SEAN'S Sociology 101 Study Guide
McIntosh: "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack"
"I think whites are carefully taught not to recognize white privilege, as males are taught not to recognize male privilege".
Peggy McIntosh
"In proportion as my racial group was being made confident, comfortable, and oblivious, other groups were likely being made unconfident, uncomfortable, and alienated. Whiteness protected me from many kinds of hostility, distress, and violence, which I was being subtly trained to visit, in turn, upon people of color"
Which of the following would be considered a leading question?
"Should disreputable doctors who perform abortions get jail time?" Correct. Sociologists do not want to lead the respondent or even to "telegraph" their own opinions to the respondent; otherwise, the respondent may get the impression that there is a "correct" answer, rather than simply giving her or his own answer.
Which of the following statements would be considered common wisdom, as opposed to views based on sociological research?
"You can tell the gender wage gap is no longer an issue in the United States because my wife makes more money than I do." The difference between common wisdom and scientific research is that scientific research does not rely on anecdotal evidence or generalizations but rather on data collected through systematic and scientific means. The statement selected relies on anecdotal evidence and generalizations; it is not grounded and supported by scientific research.
McIntosh: Daily Effects of White Privilege
1. I can if I wish arrange to be in the company of people of my race most of the time. 2. I can avoid spending time with people whom I was trained to mistrust and who have learned to mistrust my kind or me. 3. If I should need to move, I can be pretty sure of renting or purchasing housing in an area which I can afford and in which I would want to live. 4. I can be pretty sure that my neighbors in such a location will be neutral or pleasant to me. 5. I can go shopping alone most of the time, pretty well assured that I will not be followed or harassed.
McIntosh: Daily Effects of White Privilege
12. I can go into a music shop and count on finding the music of my race represented, into a supermarket and find the staple foods which fit with my cultural traditions, into a hairdresser's shop and find someone who can cut my hair. 13. Whether I use checks, credit cards or cash, I can count on my skin color not to work against the appearance of financial reliability. 14. I can arrange to protect my children most of the time from people who might not like them. 15. I do not have to educate my children to be aware of systemic racism for their own daily physical protection. 16. I can be pretty sure that my children's teachers and employers will tolerate them if they fit school and workplace norms; my chief worries about them do not concern others' attitudes toward their race. 17. I can talk with my mouth full and not have people put this down to my color
McIntosh: Daily Effects of White Privilege
18. I can swear, or dress in second hand clothes, or not answer letters, without having people attribute these choices to the bad morals, the poverty or the illiteracy of my race. 19. I can speak in public to a powerful male group without putting my race on trial. 20. I can do well in a challenging situation without being called a credit to my race. 21. I am never asked to speak for all the people of my racial group. 22. I can remain oblivious of the language and customs of persons of color who constitute the world's majority without feeling in my culture any penalty for such oblivion. 23. I can criticize our government and talk about how much I fear its policies and behavior without being seen as a cultural outsider.
McIntosh: Daily Effects of White Privilege
24. I can be pretty sure that if I ask to talk to the "person in charge", I will be facing a person of my race. 25. If a traffic cop pulls me over or if the IRS audits my tax return, I can be sure I haven't been singled out because of my race. 26. I can easily buy posters, post-cards, picture books, greeting cards, dolls, toys and children's magazines featuring people of my race. 27. I can go home from most meetings of organizations I belong to feeling somewhat tied in, rather than isolated, out-of-place, outnumbered, unheard, held at a distance or feared. 28. I can be pretty sure that an argument with a colleague of another race is more likely to jeopardize her/his chances for advancement than to jeopardize mine. 29. I can be pretty sure that if I argue for the promotion of a person of another race, or a program centering on race, this is not likely to cost me heavily within my present setting, even if my colleagues disagree with me. 30. If I declare there is a racial issue at hand, or there isn't a racial issue at hand, my race will lend me more credibility for either position than a person of color will have.
