are created when layers of debris or sediment are compacted and fuse together. they are also called secondary rock because they are make when small pre-existing rocks accumulate. there are three types of this rock called clastic- broken pieces of rock , chemical- standing water evaporates and leaves dissolved mineral behind, and organic- formed by organic material such as calcium from shells, bones, and teeth.

anther

creates pollen

runners

above ground stress that form new plants

Trade Winds

air that moves back towards the equator forms this. Warm steady breezes that blow continuously.

algea

all algae has chlorophyll and most have other pigment that give them color. Most live in water.

Scientific Process

allow for creative thinking provide flexibility use effective questioning strategies empower thinkings skills and content

drama

allowing student to role play, storyteller, and share readers theater scripts with an audience provides an authentic way for students to elaborate on their learning.

Internet

allows access to online resources and faster communication and sharing of information, including social networking and online communities.

Think Alouds

also knows as talking to text. this is instructional method involves the teacher modeling her thoughts out loud while reading a text. teacher often incorporate vocabulary into their think aloud to pre-teach new words and their meaning. Once modeled the students should try on their own.

animals

are eukaryotic and do not have cell walls. They are surrounded by one cell membrane

Criterion referenced tests

assessment instruments that determine the point at which the student has achieved mastery. These tests enable educators to assess whether or not a student has met a predetermined goal. The FCAT is criterion referenced.

reading assessment

assessment is defined as the process for gathering data about students to identify areas of strength and weakness in order to guide future instruction. there are two types of tests. informal and formal.

norm referenced tests

assessments instruments that have been administered to students of various socioeconomic backgrounds and in variety of geographic locations in order to develop norms. the teachers are able to compare their students results with those of a similar population

opinion/argument writing

attempts to argue a particular topic using claims, including the validity of the reasoning as well as the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence.

descriptive writing

attempts to paint an picot or describe a person, place or

criteria that must be considered in the selection of quality multicultural children literature is as follows

depicts diversity but avoids stereotyping of a particular culture. explores cultural differences and similarities in a sensitive manner provides an accurate and positive portrayal of the culture represented provides language and setting that is consistent with the culture and avoids stereotyping

Controlled Experiment

designed so that there is an experimental group and a control group. These groups are identical except for one factor, the variable, which is used with the experimental group.

Blood Pressure Sensors

designed to measure human blood pressure

analogy

detailed and sometimes lengthy comparison of two ideas or events

Comparative assessments

determine how an individuals or groups outcome compares to another groups outcome

literary language

dialect of language used in literary writing

Liquid

distinguished from gas and solid by its readiness to flow, little or no tendency to disperse in the air and relatively high difficulty to compress. IT has a definite volume, and takes the shape of the container, or example water.

Gas

distinguished from liquid and solid by its relatively low density and viscosity, relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature, ability to diffuse easily, and spontaneous tendency to distribute uniformly throughout space. It has no definite volume and takes the shape of the container- ex. water vapor or steam.

Invertebrates

do not have a backbone. worms

nonvascular plants

do not have specialized tissues to move water and nutrients through the plant. Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are all examples of this.

primary sources

document or piece of work that was written, recorded, or created during a particular time period: photos, speeches, interviews, diaries, video, etc.

Balanced Force

does not cause a change in motion. They are in opposite directions and equal in size. if two people are the same strengths and they arm wrestle, their forces are there same.

Smooth ER

does not contain ribosomes it makes lipids and breaks down toxic material that could damage a cell

Physical Change

does not produce a new substance- freezing and melting water

Chemical change or reaction

does produce one or more substances- burning or rusting and digestion breaking apart, combining, recombining, or decomposing substances.

Percolation

downward movement of water through the soil and rock in the ground.

Computer software

basic programs like Microsoft Office programs offering students the opportunity to create their own graphic organizers including but not limited to charts, timelines, and webs programs like photo story to enable students to create digital stories to share their learning through visual media.

questioning and visualizing

before, during, and after a reading or class discussion, students should question the content of the lesson to ascertain the important concepts and begin to organize the newly learned information.

Gregor Mendel

began his work by selectively mating pea plants.

Self monitoring

being aware of their thinking as they are reading is what self monitoring is all about. Students must pause periodically to reflect and think about the information being presented in the text. This reflection may head to students making adjustments to their thinking and inevitably gaining greater meaning from the text.

Comet

bodies in space that orbit the sun and are made of rocks, frozen water, frozen gases, and dust each comet has a trail. The most famous is Halleys comet

literature circles

book clubs, with a response that involves discussion.

hybrid

books that possess two or more genres.

Dynamics

brace of mechanics that studies the relationship between motion and the forces affecting motion of bodies.

Optics

branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light. It provides information about the behavior and properties of light and its interaction with matter.

amino acids

built proteins in a cell

Literary elements

each genre of children literature contains this. They are specific the the type of writing

heterotrophs

eat small living organisms like bacteria, yeast, or other protists. Some are decomposers that get energy from breaking down dead organic matter.

how many planets are there

eight

Linnaeus System

eight levels domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species

Classifications of matter

elements compounds mixtures solutions

Energy transformation

energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transformed from one form to another. this process occurs every day and everywhere you go. example- a person uses mechanical energy to clap, producing sound energy. A plan uses gasoline to fly

Kinetic energy

energy in motion of a mechanical system. The energy of an object if it is moving. Moving Car

Electrical energy

energy stored in electrical fields that results from the presence of electric charges, it is produced by moving electrons and made available by the flow of electrical charge through a conductor.

fungi

eukaryotic heterotrophs that have rigid cell walls and no chlorophyll. they dissolve food with digestive juices.

hyperbole

exaggeration use to emphasize a point

Charles Darwin

examines plans and animals in varying places around the world on his voyage

What Two Groups Are In A Controlled Experiment

experimental and control

idiom

expression that is peculiar and cannot be understood by the literal meaning of its elements ex. my heats being out of my chest

Pseudopodia

false feet is how Amoebas move.

pistil

female part of the flower made of stigma, style, and ovary.

