Section 4 :making claim

example of using downward braces

(1) The president may have their faults, but(2) they are an outstanding leader and(3) we should re-elect them.(4) Their foreign policy has brought about respite from violence in various war-torn regions as(5) They sent in troops to protect refugees in Rwanda and(6) They negotiated an armistice between two Middle Eastern countries.(7) Their economic policy has also been largely successful in that(8) a potential recession has been avoided for now.(9) They are also a great moral leader as(10) Theirs is a model family and(11) They demonstrate true integrity daily.

example of conjoint support

(1) Winston Churchill was one of the best Prime Minister in British history. (2) He did not protect people by playing a lead role in winning World War II, and (3) that feat would have been among the greatest accomplishments a British Prime Minister.

Which statement correctly identifies the subpremise, the main premise, and the main conclusion in the following argument? (1)The elementary school should run more earthquake drills next year. (2) We have reason to believe that the likelihood of an earthquake is increasing because (3) a federal report released last year said that our area's earthquake danger is on the rise.

1 is the main conclusion, 2 is the main premise, and 3 is the subpremise.

Conjoint Example

1) Government mandates for zero-emission vehicles won't work because (2) only electric cars qualify as zero-emission vehicles, and (3) electric cars won't sell. (4) They are too expensive, (5) their range of operation is too limited, and (6) recharging facilities are not generally available.

Which argument would require a conjoint, hidden assumption to be paired with premise (1) when mapped?

1) Out of all the movies we could watch tonight, Movie A is the funniest. (2) Therefore, we should watch Movie A. he hidden assumption "we should watch the funniest movie" is required to support the conclusion (2).

example of Mapping Independent Support

1) This test is easy.(2) Linda got an A on the test and(3) Maise got an A on the test and(4) Francisco got an A on the test. "Given 2, 1 follows, and given 3, 1 follows, and given 4, 1 follows."

Mapping Conjoint Support

1) You are behaving unfairly.(2) You are giving more to some than to others and(3) giving more to some than to others is not fair.

3-layer Argument compose off:

1-A "level" or "layer" of an argument map is one horizontal row 2-A Main Conclusion is the final conclusion of the argument. 3- A Main Premise is one among the set of premises directly supporting the main conclusion -A Sub-Inference is an inference from a premise to another premise -A sub-premise is a premise in a sub- inference. -A sub-conclusion is a conclusion in a sub-inferenc

Construct an argument map to help you understand the argument. What is the hidden subpremise?"They reported this morning gas costs just two dollars a gallon today. So the price of gas is falling. Maybe the economy is turning around."

Gas cost more than two dollars yesterday

Use the given argument map to identify the argument's hidden assumption."He needs to ask for help. When one runs into problems, one should ask for help

He has run into problems

Which argument offers indirect support for its conclusion? (Draw an argument map to help you decide.)

I checked the camera seven times, which means I was being vigilant. So the theft was not my fault

indirect support

I know that Voodoo is real, because My cousin saw someone take on the characteristics, personality, and voice of a spirit during a ceremony. My cousin told me that she saw this last week.

Which argument offers independent support for its conclusion? (Draw an argument map to help you decide.)

I remember the water was blue in the movie, and I also remember the grass being green. So I don't think the movie was black and white.

"That restaurant served me a great lasagna. Therefore, they will probably serve a good hamburger." Identify the hidden assumption that would best complete this argument.

If a restaurant makes one dish well, they are likely to make other dishes well This assumption and the stated premise together provide conjoint support for the conclusion.

Map the given argument to help you understand its structure. Then, select which is a hidden assumption of the argument. (1) Over 70% of residents say that traffic congestion is a major problem in our city. (2) The research group that conducted that survey has a great track record, by the way. (3) And other nearby cities that have invested in transportation have seen significant economic benefits. (4) This all shows that it would be a good idea for our city to invest in transportation.