McIntosh: Daily Effects of White Privilege
31. I can choose to ignore developments in minority writing and minority activist programs, or disparage them, or learn from them, but in any case, I can find ways to be more or less protected from negative consequences of any of these choices. 32. My culture gives me little fear about ignoring the perspectives and powers of people of other races. 33. I am not made acutely aware that my shape, bearing or body odor will be taken as a reflection on my race. 34. I can worry about racism without being seen as self-interested or self-seeking. 35. I can take a job with an affirmative action employer without having my co-workers on the job suspect that I got it because of my race. 36. If my day, week or year is going badly, I need not ask of each negative episode or situation whether it had racial overtones
McIntosh: Daily Effects of White Privilege
37. I can be pretty sure of finding people who would be willing to talk with me and advise me about my next steps, professionally. 38. I can think over many options, social, political, imaginative or professional, without asking whether a person of my race would be accepted or allowed to do what I want to do. 39. I can be late to a meeting without having the lateness reflect on my race. 40. I can choose public accommodation without fearing that people of my race cannot get in or will be mistreated in the places I have chosen. 41. I can be sure that if I need legal or medical help, my race will not work against me. 42. I can arrange my activities so that I will never have to experience feelings of rejection owing to my race. 43. If I have low credibility as a leader I can be sure that my race is not the problem
Lashonda is middle class and has money invested in the stock market. Her investments in the stock market are likely to be in what form?
401(k) and other retirement accounts Most middle-class people who have investments in the stock market have them in the form of 401(k) benefits and other retirement accounts.
McIntosh: Daily Effects of White Privilege
44. I can easily find academic courses and institutions which give attention only to people of my race. 45. I can expect figurative language and imagery in all of the arts to testify to experiences of my race. 46. I can chose blemish cover or bandages in "flesh" color and have them more or less match my skin. 47. I can travel alone or with my spouse without expecting embarrassment or hostility in those who deal with us. 48. I have no difficulty finding neighborhoods where people approve of our household. 49. My children are given texts and classes which implicitly support our kind of family unit and do not turn them against my choice of domestic partnership. 50. I will feel welcomed and "normal" in the usual walks of public life, institutional and social
McIntosh: Daily Effects of White Privilege
6. I can turn on the television or open to the front page of the paper and see people of my race widely represented. 7. When I am told about our national heritage or about "civilization," I am shown that people of my color made it what it is. 8. I can be sure that my children will be given curricular materials that testify to the existence of their race. 9. If I want to, I can be pretty sure of finding a publisher for this piece on white privilege. 10. I can be pretty sure of having my voice heard in a group in which I am the only member of my race. 11. I can be casual about whether or not to listen to another person's voice in a group in which s/he is the only member of his/her race.
Which of the following examples best exemplifies Thomas Friedman's concept of glocalization?
A McDonald's in India alters the standard McDonald's menu to include numerous local foods.
Which of the following is an example of social change?
A restaurant adds a gender-neutral bathroom. Social change refers to changes, big or small, that affect the social structure of an entire society. Changes in government policies often have big impacts on the way people live their lives, but small changes do as well, such as making public places more accessible for all people.
Which of the following statements is true regarding crime?
All crimes are considered deviant to some group in society.
Felicia is a student researching mass shootings in America and is looking for some common thread between these incidents. What will Felicia discover in her research?
Almost all of the shooters are men.
What is positivism?
An approach to research that is based on scientific evidence Comte proclaimed that his new science of society was positivism. This meant that it was to be based on facts alone, which should be determined scientifically and allowed to speak for themselves. See "Nineteenth-Century Founders" for more information.
What country is fast becoming the world's major contributor to greenhouse gases?
China
those not exposed to the intervention
Control group
aspects of the experiment that change as a result of the intervention
Dependent variable
Which of the following statements is true about deviance?
Deviance encompasses not only crimes but also noncriminal attitudes, practices, and conditions.
What contribution is sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois best known for?
Du Bois wrote about race and racism in U.S. society. W. E. B. Du Bois was the first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard and dedicated his life to understanding the widespread racism in U.S. society.
What was Durkheim's explanation for social change?
Due to the division of labor in industrialization, societies evolve over time from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity.
Ophelia spends time in a drug rehabilitation facility for her heroin addiction by court order. While in the facility, she becomes clean, successfully completes the program, and is released. Despite her best efforts and intentions, within 6 months, she is back on heroin. According to Goffman's concepts of resocialization, what does Ophelia's relapse tell us?
Even when an institution is initially successful at resocialization, individuals who return to their original social environments often revert to earlier behavior.
A recent law establishing 18 as the minimum age for marriage has significantly reduced the problem of child marriage in Yemen.
False
A woman talking to a man would likely be in a power position over the other conversationalist, according to conversational analysis.
False
Colleges are total institutions.
False
Conflict theory originated from the work of Max Weber.
False
Dependency theory argues that while multinational corporations pay low wages to workers in poor countries, the local communities benefit significantly as a result of job creation.