1958

first satellite launched and NASA was created

1971

first space station created

five categories of vertebrates

fish amphibians reptiles birds mammals

limerick

five line humorous poem with rhyming

worms

flatworm roundworms segmented words-can live in salt mollusks- live in ocean-snail echinoderms-seastars arthropods- largest group of animals-exoskeleton

Electric current

flow of electricity through a conductor

Friction

force involved when surfaces that touch each other have a certain resistance to motion. In a machine, friction reduces the mechanical advantage, to the ratio of output to input. A car used one quarter of its energy on reducing friction.

Three main states or phases or matter

gas liquid solid

DNA

genetic material that contain information needed to make new cells. passed from parent cells to new cells. it is enclosed inside an organelle called the nucleus.

expository/explanatory writing

give information, explains why or how, clarifies a process, or defines a concept.

heterogeneous

groups of students to talk about the story they are reading

non flowering seed plants are also called what

gymnosperms

cilia

hairlike structures which beat back and forth ,causing the ciliate to move

fish

have fins senses gills embryos

filament

holds up the anther

Stratus clouds

horizontal, layered clouds that appear to blanket the sky. Form when it is warm, moist air passes over cool air

clerihew

humorous verse consisting of two rhyming couplets, one of which includes a persons name.

Determining the authors purpose

identifying the authors purpose or point of view is vital to comprehension. ex. the authors purpose for writing the text could be to explain, inform, persuade, and entertain.

Recognizing the main idea

identifying the main idea means determining the essential message of a reading selection. The main idea can be constructed from various supporting detains in the text.

Informal reading inventories IRI's

individual tests that generally include lists of words or sentences and leveled reading passages with accompanying questions teachers can calculate the accuracy rate by using this (total words read-error/ total words read X100= accuracy

virus

infectious agent. bacteria can live outside the host viruses cannot. viruses use the cells they infect and do not have cells of their own. viruses are made of a protein coat that surrounds either ENA or RNA. Viruses cannot be killed unless the correct medication is used. they bodies immune system must eliminate the virus and vaccination gives the body immune system a boost in fighting viruses.

running records

informal assessments that enable the teacher to observe, score, and interpret a students reading behaviors. Teacher Key Errors (E) Self Correction (SC) Meaning (M)- students takes time to think about story Structure (S)- students reading sounds correctly Visual(V)- looking at a visual to see if they are reading correctly

Scoring a running record

information gathered while doing a running record is used to determine the students score. error rate is total words/total errors= error rate

informative writing

informs the reader in an attempt to create newfound knowledge

Valid and Reliable

instruments can be reliable but not valid. a reliable instrument might be measuring something consistently, but not necessarily what it is supposed to be measuring validly. Reliability refers to the precision of the instrument, and validity refers to the accuracy of the instrument.

Sponges

invertebrates and are asymmetrical and have no tissue

Centripetal force

involved when an object moves in a circular path, and force is directed toward the center of the circle in order to keep the motion going. centripetal force keeps a satellite circling Earth.

Electrical forces

involved when the protons in the nucleus of an atom and the elections outside the nucleus exert an electrical pull toward each other despite the spatial separation.

Gravitational forces

involved when the sun and planets exert a gravitational pull on each other despite their large spatial separation. The gravitational pull is still present even when you have no physical contact with the earth.

Magnetic forces

involved when two magnets can exert a magnetic pull on each other even when a short distance separated them.

Authentic assessment

involves presenting tasks that reflect the kind of mastery demonstrated by experts or in the real world situations.

Alternative Assessment

involves students derived responses to a task or question, for example, demonstrations, exhibits, portfolios, oral presentations, or essays, no traditional assessments.

Traditional assessment

involves students selecting responses from a multiple choice list, true/false list, or matching list, or working out the full solution of an equation.

Standardized testing

involves the administration of test under controlled conditions and using consistent scoring procedures.

Science

involves the development of theories, laws, and hypotheses. Development is driven by the quality of data that is available and how it is interpreted at a given time.

Performance assessment

involves the direct, systematic observation of an actual students performance and rating of that performance according to pre established performance criteria or a rubric, and assessment of both the results and process.

Temperature

is a measure related to the average kinetic engr. of the molecules of a substance.

Heat

is a measurement of the total energy in a substance.

Heat

is a measurement of the total energy in a substance. total energy is make up of kinetic and the potential energies of the molecules of the substance. Temperature does not tell you anything about the potential energy. the faster the molecules of the substance are moving, the hotter the temperature becomes.

Force

is a pull or a push upon an object that results from the objects integration with another object.

Element

is a substance that consists of only one type of atom and is represented by a symbol consisting of one or more letters. an element cannon be broken down into other substances of that element.

Hypothesis

is a tentative and testable insight into the natural world.

Prism

is a transparent object with flat polished surfaces that refract or diffuse (break apart) light.

Mass

is always the same and is independent of gravity. example, two rocks with the same amount of mass placed on a pan balance scale here on Earth will also be balanced on the Moon even through the gravitational pull on the rocks are different. Weight is often confused with mass

response logs

is an informal assessment that documents students reading, viewing, and listening. students record thoughts and feelings as they read, listen to, or watch literary, factual, or media texts. It is important to encourage students to value their own responses.

Taxonomy

is classification of living things into categories based on physical characteristics. originally developed by Carolus Linnaeus and is knows as the Linnaean system that includes 8 levels.

Rough ER

is covered in ribosomes and is usually found near the nucleus

Voice to print matching

is essentially reading aloud and matching the voice to the print. This technique is often used with beginning readers in the primary grades.

Solid

is not gaseous or liquid. It is firm or compact in substance. It has definite volume and shape, for example, ice.

Development of Force

is push or pull. This process can give energy to an object, causing it to start moving, stop moving, or change its motion. Force comes in pairs and can be balanced or unbalanced.

