Section 3

Fire ratings of architectural woodwork do not regulate material less than __ thick

0.036

4-types of door and drawer front construction

1. Flush 2. Flush overlay 3. Reveal overlay 4. Lipped overlay

List of (9) common joinery details

1. Half lap 2. Finger joint 3. Scarf 4. Rabbet 5. Dado 6. Dovetail dado 7. Miter 8. Shoulder miter 9. Splinted miter

Different visual tasks under different conditions require varying levels of illumination. The variables involved include:

1. Nature of the task itself 2. Age of the person performing the task 3. Reflectances of the room 4. Demand for speed and accuracy in performing task

Three grades of millwork

1. Premium: highest level of quality in materials, workmanship, installation. Usually reserved for special projects or special features within a project. 2. Custom: most common grade, still produces a high-quality job. 3. Economy: defines the minimum level of quality, materials, and workmanship

Common brightness ratio

3:1 between task & immediate surroundings (paper/desk) 5:1 between task & general nearby surroundings (paper/room) 10:1 between task and remote surroundings (paper/outside)

Optimum moisture content for the dry southwestern U.S. regions

4% - 9%

The critical zone for direct glare is in the area above ___ from the light source

45° angle

Optimum moisture content for most of U.S.

5% - 10%

Optimum moisture content for more humid southern U.S. coastal areas

8% - 13%

Veneer

A thin piece of wood (usually less than 1/16" sliced from a log and glued to a backing of particleboard or plywood, normally 3/4" thick.

Veneer Rift slicing

Accomplished by quartering a log and cutting at a 15-degree angle to the growth rings. Like quarter slicing, results in a straight-grain pattern and is commonly used with oak to eliminate the appearance of markings perpendicular to the direction of the grain. These markings in oak are caused by medullary rays, which are radial cells extending from the tree's center to its circumfrence.

Veneer Plain slicing

Achieved the same way as plain sawing for solid-stock, but the resulting pieces are much thinner

Veneer Quarter slicing

Achieved the same way as quarter sawing for solid-stock, but the resulting pieces are much thinner. The veneer slices produce a more straight-grained pattern than plain slicing because the cutting knife strikes the growth rings at approximately a 90-degree angle.

Uniformity of lighting

Affects person's perception of a space as being comfortable and pleasant to be in

Solid-stock Plain sawing

Also called flat sawing, most efficient use of the log and is the least expensive of the methods. Because the wood is cut with various orientations to the grain of the tree, this sawing method results in a finished surface with characteristic cathedral pattern

Stile and rail paneling

Also called raised panel, the traditional type, composed of vertical pieces (s) and horizontal pieces (r) enclosing a paneled area

Brightness

Another name for luminance, although this term includes the physiological sensation of the adaptation of the eye, whereas luminance is the measurable state of object luminosity

Polyesters

Another type of synthetic material that gives the hardest, most durable finish possible. Opaque versions can be colored and are available only in a full gloss sheen. They are very difficult to repair or refinish outside the shop, but they create very durable finishes with as much as 80% of the hardness of glass.

AWI

Architectural Woodwork Institute - Detail the exact requirements of the three grades of woodwork so no redefining by the interior designer needs to be done.

Base cabinet construction

Built as a box with a bottom, two sides, back, front, and open top to receive countertop. Sides and bottom: constructed with a 3/4" thick panel product while back is typically constructed of 1/4" panel. Top: Depending on construction, may be continuous piece of 3/4" solid wood or may consist of corner blocks. When countertop is installed, provides additional strength to cabinet.

Millwork cabinet installation

Built in the shop as complete assemblies, simply set in place and secured to surrounding construction at job site. Include: base cabinets, upper cabinets, open-front storage units, freestanding fixtures, and similar components Custom-fabricated item, exact dimensions, configuration, and finishes will vary depending on the design and client requirements.

Countertop construction

Built separately from base cabinets and installed in the field. Countertops are built in much longer lengths than any single base cabinet. Separate installation allows countertop to seamlessly fit in space: scribe piece or with a template drawn on site

Opaque Lacquer

Coating material with a high nitrocellulose content modified with resins and plasticizers dissolved in a volatile solvent. Catalyzed versions contain an extra ingredient that speeds drying time and gives the finish additional hardness.

Conditions affecting lighting selection

Color rendition characteristics Initial cost Operating cost Efficacy Size Operating Life Ability to control output from luminaire Amount of heat generated by light source (compensated with HVAC system)

Plastic laminate

Common finishing material used with millwork, also called high-pressure decorative laminate (HDPL). Thin sheet of material made by impregnating several layers of kraft paper with phenolic resins and overlaying the paper with a patterned or colored sheet and a layer of melamine resin. Entire assembly is placed in a hot press under high pressure where the various layers fuse. Used for countertops, wall paneling ,cabinets, shelving, furniture

Slip matching

Consecutive pieces are placed side by side and the same face sides are exposed

Varnish

Consists of various types of resinous materials dissolved in one of several types of volatile liquids. When high solids content is specified, finish becomes opaque. Good for exterior applications like doors or products located near/in water like boats, decks, & beach chairs.