False
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf developed a theory that explains how human language is biologically determined through genetics.
False
Habitus is the term Pierre Bourdieu coined to describe the importance of agency, or free will, as the determining factor for success in a person's life course.
False
New social movements strongly emphasize the centering of narrow self-interest rather than larger social forces.
False
Poor and segregated neighborhoods are less likely to be home to hazardous waste facilities and other sources of pollution.
False
Real culture explains the way things "should be" in society, while ideal culture explains the way things "really are."
False
Social activists outside of the United States rely almost exclusively on traditional modes of communication to spread their messages.
False
Socialization plays a significant role in the success of formal social control.
False
Sociologists argue that gender-specific behaviors are reducible to biological differences.
False
The best sociological explanation for the high number of rapes and attempted rapes in the United States argues that sexual assaults are the outcomes of particular and individual circumstances.
False
The global elite is comprised largely of working professionals who have inherited their fortunes.
False
There is little difference between the fortunes of those who were well educated and those who did not attend college.
False
Global obesity rates have declined by half since the 1970s.
False According to the World Health Organization, global obesity rates "nearly tripled" between 1975 and 2016.
Reliability refers to the degree to which concepts and their measurements accurately represent what they intend to represent.
False All researchers must pay attention to validity and reliability. Validity refers to the degree to which concepts and their measurements accurately represent what they intend to represent, whereas reliability refers to the extent to which the findings are consistent with the findings of different studies of the same phenomenon. See "Validity and Reliability" for more information.
Critical thinking requires us to accept all arguments as equally valid.
False While critical thinking requires us to be open-minded enough to consider all possibilities, it does not mean that all arguments are equally valid. Arguments that have supporting evidence have more value.
Obesity is the number one cause of preventable death in the United States.
False While obesity is a major health problem, it is not the number one cause of preventable death in the United States.
George lives in a wealthy suburb outside of the central city, while Sara lives in a very poor area in the inner central city. Given only this information, which of the following statements best describes their relationship to one another in their society?
George has more opportunities than Sara.
During the Taliban era in Afghanistan, many young men were getting their hair cut in the style of Leonardo DiCaprio from the movie Titanic, even though movies were outlawed at the time. When thinking about globalization, what is the likely importance of this story?
Globalization is very difficult to contain, even in an area that is repressive.
Byron has a major depressive disorder that has been diagnosed by a psychiatrist, and Byron takes an antidepressant for his condition. Which of the following is a likely response to his condition by his friends, family, and coworkers in modern American society?
His friends, family, and coworkers will view his illness as a sign of a character weakness.
What did W. I. Thomas and Dorothy Thomas observe that is demonstrated by the way sociologists understand race?
If people define something as real, it is real in its consequences. Although sociologists do not treat race as scientifically significant, it is socially significant and therefore social-scientifically significant. This applies to how sociologists understand race.
In the 14th century, people believed that the Earth was flat. Of course, we know today that this is not true. What statement below best explains the difference between the two views?
In the 14th century, the view of the world was based on common wisdom, but today we rely on science for our views.
How have attitudes toward alcoholism changed during the 20th century?
In the middle of the 20th century, people addicted to alcohol were widely seen as weak and of questionable character, but today alcoholism is seen as a disease.
In the United States, ______ is part of our national identity; people tend to disregard the social context in which people live.
Individualism In the United States, people tend to emphasize individualism, focusing on the idea that each person creates their life path and largely disregarding the social context within which they live.
Which of the following is a criticism of value-added theory?
It emphasizes the part that people's reactions play in collective behavior, rather than their actions. Value-added theory emphasizes the part that people's reactions play in collective behavior, but somewhat ignores the fact that people themselves are conscious agents of social change.
Which of the following scenarios are considered secondary deviance?
Jennifer has been called a "slut" at school, so she decides to engage in sexual activity at a party.
Population growth has positive economic effects that lead to more innovation.
Julian Simon
Population size and resource availability are not the problem, but rather the unequal distribution of resources in society.
Karl Marx
Which category corresponds most closely to the U.S. Census Bureau use of the term Hispanic?
Latinx
Lori is born into an upper-middle-class family in the suburbs. Her parents are college graduates, read to her as a child, and helped her with her homework. Bonny is born into a working-class family in a rural town. Bonny's parents graduated from high school, then went to work in the local meatpacking plant. Bonny's parents think Bonny's schooling is important, but they are not able to help her with many of her high school classes. If both Bonny and Lori want to go to college, which of the following statements is most likely true?