Informational and Literary Text Structures

is structured using organizational aid called text features such as title, table of contents, headings, subheadings, bold words, pictures, photos, labels, diagrams, charts, graphs, ect. these features support the body of the text and help to synthesize and summarize the information being presented.

Oceanic Crust

is that part of the crust under the oceans about 4-7 miles. consists mostly of basalt. 71 percent of Earths surface is oceanic crust

Magnetic energy

is the force (pull or push) of a magnet. This energy is stored in magnetic fields that are produced by moving electric charges. If the poles of two magnets near each other are alike, then they repel each other. IF the poles of two magnets near each other are different, then they attract each other.

Wind

is the horizontal movement of air. the equator receives direct rays from the sun.

listening

is the language art used most often, let it is also the one most often neglected. listening requires the students to take in or receive what has been heard and sen, attend to what is most important, and then comprehend the message.

Molecule

is the smallest particle of substance that may exist independently and matins all the properties of the substance.

Light

is the type of energy that has a comparatively low level of physical weight or density. it is considered an electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength.

Matter

is what makes up everything is the world, rocks, people, chairs, buildings, water, oxygen, animals, ect. It takes up space and has mass. it contains molecules and atoms, but also has protons, neutrons, and electrons. it is in consistent change

Water Cycle

it is made up of four steps evaporation condensation precipitation collection

Lab Safety

it is recommended that teacher perform any experiment prior to asking students to conduct it. Students must be taught how to properly use tools in experiments including microscopes, graduated cylinders ect. Eye protection should be worn during all laboratory experiments. Sterilize between uses. hair should always be pulled back All lab stations should contain safety equipment

Concepts of print

knowledge of how print works is vital. Young learners should understand that print conveys meaning, directionality (left to right, top to bottom) concepts of word, letter knowledge, phonemic awareness, and literacy language.

reservoir

lake- like area where water is kept until needed. these may be canals or retention pounds and may be naturally formed or man made.

figurative language

language that utilizes figures of speech especially metaphors

Eubacteria

large group of single-celled organisms that grow in nearly every environment on earth. They are typically micrometers in length and can be classified based on their shape, type of cell wall, methods of movement, or way of obtaining energy.

Vacuoles

large vesicles.

Making Inferences

making an inference is often referred to as reading between the lines or deriving meaning from the implied or underlying theme and point of text.

gametophyte stage

male and female parts make gametes. they create eggs and that creates spores.

Compound

matter that combines atoms chemical in definite weight proportions. Water is an example of a compound that has the ratio of two hydrogen atoms H2 and one oxygen O.

Nonliving

may have some criteria of living things but if they do not meet all six the are not living- ex. crystals kangaroo but it is not made up of cells

Atomic reactions

may take place in the sun, nuclear power reactors, nuclear bombs, and radioactive decay. Atoms are made of three components of subatomic particles. Proton, neutrons, and elections.

Word Recognition Skills

means that the student has the ability to visually identify words in isolation or context. The goal of enhancing word recognition is to enable students to understand how words work. The phases or word recognition are pre alphabet, partial and full alphabet.

Temperature

measure related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. It has to do with the degree of hotness or coldness of the substance. Temperature is not energy, but it is a number that relates to the kinetic energy possessed by the molecules of a substance.

Club Fungi

most commonly recognized as mushrooms. They produce sexually. so are edible some are not.

vascular plants

move water and nutrients from one part of the plant to another.

hyphae

multicellular fungi are made up of chain cells called hyphae. Most of the hyphae that make up a fungus grow together to form a mycelium.

parasites

namely organisms that invade other organisms called hosts to obtain the nutrients they need.

Modes of writing

narrative writing opinion/argument writing descriptive writing expository explanatory writing informative writing creative writing

Convection

occurs through the movement of masses, either air or water. Convection occurs when hot air rises, cools, and then falls, this cycle is what makes ceiling warm the air in the winter.

Diffraction.

occurs when a ray of light bends around the edges of an object, the ray of light has been diffracted.

Conduction

occurs when heat transfers through molecular movement. Example, when you pick up a metal bar, it is cold. As you hold it, the warmth of your body conducts heat to the metal through solid to solid contact.

Precipitation

occurs when the amount of water that has condensed in the air is too much for the air to hold. The could that hold the water become heavy and the water falls back to the surface of the Earth in the form of rain, hail, sleet, or snow.

Evaporation

occurs when the sun heats up the water on the surface of the Earth. The water turns into vapor and goes into the air.

Collection

occurs when the water returns to the surface of the Earth and falls back into water sources like ocean, lakes, or rivers, When the water falls back to land, it either soaks into the Earth and becomes ground water or runs over the soil and returns back to the water sources.

Condensation

occurs when the water vapor in the air cools and changes back into liquid, forming clouds.

asexual reproduction

offspring come from one parent and are identical copy of the parent. this occurs through fission.

Pluto

once considered a planet but now it is too small because it is smaller than the earths moon

Inquiry based classroom

open environment where students use the resources beyond the classroom and the school and use technology to connect appropriately with local and world communities. They connect science with the scientific method.

stomata

openings in the leafs surface that can open and close for the plant to get oxygen.

anecdotal notes

or records are short, concise, written observations made by the teacher while students work. Their purpose is to observe and record information that may be useful in guiding reading instruction and sharing student capabilities with parents.

lysosomes

organelles that contain digestive enzymes that destroy worn out or damaged organelles, get rid of waste, and protect the cell from invaders.