If other nearby cities benefited economically from investing in transportation, our city is likely to benefit as well. In order for premise (3) to support conclusion (4), it is necessary to assume that the nearby cities' situations are analogous to the speaker's.

"Al will certainly pass his calculus class. After all, he did well in his algebra class." Identify the hidden assumption that would best complete this argument.

If someone does well in algebra, then they will do well in calculus. This assumption and the stated premise together provide conjoint support for the conclusion.

We should buy an electric car. Granted, they are more expensive up front than gas cars, but we have the money, and we will save on gas in the long run. Additionally, electric cars are better for the environment. And they are becoming more stylish! Which is a hidden assumption of the given argument?

If something is better for the environment, then that counts in favor of choosing it.

Map the given argument to help you understand its structure. Then, select which is a hidden assumption of the argument. (1) We really should be giving more foreign aid to developing nations. (2) It is desirable for the people of the world to have a more equal access to resources, and (3) our nation has more resources than developing nations do. (4) Foreign aid will help give them more equal access to resources. Additionally, (5) there will be more international trade in the future once those nations are further developed, and (6) foreign aid will help them further develop.

It would be a good thing to increase international trade. Premises (5) and (6) together show that foreign aid will increase trade, but the assumption that trade is good is necessary to conclude (1).

example of conjoint support

Labradors are gentle, but they aren't very aggressive,so they wouldn't make good guard dogs.

example of independent support

Labradors are gentle,so they wouldn't make good guard dogs.Labradors aren't very aggressive,so they wouldn't make good guard dogs.

Which argument offers conjoint support for its conclusion? (Draw an argument map to help you decide.)

Musical training correlates with higher grades in math and language classes. But having a balanced diet also leads to higher grades in those classes. So both physical and mental elements help when it comes to academics.

Use the given argument map to identify the argument's hidden assumption."The new species has wings, so it's a bird."

Only birds have wings

Example of independent support

She bought me a new backpack, she's sometimeslate for a date, and she always treats me withcare, therefore she's the best girlfriend ever.

Which argument offers conjoint support for its conclusion? (Draw an argument map to help you decide.)

That toy is made of rubber, and rubber bounces. So that toy is probably bouncy.

Which argument offers indirect support for its conclusion? (Draw an argument map to help you decide.)

The Roman Empire was somewhat democratic and lasted for centuries. When Rome fell, it was still legal to own slaves. So we know Rome never abolished slavery even though it had time and was somewhat democratic. Clearly even a long lived democracy does not guarantee freedom for all its inhabitants.

Identifying Hidden Assumptions of: These wildfires are out of control! So global warming is rea

The hidden assumption is something like "global warming is the best explanation for an increase in wildfires." We should believe only what is reasonable, so we should reject theism.

Construct an argument map to help you understand the argument. What is the main premise?"They reported this morning gas costs just two dollars a gallon today. So the price of gas is falling. Maybe the economy is turning around.

The price of gas is falling.

Mapping Hidden Assumptions

There is smoke. Hidden Assumption: (Wherever there is smoke, there is fire.) Therefore, there is fire.

Which argument offers independent support for its conclusion? (Draw an argument map to help you decide.)

We end up spending too much on fast food every month, and the fast food we buy is typically much less healthy than home cooked food. So we're not making the best decisions when it comes to food purchases.

Mapping Independent Support

We use multiple arrows to signify multiple independent inferences. So, we have many premises which do not work together to demonstrate the conclusion. Each premise offers its own reason for accepting the conclusion.

conjoint support

When a premise doesn't seem to support the conclusion without the help of the other premises.

independent support

When each premise seems like its an argument for the conclusion on its own.

Complex Conjoint Support example

[1] Gina told me the Earth is round and [2] Gina wouldn't lie to me, and furthermore [3] Gina is an astrophysicist, so[4] the Earth is round.

Using Downward Braces

if there are more than one conclusion for any given inference

Identifying Hidden Assumptions

missing, unstated premises and conclusions in arguments; assertions that are necessary to recognize in order to fully understand an argument