Lori is more likely to go to college.
Which of the following is a criticism of Malthus's theory of overpopulation?
Malthus did not take into consideration human innovation in food production. Malthus believed that populations would increase but falsely assumed that future generations would have the same knowledge base as when he was theorizing.
Why is measuring the incidence of crime difficult?
Many crimes go unreported.
______ are the largest group of Latinxs in the United States, accounting for over 60% of the population.
Mexican Americans
Which of the following statements is true of technology in India?
More people in India have more number of mobile phones than indoor toilets or indoor running water.
According to polling, what was the majority of the U.S. opinion on the government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic?
More than half of Americans thought it was handled poorly.
Which of the following statements is true about HIV/AIDS?
New infections of HIV/AIDS have been decreasing in the past 15 years. There has been a decrease in new infections since their peak in 2005.
Which of the following is true regarding the origins of organized crime groups?
Organized crime groups are often new immigrants and those new to urban areas.
What term best describes the ability to mobilize resources and achieve goals despite the resistance of others?
Power
According to the sociological perspective, why is blaming the poor an incomplete view of poverty?
Powerful social forces determine the opportunities available to each person. When we blame people for their personal circumstances, such as poverty, we ignore the powerful role of social forces in their lives. In the United States, people tend to emphasize individualism, focusing on the idea that each person creates their life path and largely disregarding the social context within which they live.
______ research methods are often employed through large-scale surveys.
Quantitative
How are reformist social movements different from revolutionary and/or rebellious social movements?
Reformists work within the existing economic and political system. Revolutionary and rebellious movements seek to change the existing system, while reformist social movements try to effect change within the existing economic and political system.
This agent has a great deal of influence over your career trajectory with its "hidden curriculum."
Schools
Selma is a 63-year-old office manager who is getting close to retirement age. Which of the following is Selma likely to consider as she engages in anticipatory socialization?
She pays more attention to how friends react to retirement.
Which of the following statements best describes why sociologists study social stratification?
Societies are made up of layers, and those layers represent inequalities among different groups.
In the United States, which regions have the greatest concentration of poverty?
South and Midwest
______ are representations of things that are not immediately present to our senses.
Symbols Symbols serve as a stand in for something else that triggers our thoughts when we see them. In order to communicate with one another, we must be confident that there is shared understanding about what we mean. Symbols are tools that help humans communicate.
Which statement most likely describes an equitable distribution of a country's aggregate income?
The bottom quintile of earners takes in 20% of the income total.
Which of the following statements is true of the global elite?
The global elite live not only in developed countries, but also in developing countries like China, Russia, and India. The global power elite is made up of a class of professionals whose power is not limited by national borders.
Adebowale is a very recent immigrant from Nigeria who now lives in America. He and his best male friend walk down the street holding hands, causing people to assume the two men are romantically linked. Both Adebowale and his male friend are confused by people's assumption. Which of the following can be concluded?
The norms for male-to-male interaction are different in America than in Nigeria.
Which of the following statements best describes the distinction between the working class and the working poor?
The working poor have lower incomes and little or no wealth.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a class society?
They are relatively fluid.
Population growth would outpace food production, leading to disaster.
Thomas Malthus
A person with a lot of political power can influence political institutions to realize their personal interests.
True
According to Gustave Le Bon, people in crowds are prone to being swept up in group emotions and may lose their ability to make rational decisions as individuals.
True
According to recent figures from the United Nations, there were over 79 million refugees around the globe in 2019.
True
According to research, people are staying in the workforce longer because of economic pressures to continue working for pay.
True
According to the Nuremberg Code, experiments should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury.
True
According to the World Bank, about 10% of the world's population lives on the equivalent of less than $2 a day.
True
Action-oriented Hollywood movies are very popular in markets like China and Russia.
True
As a sociologist you must be mindful of your own underlying assumptions and biases.
True
Behaviorism is the psychological perspective that emphasizes the effect of rewards and punishments on human behavior.
True
Earth's surface temperatures for the past several years have been the warmest since modern record keeping began in 1880.
True
Given all of the research to date on the biological causes of crime, it seems that biology and genetics play a fairly small role in criminal behavior.
True
In North American and Northern European cultures, people avoid standing closer than a couple of feet from one another unless they are on intimate terms.
True
In most cases, refugees and migrants from war-ravaged and destitute countries are fleeing to and finding refuge in other struggling states.