Protists

organisms that are similar to plant, fungi, and animas but do not fit neatly into those kingdoms. most are single celled and do not have a specialized tissue.

heredity

passing of traits from parents to their offspring

Boiling

past the boiling point, which is the temperature at which a liquid boils at a fixed pressure

characters

people or animals in the story, novel, or play

Graphophonemic

phase of word recognition to elementary age students that refers to the letter sound relationship

Phonological awareness

phonological awareness includes the ability of student to identify and manipulate large parts of spoken language (words, syllables, onset rime units) and awareness of other aspects of sound in language like alliteration, intonation, and rhyming.

chloroplasts

plants cells contain these. animal cells do not. this cell allows it to have energy from the sun.

sporophyte stage

plants make spores with then can grow in a suitable environment.

what are the 8 genres for children books

poetry traditional/folklore fantasy science fiction realistic fiction historical fiction biography autobiography

Nuclear Energy

present in the nucleus of atom. Dividing, combining, or colliding of nuclei can result in the release of nuclear energy. It is released by fission.

Nuclear force

present in the nucleus of atoms. It is released by fission the breaking of a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei. Fusion two atomic nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus.

The writing process

prewriting drafting revising editing publishing

set a purpose

prior to the read aloud, storytelling, or class demonstration, ensure that students understand the objective of the lesson.

cellular reproduction

process by which plants convert the energy that is stored in glucose molecules into energy that cells can use.

photosynthesis

process by which plants make food

Energy changes

produce heat, even when they are not the intended target energy. This is because the machines do not work with complete efficiency- some energy is lost as heat in the transformation process

editing

proofreading the draft for misspelled words and grammatical and mechanical errors, focus is on the mechanics, punctuation, sentence fragments, capitalization

what are the four categories of eukaryotes

protists fugi plants animas

basic guidelines for how students can safely use the internet

provide preselected sights teach advanced search but still provide preselected sights teach students to be taught to critically question and evaluate the site based of its content and their needs older students must be taught proper citation skill and should understand copyright laws.

Cumulus clouds

puffy and look like cotton balls. Form when warm, moist air is forced upwards. As air rises it cools. The size of these clouds depend on the force of upward movement and they cause heavy rain storms.

Analyzing a running record

qualitative analysis is based on observation the teacher makes during the running record. it involves observing how the student uses the meaning, structure, and visual cues to help them read.

fluency check

quick, usually 1 minutes timed reading. assessments that focus on accuracy, rate, and prosody, students words per minute are downloaded.

three methods of heat transfer

radiation, conduction, convection

Runoff

rain water that falls to land and moves across the land to rivers, streams, or other water sites. Occurs when the quantity of rainfall exceeds that are at which the soil can absorb the water.

Educational technology

rapidly growing in schools and prepares student to work in the 21st century.

graphic organizers

reading logs, learning logs, and reading response journals are all examples of written response.

artifacts

real objects, usually representative of a particular culture or event

historical fiction

realistic stories set in the past

narrative writing

recounts a personal or fictional experience or tells a story based on a real or imagined event

media literacy

refers to the ability of a student to interpret media messages. They provide in a variety of formats and for many purposes. The messages in the school environment are primarily meant to inform the reader.

Static electricity

refers to the accumulation of excess electric change in a region that has poor electrical conductivity (like an insulator) friction can cause this.

Validity

refers to the accuracy of an assessment instrument. is it valid? refers to the degree to which a measure accurately asses the specific concept it is design to measure.

Reliability

refers to the precision of an assessment instrument. Is it reliable? Reliability is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results. Test-retest reliability is a measure of reliability obtained by administering the same test twice over a period of time to a group of individuals

penmanship

refers to the quality or style of ones handwriting. Legible or easily read handwriting is a developmental process, somewhat like reading. students are taught manuscript and cursive.

revising

refining and clarifying the draft, focus is on meaning and further developing the writing piece

Prevailing Westerlies

remaining winds move toward the polls, appearing to curve to the east, since they come from the west they are called this. These winds are responsible for man of the water movements in the United States and Canada then they join the easterlies that originate from the poles.

what to do to aid fluent reading...

repetitive or repeated reading, oral reading, echo reading, choral reading ,timed reading, readers theater, auto books, poetry reading, dependent reading, and pair reading.

Sexual reproduction

requires two parents and often involves a process called conjugation, in which two individuals join together and exchange genetic material using a second nucleus.

Alphabet knowledge

requires young learners to identify and name the upper and lowercase letters of the alphabet. Alphabet books, magnetic letters, and the use of environmental print all enhance alphabet knowledge.

literature response

responding to literature in a variety of ways assists students with deeply comprehending a text. these activities help children to understand the essence of the stories they are reading. These responses can take on many forms, such as artistic literature response, discussion , drama, inquiry, written response, and multimedia.

artistic literature

response incorporates a variety of artistic mediums such as drawing, painting, collage, and scratchboard.

science fiction

satires that might happen in the future, common themes include space travel, cloning, and utopian societies

spacing

should be consistent to the eye between letters, words and sentences

letter size and alignment

should be roughly the same size on the writing lines, using the headline, middling, and baseline as instructed.

Games

sight word bingo can be used to informally assess sight word recognition.

virtual manipulatives

simulations of activities over the internet/ used to help students learn some of the underlying ideas of mathematics modeling and computer simulations.

Arachaeabacteria

single-celled microorganisms. They have no cell nucleus or complex organelles. But they cells contain DNA and ribosomes to carry on the functions of life. They are similar in shape to bacteria but have some notable differences. They live in hot springs , salt lakes, soils, oceans, and marshlands.

Accelerometers

small devices that can be mounted on moving objects to study one dimensional motions, such as the motion of a car, elevator, mass on a string undergoing simple harmonic motion or amusement park rides.

Atom

smallest particle of the element, which retains the properties of that element. it is the basic building block of matter. atoms of each element are the same but different from the atoms of another element. the may be split or combined during atomic relations to form new atoms. these reactions change the number of protons and neutrons of an atom.