Architectural woodwork

Custom, shop-fabricated millwork built primarily of lumber and used for interior finish construction and specialty furnishings. Includes cabinetry, paneling, custom doors and frames, shelving, custom furniture, and special interior trim. Specialty items: conference tables, desks, fabric wrapped panels, bars, display cases, counters AKA: "Millwork"

Types of light sources:

Daylight, incandescent, fluorescent, high-intensity discharge, LEDs

Contrast

Difference in illumination level between one point and nearby points.

2 types of glare

Direct & reflected

Solvent-based Stains

Dry quickly and do not raise the grain, however they are less uniform.

Reveal overlay construction

Edges of adjacent drawer and door fronts are separated enough to reveal the face frame behind. Width of the reveal can be whatever the designer or manufacturer wants, subject to the width of the face frame. Less expensive than flush overlay because minor misalignments and sagging are not as noticeable. Traditional method of constructing cabinets.

Visual Comfort Probability (VCP) Factor

Evaluates direct glare. Percentage of people who, when viewing from a specified location and in a specified direction, will find the situation acceptable in terms of discomfort glare. Complex calculations, manufactures publish this rating on their light fixtures when used under certain conditions.

Plastic Laminate Substrates

Examples: particleboard (most common), medium-density fiberboard (MDF) (Second most common), hardboard, veneer core.

Flush construction

Face of the drawer or door is installed flush with the face of the frame. Extra care/expense required to fit and align doors/drawers within the frame.

Flush paneling

Flat, smooth surface with the edges butted together or joined with a reveal. Built up of thin wood veneers glued to backing panels of particleboard, plywood, or other suitable panel product.

Visible light

Form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths that range from abbout 400nm for violet light to about 700 nm for red light. White light is produced when source emits equal quantities of energy over entire visible spectrum

Flush overlay construction

Front of the door or drawer overlaps the face frame of the cabinet. Edges of adjacent door or drawer fronts are separated only enough to allow operation without touching, usually 1/8" or less. Only doors and drawers are visible, all flush with each other. AKA: "European cabinets"

Solid surfacing

Generic term for homogenous, polymer-based surfacing materials. Combination of 2 ingredients: filler and a clear resin binder, either acrylic or polyester, or a mixture of the two.

Center match

Has an even number of veneer leaves of uniform width so that there is never a joint in the center of the panel

Veiling reflection

If a reflected glare interferes with the viewing task

IESNA

Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, established method for determining range of illumination levels, in footcandles, appropriate to particular design conditions. Category from A(noncritical areas) to I (specialized/difficult visual tasks)

Illuminance

Intensity of light that falls upon a surface (footcandle). Can be easily measured with a light meter. Varys based on distance and angle of incidence of light. Density of luminous flux incident on a surface in lumens per unit area. 1 LM uniformly incident on 1 square foot of area produces an illuminance of 1 FC.

Color in lighting

Interaction between color of the light source (lamp or daylighting) and the color of the objects that reflect the light. It is a complex subject & can affect comfort and environmental impression.

Running trim

Item of continuing length, such as a baseboard, chair rail, or cornice

Standing trim

Item of fixed length, such as a door or window casing, that can be installed with a single length of wood.

Opaque finishes include

Lacquer, varnish, polyurethane, and polyester

Transparent finishes include

Lacquer, varnish, vinyl, penetrating oils, polyurethane, and polyester

Warehouse match

Least expensive method to assemble panels within a room. Pre-manufactured panels, normally 4' x 10' or 8' are assembled from a single flitch that yields from 6-12 panels. Field cut around doors, windows, and other obstructions, resulting in some loss of grain continuity

Veneer Rotary slicing

Log is mounted on a lathe and turned against a knife, which peels off a continuous layer of veneer. Produces a very pronounced grain pattern that is often undesirable in fine-quality wood finishes, although it does produce the most veneer with the least waste.

Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF)

Made by breaking down wood fibers into very fine fluff, mixing with glue, and compressing the mixture under high pressure. Smoother surface than particlboard, reduces change of telegraphing through the laminate. More expensive than particleboard. Also used for shelving, molding, furniture, laminate flooring. Allows flawless paint finish Dimensionally stable, does not warp, crack, cup

Sequence match

Method of assembling panels in a room that uses panels of uniform width manufactured for a specific job and with the veneers arranged in sequence. If some panels must be trimmed to fit around doors or other obstructions, there is a moderate loss of grain continuity.

Lumen (LM)

Most basic measure of light. Unit of luminous flux equal to the flux in a unit solid angle of one steridan (1 SR) from a uniform point source of one candlepower (1 CP). On a unit sphere (1' radius) an area of 1 foot squared will subtend an angle of 1 SR. Because the area of a unit sphere is 4π square units, a source of 1 CP produces 12.57 LM

Particleboard

Most dimensionally stable, provides smooth surface for laminating, has sufficient impact resistance, provides enough strength for holding screws and constructing panels and casework. Concerns have been raised about outgassing formaldehyde; newer practices, less of a concern.