True
In some types of fieldwork, the people being studied may not be aware of the research.
True
In the years since the middle 1970s, the incomes of people at or near the top have risen far faster than those of earners at the bottom or middle of the income scale.
True
Legal protection against discrimination has contributed to improvements in women's economic status.
True
Marx argued the members of a small elite enjoy the lion's share of the wealth and resources while the majority is left to take up the crumbs.
True
Nearly half of the world's wealth is owned by 1% of the world's population.
True
Property crimes are much more common in the United States than violent crimes.
True
Resocialization involves a process of degrading an individual and, over time, transforming the individual to the discipline of the total institution.
True
The discovery of gruesome experiments conducted by the Nazis during World War II prompted the adoption of the Nuremberg Code, a collection of ethical research guidelines.
True
The education of women is a major contributing factor to reduced fertility.
True
The fact that wealthy individuals who got wealthy through hard work and skill can pass along that privilege to their children, regardless of that child's intellect, motivation, or qualifications, is evidence for the dysfunction of wealth distribution in America.
True
The global population is estimated to reach nearly 10 billion by 2050.
True
The world has the capacity to produce enough food for all of its people.
True
Today, as younger adults enter the workforce later, older adults are staying in the workforce longer.
True
Women are more likely than men to experience sexual violence.
True
Health cannot be realized if the body is disease-free, but the mind is troubled, or the social environment is harmful.
True According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is the culmination of physiological, psychological, and sociological factors.
In many countries, the incidence of HIV/AIDS in prisons is significantly higher than the incidence of the disease in the noninstitutionalized population.
True In many countries, the incidence of HIV/AIDS in prisons is significantly higher than the incidence of the disease in the noninstitutionalized population.
Modern media have made it much easier to spread dehumanizing propaganda.
True It has become increasingly easy to disseminate such propaganda. In Rwanda, radio broadcasts stoked anti-Tutsi sentiment among Hutus.
More individuals are using more resources per person than ever before.
True The rise of the global consumer class—those who actively use technology, purchase consumer goods, and embrace the culture of consumption—has meant that more individuals are using more resources per person than ever before.
Failure to seek help can lead others to refuse to confer on the suffering individual the "benefits" of the sick role.
True When someone tells us that they are sick, we expect that they are doing all they can to get better. People are willing to pitch in to help as long as they feel people are reacting to their illness in appropriate ways.
What federal organization protects public health by researching, inspecting, and regulating medications, nutritional fare, devices, cosmetics, vaccines, etc.?
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a federal organization that protects public health by researching, inspecting, and regulating medications, foods, devices, cosmetics, vaccines, devices that emit radiation (e.g., microwaves), products such as tobacco, and many other items.
What did Jonathan Metzl's book Dying of Whiteness find?
White men have decreased their investment in public health due in part to a widespread misconception that minorities are hoarding resources. Metzl found that the "defense of white 'ways of life' or concerns about minorities or poor people hoarding resources" have led to decreased life expectancies for white populations.
In what ways did the movement of middle-class whites in the 1950s and 1960s into the suburbs negatively affect the conditions in the inner cities?
Whites' movement to the suburbs also meant that inner-city school districts were left with decreased funding.
Kisha is a sociological researcher studying the relationship between the amount of government funding for low-rent housing and the number of people who are homeless. She finds that every time the government reduces funding to low-rent housing for the poor, the number of people who are homeless rises. Kisha immediately recognizes that she has found ______.
a negative correlation
In 2016, over 190 countries signed the Paris Agreement in an effort to combat global climate change, recognized as a threat to all the world's countries. This reflects a framework of ______.
a risk society Ulrich Beck's (1992) framework of risk society outlines a society where people are joined globally in their efforts to decrease danger and risk from large-scale biological, environmental, or military (nuclear) threats.
Which of the following is an ongoing concern for women in poor countries?
adequate education Women in poor countries still face many obstacles. These include high rates of maternal mortality, access to nurses and physicians, and access to an adequate education.
Habib organized a protest on his campus after his university raised the cost of tuition. What concept describes Habib's ability to organize this event?
agency
Which of the following scenarios best represents a contradiction of Davis and Moore's thesis that the difference in rewards across positions measures the positions' relative worth to society?
an NBA player who signs a $9 million contract
What was one unexpected side effect of the COVID-19 pandemic across the world?
an increase in domestic violence
What term describes the process of adopting the behaviors or standards of a group one emulates or hopes to join?
anticipatory socialization
Which person was most likely to be a resident in an early city?
artisan Early cities were made centers for trade and congregation, so priests, government officials, and handicraft workers were all some of cities' first dwellers.