Inner core

solid and make up of iron, nickel, and other light elements. 780 miles thick. It will never melt

spores

spores produce new fungi

Diagnostic assessment

standardized tests that aim to determine a students strengths and weaknesses.

inquiry based skills in science.

starts by posing questions, problems or scenarios—rather than simply presenting established facts. students learn from each other and learn from analyzing successful and less successful problem solving strategies. more focused on using and learning content as a means to develop information-processing and problem solving skills. students centered approach as opposed to a teacher-centered approach. teacher becomes the facilitator of learning. how we come to know over what we know. students need to be involved, motivated, engaged, and responsible as they construct knowledge through active involvement.

cnidaria

stinging cell- jellyfish

realistic fiction

stories focusing on events that could happen in the real world

fantasy

stories that could not happen in the real world

biography

stories that tell the tale of a persons life

autobiography

stories that tell the tale of a persons life written by the person him or herself

Traditional literature/folklore

stories that were told by world of mouth, nursery rhymes, fairy tales, fables, myths, legends, tall tales.

readers theater

storytelling, dramatic responses might include poetry readings

questioning

strategy that helps student make meaning of the text being read. teachers must model a variety of questions for students to then internalize and implement in their own reading. Students should read with a purpose and question in their minds.

line quality

strokes of the pencil should be of a consistent smoothness, color, and weight, line quality should not be too dark or wavy, too light or cared, smooth circles and straight lines are the goal.

mitosis

structures of the cell are copied identically in this process

Activating Prior Knowledge

students must connect what they hear, read, and view with what they already know. Making these connections to the text enables readers to process the information and add the new knowledge to what they already know. Students can use Think Pair Share technique to discuss what they already know about a topic with partners. Teachers can use graphic organizers and KWL chart to elicit what students already know about the topic.

How to become a fluent reader

students must have a strong foundation in word recognition and must spend time reading. The more students read, the more fluent they come. Fluent readers focus on comprehension and make connections, read with expression and phrasing, decoding quickly, and self correct when their reading does not make sense.

theme

subject or central idea of the story

Cell membranes

surround the cell and provide a protective layer that covers the surface of the cell and across a barrier to ints environment.

Photosynthesis

takes place in the chloroplasts it allows the plant and algae to use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make sugar and oxygen.

miscue analysis

technique for recording and analyzing students oral reading errors in order to gain insight into the reading process they employ. it is useful to ask comprehension questions or ask student to retell what they have read after the reading to determine how well students have understood the text.

retelling

technique that involves reading, either silently or aloud, and then retelling what has been read. In the retelling, a student reveals the parts of the text that were more significant to them.

what provides meaning whole children learn to read?

that text and pictures provide meaning

Using graphic and semantic organizers

the are used by teachers and students to highlight the big ideas in a text and to facilitate connections. These organizers synthesize and summarize the reading to aid comprehension.

Living thing

the be a living thing 6 criteria must be met Made of cells obtain and use energy grow and develop reproduce responds to stimuli in environment Adapt to environment

Drawing conclusions or summarizing

the conclusion is the end or summation of reading selection. To summarize is to simply and concisely paraphrase what has been read.

transpiration

the loss of water through a leave

stamen

the male part of the flower

Doldrum

the moist air is heated and rises, leaving low pressure regions. Regions of little steady air movement.

Golgi complex

the organelle that packages and distributes proteins.

Outer Core

the outer core is alway molten, or melted. it is make up of mostly iron with some nickel and other elements and makes up the remainder of the core. The outer core rotates with the earth while the inner core stays in place making the earths magnetism.

Cells

the smallest unit of living things and were not discovered until microscopes were invented in the mid 1600's. All cells contain cell membranes, cytoplasm, organelles, and DNA

Electrical Current

the stream of electrons moving through a conductor is an electric current.

Finding supporting details and facts

the supporting details and face in section provide the reader with the vital information needed to synthesize and summarize what is being read.

Computer simulations

the tequnique of representing the real world via a computer program. represents real or imaginary situations.

seasons

the tilt of Earth accounts the intensity of earths rays change as the earth orbits the sun.

cytoskeleton

the web of proteins inside the cytoplasm. this acts as both a muscle and a skeleton for the cell.

Eukaryotic

these cells a nucleus exists. they have cell walls, cellulose, protein, lipids, and phospholipids Complex structures and are 10 times larger than bacteria.

autotrophs

they create their own food and have a two stage life cycle and have cell walls

Earth

third planet from the sun. oceans over almost there quarters of it and it has 1 moon.

Speaking strategies

this allows students to process their learning through speaking.

Stanine score

this is a score quite similar to percent. These scores range from one through nine. Scores of four through six are considered to be average.

Cloze test

this procedure involves getting students to fill in words deliberately omitted from a passage of test. this procedure assists students in the prediction and the use of context clues.

Percentile ranking

this standardized test score ranking compares a student to other students his or her age. For example if Brett eared a 75% that means that 25% of his peers scored better than he did on a particular assessment while 24% of students scored lower than him

fossil record

timeline of life gathered from examine fossils

What should teachers encourage?

to explain and justify their answers using data, manipulate data to distinguish patterns and trends (graphs, tables, and charts). They must explain what they see using data and patterns if needed.

Science Goal

to identify and establish principles and theories that may be used in the solution of problems by suing formal techniques, such as systematic studies, observations, experimentations, and inquiry methods. refers to the consistency of a set of measurements or a measuring instrument. This can refer to whether the measurements of the same instrument provide the same measurement (test/re-test), or whether two independent investigators give consistently similar scores.

Visualization

to visualize a text means to create mental pictures in one mind about the content of the reading

adaptation

trait that is advantageous to species

drafting

transfer of ideas to paper, focus is on getting all thoughts down, the content rather than on spelling, grammar, and mechanics.

vesicle

transports the lipids and proteins to other parts of the cell or outside the cell. they are responsible for the digestion.