Blueprint matching

Most expensive way of laying up panels in a room. Panels are manufactured to precisely fit the room and line up with every obstruction so grain continuity is not interrupted. Veneers from the same flitch are matched over doors, cabinets, and other items covered with paneling.

Reflected glare

Occurs when a light source is reflected from a viewed surface into the eye

Oil Finishes

One of the traditional wood finishes. Easily applied, give a rich look to wood, but they require re-oiling periodically and tend to darken with age. The look can be achieved with a catalyzed vinyl.

Scribe piece

Oversized piece of plastic laminate or wood that can be trimmed in the field to follow any minor irregularities of the wall

Lipped overlay construction

Part of the door or drawer overlaps the frame and covers the joint between the two pieces. Variation of flush construction.

Random matching

Places veneers in a random sequence and veneers from different flitches may even be used

Modular casework

Prefabricated cabinets that are selected from a manufacturer's standard product line. Commonly used in residential kitchen and baths, laboratories, schools, other areas where quality is required, but custom is not.

Solid-stock Quarter sawing

Produced by cutting the log into quarters and then sawing perpendicular to a diameter line. Because this saw cut is nearly perpendicular to the grain, the resulting grain pattern is more uniformly vertical. These boards tend to twist and cup less, shrink less in width, hold paint better, and have fewer defects than do plain sawn boards.

Transparent Conversion Varnish

Produced with alkyd and urea formaldehyde resins. Has many of the same advantages of lacquer but can be applied with fewer coats.

Solid-stock Rift sawing

Provides an even more consistent vertical grain because the saw cuts are always made radially to the center of the tree. Because the log must be shifted after each cut and because there is much waste, this sawing is more expensive than quarter sawing and is seldom done.

Efficacy

Ratio of luminous flux emitted to the total power input of the source and is measured in lumens per watt (important to energy efficiency)

Direct glare

Results when a light source in the field of vision causes discomfort and interference with the visual task. Varies depending on brightness of source, position, background illumination, & adaptation of the eye to the environment.

Candela (CD)

SI (metric) equivalent to Candlepower - unit of luminous intensity approximately equal to the horizontal light output from an ordinary wax candle

Veneer Half-round slicing

Similar to rotary slicing, but the log is cut in half, and the veneer is cut slightly across the annular growth rings. Results in pronounced grain pattern showing characteristics of both rotary-sliced and plain-sliced veneers.

Running match

Simply alternates bookmatched veneer pieces, regardless of their width or how many pieces must be used to complete a panel. Any portion left over from the last leaf of one panel is used as the starting piece for the next.

Luminous intensity

Solid angular flux density in a given direction measured in candlepower or candleas

Polyurethane

Synthetic material that creates a very hard, durable finish. Difficult to repair or refinish, they offer superior resistance to abrasion and to penetration or damage from water and many commercial and household chemicals. Opaque versions are available in sheens from dull satin to full gloss. Oil-based may yellow the wood (not so for water-based). Will not hold up to heat & chemicals - no kitchen countertops!

Flitch

The name for the piece of log where the veneers come from that all build together a piece of usable veneer. Veneer producer gives each flitch a number, which can be used to specifically refer to a set of veneers the interior designer wants to be used to construct a project.

Luminance

The specific way in which light comes off of a surface. This allows us to see things. Luminous flux per unit of projected (apparent) area and unit solid angle leaving a surface, either reflected or transmitted. The unit is the candela per square meter, also called nit. Takes into account the reflectance and transmittance properties of materials and the direction in which they are viewed.

Solid stock lumber

Thick piece of lumber (generally 1/2" or thicker) used alone to form some woodwork component

Hardwood

Timber from deciduous trees, such as oak and maple

Softwood

Timber from evergreen trees, such as pine and fir

Transparent Lacquer

Transparent finish, standard easy to apply, easy to repair, low in cost. Do not provide chemical and wear resistance some of the other finishes provide. Catalyzed versions for transparent finishes are more difficult to repair and refinish, but are more durable and resistant to commercial and household chemicals.

Candlepower (CP)

Unit of luminous intensity approximately equal to the horizontal light output from an ordinary wax candle

Balance match

Utilizes veneer pieces trimmed to equal widths in each panel

Book matching

Veneers are sliced off the log and every other piece is turned over so that adjacent leaves form a symmetrical grain pattern

Upper cabinet construction

Very similar to construction of base cabinets, except that they're not as deep and the bottom side must be designed as it is visible. Must be a way to securely anchor the cabinet to the wall: blocking

Light

Visually evaluated radiant energy

Blocking

Wood pieces required in the stud cavity of metal-framed commercial construction to allow a place to securely anchor overhead cabinets to the wall.

Finish carpentry

Woodwork completed on the job site

Water-based Stains

Yield a uniform color, but they raise the grain.

Catalyzed Vinyl

Yields a surface that has the most chemical resistance of the standard lacquer, varnish, and vinyl finishes. Very resistant to scratching, abrasion, other mechanical damage.