How might a social conflict theorist sum up why persistent and significant stratification exists in America?
because those with power use that power to enrich themselves at the expense of the lower classes Social conflict theorists highlight the way that those with power enrich themselves at the expense of the lower classes.
Adrien is teaching his new puppy to be housebroken. He uses a series of rewards and punishments to accomplish this, and in time, the puppy learns to bark at the door when it needs to go to the bathroom. Because Adrien took both psychology and sociology last semester, he knows that this technique for housebreaking his puppy is called ______.
behaviorism
Which of the following concepts are associated with sociologist Karl Marx?
bourgeoisie and proletariat
gender identity that matches sex assigned at birth
cisgender
The Three-Fifths Compromise was a Constitutional agreement arrived at by the powerful men who wrote the Constitution that counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of electoral votes. Which theoretical perspective would best explain why this compromise came to be?
conflict perspective The Three-Fifths Compromise quite literally counted people of color as less than a person, while allowing the powerful, enfranchised white men who devised the Compromise to benefit from them. This is an example of a conflict perspective.
Which of the following theories was used to study wild accusations of Satanism and abuse in childcare facilities in the 1980s?
contagion theory Sociologists have used contagion theory to study panic and bizarre collective behavior.
Nishant is shopping at a mall with his wife. When they go into the food court to eat, they find it very busy, with throngs of people all around. What is the term sociologists use to describe this kind of collectivity?
crowd
While Karl Marx believed that economic capital is the key to power in a capitalist system, Pierre Bourdieu extended this idea, suggesting that ______ capital can also be a source of power.
cultural
When a couple gets married, they often include the phrase "'til death do us part," implying they anticipate their marriage will last throughout their lives. But research tells us that many marriages end in divorce. Which of the following concepts best explains this discrepancy?
cultural inconsistency
What term have researchers used to describe loss of life due to opioid abuse?
deaths of despair
Research has documented a positive correlation between maternal education and ______.
decreased risk of child mortality Research has documented a positive correlation between maternal education (even at the primary level) and decreased risk of child mortality. When women receive more education, health outcomes improve.
Which of the following statements is a concern when formulating a research question?
defining your terms Sociological research begins with the formulation of a question or questions to be answered. Terms used in the question should be defined
Jamaal is a sociologist who studies populations. In his studies, he is interested in the makeup of a population, as well as how and under what circumstances populations change. What is the term for Jamaal's field of study?
demography
Between 1800 and 1910, London's population grew by more than 6 million. What also likely happened in the city during this time?
development of more housing
Daniel is a software developer who loves to get tattoos, piercings, and body modifications. However, he lives in an upper-middle-class section of the suburbs among an aging population of neighbors who do not like Daniel's body art. Those in his community mumble about him behind his back, glare at him in the grocery store, and even confront him angrily at times. What sociological term would describe how Daniel's community views his body art?
deviant
a group of people who share the same national origin, language, and cultural and religious practices
ethnicity
Izick spends much of his free time viewing pornography on the Internet. What type of deviance would this be called?
everyday deviance
These theories of social change assume all societies begin as "primitive" and eventually develop into more "civilized" societies along a single, linear path.
evolutionary theories
those exposed to the intervention
experimental group
The sudden, temporary, widespread popularity of the toys known as "fidget spinners" is an example of which type of crowd behavior?
fad Fads like "fidget spinners" rise and fall in popularity quickly.
This agent instills the first ideas about gender.
family
According to research, the ______ features of a workplace include the configuration of offices and positions, the officially designated linkages between them (the "organization chart"), and written job descriptions, rules, and procedures.
formal
Some people view the "English-only" movement as a way to integrate people into society and provide the "social glue" that holds society together. This viewpoint is most likely supported by which of the following theoretical perspectives?
functionalism
In the United States which group is among the most affected populations in terms of HIV/AIDS?
gay and bisexual men
meanings associated with being female or male
gender
Beginning in 1915, the Ottoman Empire systematically rounded up and killed about 1.5 million Armenian people. Which term describes this type of mass, systematic destruction of a people or nation?
genocide
Which of the following is considered an example of formal social control?
getting a ticket for speeding
Douglas went to school to become a nurse. Even though his female nurse counterparts have just as much experience, or sometimes even more, he is promoted quickly. What term best describes this phenomenon?
glass escalator Men who work in traditionally women's fields, such as social work, nursing, and elementary school teaching, have been found to benefit from a glass escalator, a nearly invisible promotional boost that men gain in these fields.