Law

truthful explanation of different events that happen with uniformity under certain conditions

Scientific Law

truthful explanation of different events that happen with uniformity under certain conditions, for example, laws of nature, laws of gravity. A law is a description of how things behave, but it does not explain why they behave the way they do.

alliteration

two or more words or syllables, near each other, with the same beginning consonant

xylem and phloem

two types of vascular tissue

ectotherms

unable to regulate their own body temperature.

two types of animals

vertebrates and invertebrates

endotherm

warm blooded animas. they can regulate their own body temperature

Scientific Method

ways in which scientists answer questions and solve problems systematically. the order may differ based on what is needed to answer the question posted Ask a question make an observation hypothesis predict test conclude the first step is to ask a question, in order to answer the question, observations are needed which include collecting data. Once the question is formulated and observations are conducted a hypothesis is created which is the possible answer to the question. The hypothesis is based on guessing and what was observed and testable. Then the answers are predicted and an experiment is formulated.

Theory

well validated and well supported explanation of some aspect of the natural world

Scientific theory

well validated and well supported explanation of some aspect of the natural world. For example, theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, germ theory of disease, or theory of evolution.

retelling

what has been heard helps students organize their thoughts into a logical sequence of beginning, middle, and end.

germination

when a seed sprouts and forms a new plant

radiation

when heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves. radiation are the heating of the skin by the sun and the hear of a bonfire. The heat is transferred through the movement of electromagnetic waves, as is the case with the Suns energy reaching the earth

setting

where the story takes place

flagella

whiplike stands extending out from the cell that move back and forth.

survival of the fittest

who has the best adaption in this wold now?

antonym

word that means the opposite of the given word

synonym

word that means the same as or similar to a given word

metonym

word used in metonymy like the wagon being used instead of sobriety.

portfolios

working and or growth portfolios can be sued to collect work samples over time to gain true insight into how students skills have progressed.

Tomie dePaola

writes book related to his Italian ancestry.

Connecting Electricity to a machine

you are converting it to another type of energy

True

Pushing and Pulling are the two main factors effecting motion.

punctuation

sharing a final product

two space shuttles that were destroyed during missions

Challenger and Columbia

father of evolution

Charles Darwin

Continental Crust

20-40 miles which and is the remaining 29 percent of earths crust.

Mars

4th planet from the sun. it is a rusty color and is sometimes called the red planet. Has 2 moons

haiku

5-7-5 like syllables

Applied Force

Force that is applied to an object by a person or another object. When a person is pushing a desk across the room, there is an applied force exerted upon the object

Volcanoes

Form when hot material called magma rises from below the Earths surface to break through the Earth crust. Magma gathers in a reservoir called the magma chamber which then eventually erupts onto the surface of the Earth creating a volcano. When the magma reaches the surface of the Earth it is called lava. as the lava cools it creates a cone of rock, the volcano.

father of modern genetics

Gregor Medel

Formative assessment

Help guide day to day classroom activities

Rubrics

Retelling rubrics can be used to identify what important literary elements students are incorporating into their retelling.

Vocabulary

Students understanding of literary and domain specific vocabulary is vital to text comprehension. Pre-teaching vocabulary not specifically defined in context can aid student understanding while reading.

organ system

11 organ systems in the human body integumentary- hair muscular skeletal cardiovascular respiratory urinary reproductive nervous digestive lymphatic endocrine

Students should be evaluated in their demonstrations of acceptable scientific ethics and procedures by their...

Ability to identify inventions. Ability to analyze and evaluate data collected or found in a database. Ability to critique scientific findings and reports.

performance based assessment

AKA authentic assessment, this form of assessment incorporates real life applications of what has been taught and enables the teacher to assess meaningful and complex educational products and performances.

visual media

AKA non print media, refers to anything that is not literally printed, TV, video, some radio broadcasting.

Sound or acoustic energy

Energy in the form of mechanical waves transmitted through materials such as, plastic or air. These waves can be audible or inaudible. The brain interprets audible wave sounds as they enter through the ears. The sound is less intense as it moves farther and farther from the source.

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules. Example- the combustion (burning) of gas provokes a chemical reaction that releases chemical energy. Molecules are broken to produce heat and light. Combustion is used to power cars and other machines.

Evaluating Student growth

Documenting experiences by keeping notes collecting data describe scientific principles as they occur in experiments to describe data findings. Writing reflections related to personal experiences in science using valid and reliable data. evaluated in their ability to describe findings using inquiry-based methods.

Radiant or Light Energy

Energy transmitted in the form of electromagnetic waves or radiation. Example- visible light that the brain interprets as color, radio waves, infrared rays, ultraviolet rays or X-rays.

Geology

Earth science encompasses all aspects of knowledge of geology and the Earth. This includes geologic formation of rocks and minerals, the interactions of land, air, and wanter, and heat transfer.

Web 2.0 tools

Email- for students to interact with classmates and teachers online book clubs- motivates students to discuss the book they have been reading online WebQuests- web based learning experiences in which students navigate predetermined websites to learn further insight into a topic of study Wiki sites- allows students to create their own mini web pages. Video conferencing- programs like Skype and FaceTime allowing students to communicate with other student regarding topics of study. Blogs- a blog, short for weblog, is a user friendly web page that allows students to post and comment on their work. Glogs- are virtual posters that offer an interactive experience for the viewer. Podcasts- students and teachers have the ability to publish their audio recordings online for all to hear. Video Projects- students share and expand on newfound knowledge by creating digital stories or videos related to student learning. SRS- student response systems- clickers for the interactive whiteboard Tablets- these include mobile computers that are often controlled via touchscreen technology. Used for centers, partner work, or whole group instruction. Apps- Short for applications, they are inexpensive software that can be downloaded from the Internet and are typically used on mobile devices like tablets or smartphones.

Solar Energy

Energy formed from the sun that can be converted into thermal or electrical energy. It can have the form of electromagnetic waves or light. Daylight is a result of solar energy. The sun warms the Earth. Energy from the sun enables plants to synthesize food and allows for evaporation. Solar power is conversion of sunlight into electricity.

5 E's to support science learning based on cognitive psychology and constructivist learning.

Engagement- the process starts with engagement. Teachers presents the problem, pre-assesses the students, helps students make connections, and inform students of the research questions. Exploration- In this phase, students should be actively engaged in collecting or finding data to solve the problem, the teacher should make sure students are doing so effectively and appropriately. focusing on the process itself. Explanation. At this point students should use the data they have collected to solve the problem and answer research questions. they should report their procedures and thinking process as they solve the problem Teacher could also introduce new vocal, ideas, concepts, skills, phrases, or sentences to label what the students have already figured out. Elaboration- Elaboration is the last step of this cycle. Before it goes back to the engagement stage student are given new information questions and problems in order to extend what they have learned in the earlier parts of the learning cycle. Final applications, answer to discussion, presentations, testing.

5 step Experimental Learning Cycle to support science learning.

Exploration- Do it, perform an activity with limited or no help from the teacher. Making products ect. Sharing- What happens Publicly share the results, reactions, and observations, talk freely about experiences. group or individual Processing- Whats important- Discuss, analyze, and reflect on how the experience was carried out, how issues were brought out by the experience, how specific problems or issues were addressed, what personal experiences were involved, and what recurring themes were encountered. Generalizing- So what- connect the experience with real-world examples, find general trends or common truths in the experience, identify real-life principles that surfaces, and list key terms that capture the learning. Application- Now what- Apply what was learned to a similar or different situation. learn from past experiences, discuss how new learning can be applied to other situations.

Critical Thinking Strategies

Making Connections- teachers facilitate and encourage three types of connection to text to aid reading comprehension. text to self, text to text, and text to the world. Making Predictions- about what a particular text is going to be about Questioning- stateri that helps students make meaning of the text being read. Teachers must model a variety of questions for students to then internalize and implement in their own reading. Summarizing- to simply and concisely paraphrase what has been read. It takes place during and after reading. Chunking- to break down words for the purpose of decoding words in a text.

Fundamental physical properties of matter

Mass Volume Density Physical Change Chemical Change

Density

Mass per unit of volume or the ratio of total mass to total volume. it defines how tightly the molecules are packed together. an object made of iron which is very dense, will have less volume than an object of equal mass made of something less dense substance like water. The higher an object or a substance density is, the higher the ratio of total mass to total volume would me.

Wiki/WebQuest

Multimedia tools such as computer software programs or online resources can enhance students reading comprehension. Students could create these.

The 5 components of Reading

Phonemic Awareness- ability to hear and manipulate the sounds of spoken language. ex. noticing rhyme and recognizing the separate, small sounds in words. Phonics- understanding of the relationships between the written letters of the alphabet and the sounds of spoken language. This knowledge allows a read to decode words by translating the letters into speech sounds. Fluency- ability to read at an appropriate rate, accurately, and with prosody (proper expression). Fluent readers can concentrate on understanding what they read because they don't have to focus on decoding. Vocabulary- includes all the words the reader can understand and use. The more words a child knows the better he or she will understand what is read. Knowing how words relate to each other is a building block that leads to comprehension. Comprehension- ability to understand what one had read. This includes the understanding the plot of a story or the information in an article.

Diagnostic assessment

Pretests- are used to help determine what students know when they begin any educational test.

Leaching

Process by which materials in the soil are transferred into the water

Minus Clouds.

Produce precipitation

Alfred Wegener

Proposed a theory that the continental plates have been joined into one plate at different periods in time, forming a supercontinent, one of which was called Pangea.

what did the National Science Education Standards report?

Scientific inquiry refers to the diverse ways in quick scientist study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence derived from their work.

Mercury

Smallest planet and is closest to the sun. it has no moons and is most likely like moons surface.

Volume

Space- the amount of cubic space that an object occupies is called volume

Crust

The top layer of the earth, the hard outer shell and the most thinnest layer of the earth. This crust floats on the male and is solid material. There are two types of crust, oceanic and continental crust.

Protozoans

animal like protists are heterotrophs. Amoebas are an example of protozoans. they are found in fresh and salt water and are parasites in animals. They eat bacteria and small protists.

Starts

are made entirely of gases, mostly hydrogen. the color and size depends on its mass

Moons

are satellites of planets. They generally obit around a planet. they have a gravitational pull toward planets.

anecdotal notes

are short, concise written observations made while students work.

Ribosomes

are the smallest of all organelles. some float and others are attached to the membrane or the cytoskeleton.

evolution

as species adapt over time they can turn into a new species in this process

Methods Of Inquiry

based on gathering observable, empirical, and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of ethics and reasoning. it consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.

Multicultural Children's Literature

can be loosely defined as books written for children that illuminate the variety of cultures, ethnicities, and traditions present in a country of multicultural heritage. Many children authors write multicultural churns books based on their own heritage.

cytoplasm

cell membrane controls what materials go into and out of the cell, inside the cell is a fluid called cytoplasm.

what parts do all cells contain?

cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and DNA

Condensing

change from a gas to a liquid

Evaporation

change from a liquid to a gas

summarizing

concurrently and after questioning students should begin to synthesize the information and se relationships among key concepts

Thermal energy

considered the most internal energy of objects, which is created by vibration and movement.

Thermal Energy

considered the most internal energy of objects, which is created by vibration and movement. IT is a form of kinetic energy and transferred as heat. It manifests itself as an increase in temperature between two objects.

Canyons

form when erosion changes the face of the Earths surface. The erosion occurs due to water, often rivers, running through a dry region. The rocks in the dry region provide resistance, which causes the canyon to be created. the water removes rock material and transports it to a different location. as this happens, the river digs deeper into the Earths crust, forming a canyon. as the plates of the earth shifts, there is a phenomenon called uplift, which causes the plateau to rise, casing the river to be lower relative to the surface of the plateau.