Which of the following factors is contributing to the decline in child marriage?
greater paid workforce opportunities for women Rising numbers of girls in school, greater opportunities for women to contribute to the paid workforce, and international and local activism are all contributing to the decline of child marriage.
Abbigail works out three times a week, meditates each evening, and has a close group of friends as a support system. She feels good and is happy with her life. What term is used, according to the World Health Organization, to describe Abbigail's life experiences?
health
Which of the following terms describes societies where sexual activity between a man and a woman is the only sexual activity considered "correct"?
heteronormative
Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci highlighted ______, which represents dominant ideas that lead people to consent to their own domination.
ideological hegemony Antonio Gramsci was a follower of Marx and coined the term "hegemony" to describe how ideas can become so powerful in society that they are normalized.
What function does language serve in across all human cultures?
illuminates beliefs and practices
Which of the following characterize Toennies's concept of Gesellschaft?
impersonal and materially based relationships Rural community life (Gemeinschaft) was said to be characterized by intimate relationships, a strong sense of family, powerful folkways and mores, and stabilizing religious foundations. Gesellschaft, on the other hand, was characterized by impersonal and materially based relationships.
Which of the following could be included in possible and proper operational definitions of social class?
income, wealth, and education
Which of the following outcomes is expected with the mass global adoption of the cell phone?
increased access to health care Mass global adoption of the cell phone is expected to lead to improved access to health care and health records
aspects of the experiment we change intentionally
independent variable
Because death penalty rates vary by both race and gender, it is important to view them with ______ in mind.
intersectionality
What term best describes the confluence of social statuses that shape people's lives, access to resources and power, justice, health, and well-being?
intersectionality Intersectionality, a term coined by legal scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw, captures the idea that people's individual and group experiences are shaped by overlapping oppression and privilege built into the structure of our societies.
Women's inequality is primarily the result of flawed institutions.
liberal feminism
Being born into a higher social class increases a person's ______.
life chances
a group that has less power than the dominant population
minorities
Women's inequality must be understood for all women, regardless of RACE, class, nationality, or other characteristics.
multicultural feminisms
Fatima is a sociology student who is currently taking an in-class exam. She did not study for the exam, so she decides to copy answers from the student sitting next to her. Which of the following did Fatima violate?
norms, mores, values
Vicki is a functionalist who studies crime and deviance. If she believes that criminal acts tend to be spontaneous and based on the situation, which theories is she likely to subscribe to?
opportunity theory and/or social control theory
As a functionalist, Émile Durkheim was interested in societal cohesion. Which types of solidarity did he describe?
organic and mechanical Durkheim distinguished between mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity.
People who belong to oppressed groups and create counterhegemonies that challenge dominant ideas are called ______.
organic intellectuals Gramsci called those who emerge from oppressed groups to create counterhegemonies that challenge dominant (and dominating) ideas "organic intellectuals."
Which of the following is a term used by Durkheim to describe the shift from premodern to modern society?
organic solidarity Émile Durkheim put forth the notion that the mechanical solidarity of traditional community life (based on homogeneity) could be replaced by the organic solidarity of modern societies, with complex divisions of labor in which people were heterogeneous but interdependent for survival and prosperity.
Gerhardt is a sociological researcher who is interested in studying the homeless population in his city. He wants rich information he cannot easily get with a simple closed survey, and he really needs to understand what it is like to experience homelessness from the perspective of his subjects. Given this, what is the best research method for Gerhardt to choose?
participant observation
This agent may have a more open attitude toward experimentation with drugs and—at times—violence than the general culture.
peers
where boys and girls "police" those in their own gender groups
peers
Why do international parties often not intervene despite overwhelming evidence of genocide?
perceived cost associated with such action Most attempts to intervene in genocide have been too little, too late, due in part to the high perceived costs and few perceived benefits associated with such action.
Economist Julian Simon argued that sudden modern progress could be the result of ______.
population growth Simon, one of Malthus's main detractors, argued that population growth could actually lead to progress.
Some sociologists call the family "a factory of gendered personalities" as an acknowledgment of the ______.
power of the family in the production and reproduction of gender The family is a powerful agent of socialization. The power of the family in the production and reproduction of gender, in particular, has led some sociologists to refer to the family as "a factory of gendered personalities."