Metamorphic Rocks

form when pre-existing rock is moved into an environment of intense heat and or pressure. Minerals that make up rock become unstable, often burial. Common metamorphic rock is slate, gneiss, and or marble.

aquifer

formation that transmits water under the surface of the Earth. When digging a well, the aquifer is the water source

Soil

formed by the physical weathering of rocks and minerals. Rocks at the surface of the Earth are broken down by gathering, the smaller pieces mix with organic material like mosses and eventually create sol. Decaying organic matter adds to the thin layer of soil, creating a rich environment for plants to grow.

Igneous Rock

formed from the cooling of magma. when magma cools it changes from a liquid to a solid. This rock makes up the majority of Earths crust. ex. granite and basalt.

Sinkholes

formed when cavities from under the surface of the Earth. these are formed when water filling the space is removed through evaporation or absorption.

Mountains

formed when two continental plates collide with each other and force both plates upwards.

letter formation

four basic strokes circles, horizontal lines, vertical lines, and slant lines

phytoplankton

free floating single celled protists. they are microscopic and usually float year the waters surface and produce much of the worlds oxygen.

Oral Language Development

in order to enhance a students oral language or verbal skills, students must be involved in the following on a regular basis: open ended- whole group, small group, and on one one discussions. read aloud, echo reading, songs, etc.

graphic organizers

in order to solidify that last phase of listening, comprehension, many teachers encourage age students to complete graphic organizers to synthesize and then evaluate the glaring that has taken place.

Protons and neutrons

in the nucleus or solid center of an atom

prokaryotic

in these cells a nucleus does not exist. they are single celled organisms and are small and simple cells. they have two domains called archaea and bacteria.

Imperfect fungi

include all other species of fungi. reproduce asexually. most cause disease in plans and animals. ex. athletes food.

teaching writing conventions

include such mechanics as spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and grammar. The conventions can be taught to a while group through modeled, shred, and interactive writing opportunities or to small groups and individuals during writing conferences.

Sac fungi

include yeast, mildews, and morels. it reproduces both ways and can be used for making break and alcohol through fermentation.

Phonics

lessons teach readers to associate the letters of the alphabet with their sound values. Knowledge of the letter sound relationship is vital to beginning readers. Ex. digraphs are two consonants that together represent one sound, and consonant blend is two consonants that together keep their individual sounds.

Electrically charged objects share

like charges repel one another opposite charges attract each other charge is conserved

questioning

listening and speaking go hand in hand therefore, the questioning strategy is one that can be thought but also expressed orally.

instructional methods and strategies

listening and speaking opportunities should abound in elementary class. both listening and speaking are oral processes that are essential elements of high quality language arts instruction.

classroom organizational formats

literature circles are small, temporary, and heterogeneous groups of students that gather together to discuss a book of their choice with the goal of enhancing comprehension workshop approach to literacy provides a framework for reachers and students to learn together in a meaningful way literacy centers are essential to a balanced literacy program and offer a wide variety of learning opportunities to students. these centers allow the students time to practice and apply what they are learning in a small group setting. Small groups are groups of students working together in order to expand their knowledge. Examples of small groups are jigsaw groups. Partner/buddy reading takes place between two students of the same or differing ages/grad levels. the pair of students usually has a copy of the same text and read chorally or take turns reading to each other.

Threadlike fungi

live in soil and are decomposers

Asteroids

made of rock, metal, or ice, and are like planets in that they orbit the Sun. a best of asteroids exists between mars and jupiter and separates the planets.

words per minute

number of words X 60 / number of seconds

Meteoroids

objects that rotate around the sun but are too small to be called asteroids or comets. They are made of bits and pieces of the Solar System.

literal language

obvious or non figurative language

Earthquakes

occur when plates slide against each other in opposite directions. A plates slide, pressure is created. when the pressure is released an earthquake occurs.

plantlets

occur when tiny plants grow along the edges of plants leaves

Venus

second planet from the sun. very hot due to the think gases in the atmosphere causing a greenhouse effect.

vascular plant are divided into three groups

seedless plants nonflowering seed plants flowing seed plants

Rubric

set of scoring guidelines or criteria for evaluating student work. They often provide specific guidelines regarding teacher expectations.

diamante

seven line form Dimond shape

Kinetic Energy

the energy that it possesses due to its motion

plot

the events that take place in a story, often includes a climax and resolution

ATP

the form of energy that cells can use it is made in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Core

the innermost part of the earth, approximately 1,800 miles below the surface of the earth. The core is made up of iron and nickel and divided into two sections. the inner and outer core.

Weather

the interaction of water, air, and land determines the weather.

climax

the point of highest dramatic interest or a turing point in the story

epicenter

the point on the Earths surface directly above the focus were the earthquake begins.

mitochondrion

the power source of the cell. sugar is broken down to produce energy for the cell

Phases of the moon

the reflection is measured by the lunar phase. Full Moon- when the moon and sun are on opposite side of the earth giving it a fully reflection New Moon- occurs when the Moon and sun are on the same side of the earth, giving no reflection First quarter moon- half of the moon is lit up Last quarter- 50 percent is lit

which organ removes waste from the body

urinary system

onomatopoeia

use of words to imitate sounds to reinforce their meaning ex. smash, bang, boom

what should you use when using an inquiry based approach to teaching?

use relevant data to answer research questions by analyzing the data. ex. constructing a molecular solar system scale model is not inquiry based unless it also involves research questions and discussion of findings. Drill and practice questions for a particular concept or skill are not considered inquiry based activities.

Parallel circuits

use several electrical paths. For example, this type of circuit allows the distribution of the electric current throughout a house.

Barometers

used for either weather studies or lab experiments involving pressures close to normal atmospheric pressure.

circuit breakers

used in a house to monitor its electric flow and if there is an overload of electricity the flow of electricity will stop.

Temperature Probes

used to collect data during temperature related experiments.

Combustion

used to power cars and other machines.

creative writing

uses the writers imagination

irony

using words or situations that mean the opposite of what the author intends