Nicholas identifies as a white Euro-American and has bigoted views toward anyone other than his own group. He often argues with anyone who disagrees, and even when presented with evidence of the flaws in his attitudes, refuses to change his mind. Which of the following terms best describes this belief?
prejudice Prejudice is a categorical rejection that is not based on empiricism. These inflexible attitudes do not change even when evidence is presented.
Brenin is a sociological researcher who is studying large populations across the country to test two competing theories about how attitudes are shaped by information. Brenin is using a multiple-choice survey to measure people's attitudes. What type of research is Brenin performing?
quantitative
a group of people who share a set of characteristics (usually physical characteristics) deemed by society to be socially significant
race
All forms of inequality are rooted in women's inequality.
radical feminism
What term describes a social tendency to provide an environment conducive to sexual assault?
rape culture
German skinheads is what kind of social movement?
reactionary
Which of the following types of social movements seeks to restore an earlier social system?
reactionary
urban riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. is what kind of social movement?
rebellious
same-sex marriage rights movement is what kind of social movement?
reformist
This agent is an important part of the lives of about three-fourths of U.S. adults.
religion
Which legal practice maintains racial residential segregation today?
residential segregation based on income The Fair Housing Act of 1968 made the racially exclusive use of restrictive covenants illegal, but segregation based on income is still legal and common.
2010 Arab Spring is what kind of social movement?
revolutionary
A ______ group involves participating groups of women who pool their money, agree on guidelines for investing or lending in their communities, and organize their resources to serve local needs.
savings-led microfinance The nonprofit organization Oxfam America is one example of such an organization. It features a program called Saving for Change, which emphasizes "savings-led microfinance."
where you find the "hidden curriculum"
school
Frieda and Gerhart live in Berlin, Germany. They are a young married couple in their mid-20s who both work in software development. They both decided they did not want to have children and wanted, instead, to focus on their careers and their own relationship. Because Frieda and Gerhart's story is common in Germany, the country is losing population. What is the term to describe this social phenomenon?
second demographic transition
According to world systems theory, which of the following categories of countries are exploited by other categories of countries?
semi-peripheral and peripheral According to world systems theory, peripheral and semi-peripheral countries are exploited by the core countries.
biological differences
sex
Which of the following is a stereotypical role that Black actors have traditionally been offered?
singer
Which of the following are social forces that a sociologist might examine to study unemployment?
social networks, race/ethnicity, economics
Women's inequality results from the combination of capitalist economic relations and male domination.
socialist feminism
Which of the following contributes the most to concepts of gender?
society and culture
Janice is a sociologist who does research on women's lived experiences of inequality. She believes that her and other women's work is vital in sociology because in the past, the only perspective truly considered legitimate was that of White men. What theory is Janice likely using in her work?
standpoint theory
A recent study of women in the tech industry used the metaphor of a ______ to describe how many white women move into middle management but are still prevented from executive management.
step-stool
Which conflict theory of deviance could be criticized for blaming the people labeled as deviant, rather than those who label others as deviant?
subcultural theories
Which theoretical paradigm originated in the Chicago School, in the lectures of George Herbert Mead on the importance of social engagements?
symbolic interactionism Symbolic interactionism was coined by Herbert Blumer, but was based on the work of George Herbert Mead, associated with the "Chicago School."
George Herbert Mead proposed that the self is comprised of two parts. Which of the following are those parts?
the "I" and "me"
where gender socialization begins
the family
Social movements suffer from ______ when too many people may benefit from the success of a movement's activism without contributing any time or energy to the cause.
the free rider problem Many people benefit from a social movement's hard work without actually contributing to the cause. This is called the "free rider problem."
where "screen time" may influence gender stereotypes
the media
Florencia is a temporary worker in the United States who falls ill. She decides to return to her home country of Mexico to recover from the illness. Florencia's behavior is an example of ______.
the salmon bias
The fact that many of the nation's most at-risk children are pushed by academic policies and practices toward jail instead of college is referred to as ______.
the school-to-prison pipeline
Davi is a shaman of the Yanomami tribe in the Amazon rain forest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil. Davi's tribe comprises foraging horticulturalists, relying heavily on rainforest resources; they grow bananas, gather fruit, and hunt animals and fish. The Yanomami tribe resists change and innovation and has had no economic development or even trade with the outside world. According to modernization theory, what stage of development would Davi's tribe be in?
the traditional stage
gender identity, expression, or behavior that differs from sex assigned at birth
transgender