Section U: India Between 1905-1915

The partition of Bengal was not acceptable. The result of this political wave was .........

"Boycott" and "Swadeshi Movement"

Lord Curzon was unpopular despite of some of his popularity works. His tenure was termed............

"Curzonshahi" which was compared to the "Nadirshahi".

But, Curzon thought as if he was dividing an American county for better administrationJ. The Lord Curzon, who had once written to the Secretary of State for India that:

"I would dig the grave of the Indian National Congress before leaving office......One of my greatest ambitions in India is to assist it (Congress) to a peaceful demise

The extremists wanted to extend the boycott to all over India and refuse cooperation so that task of administration becomes impossible. The main extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Ray, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal. They were called Lal Bal Pal. They had become so popular that British got alarmed. The slogan was ...........

"Swaraj is my Birthright"

In July 1905, the Government had shown intention of dividing Bengal. The Bengali patriots carrying flags of .......... marched through the streets of Calcutta and they reached Town hall.

"United Bengal" and slogans of "Unity is strength"

The partition of Bengal was now dubbed a.........of Lord Curzon to break India in pieces. This was the most notable manifestation of the political activity in India.

"political intrigue"

Partition of Bengal in 1905 The over intelligent Viceroy could not understand that Congress would cash it as a .............

"political opportunity" and would lay the foundation of the tomb of the British Empire.

Thus in Calcutta session of 1906, under the leadership of Dadabhai Naoroji, Congress adopted Swaraj as the Goal of Indian people. But here a bit of politics was played by the Moderates. They, by no means wanted to be tagged as radical. The toned down the resolution in a compromised state and made it .......... Thus the whole meaning of Swaraj of the extremists was changed. The extremists were defeated in this politics and the difference became apparent. Congress was now bound to split.

"self government means that obtaining the self governing British Colonies".

By this time......, not less than 7 acts were passed by the British Government in a hurry.

(1907-08)

Congress insisted that the Government could separate the Non Bengali speaking areas .......... rather than splitting the Bengali speaking area.

(Bihar or Orissa)

Bengal partition was now in operation. Lord Minto remained Viceroy till........ The first thing for the new Viceroy was to crackdown on the people who made the hue and cry. The victims were the school and college boys. They were asked whether they wanted grants, scholarships and affiliation or not? The students were fined, expelled, arrested, beaten and repressed. Now, one could listen the Vandemataram in every street. The government went crazy when it started pulling down the houses on which Bande mataram was written! Police was now more open to use the lathicharge to dismiss the public meetings !

. 1910.

The Congress was on the brink of split. The 1907 session was to be held at Nagpur. But Nagpur was the stronghold of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The moderates were aware that the local delegates would raise the issues in favor of the extremists. So,......... got the venue changed and the new venue was Surat which was a stronghold of the Congress.

. Gopal Krishna Gokhle

..........(Partition of Bengal) was seen as an intrigue to divide Hindus and Muslims. It was seen as dividing the Bengalis from Bengalis.

. Vang Bhang

On the date of partition, Gurudev Rabindranath declared that it should be observed as a day of unity, people should tie threads to each other's wrists. On that particular day, every Bengali kept a fast and took bath on the holy river of Ganges. The streets of Calcutta echoed..........

.. Bande Mataram and Amar Sonar Bangla Amey Tomay Bhalobashi. The Boycott of British Goods was urged by all the newspapers

The two provinces had no racial or linguistic difference but the only difference was that western part was dominated by the ........ But still there was a loud outburst of Bengali patriotism against the partition of their "country"

..Hindus and Eastern Part by the Muslims

The extremists wanted to extend the boycott to all over India and refuse cooperation so that task of administration becomes impossible. The main extremist leaders were .........

..Lala Lajpat Ray, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal

The first activity of militant nationalism was seen in Pune during the Bubonic plague of Bombay presidency when the Chapekar brothers shot two officials ........... This group of people hated the British due to their apathy, discrimination and irresponsible administration during the famine and plague.

.Mr. Rand and Lt. Ayerst dead in 1897

Around........ were reading newspapers now.

1 million people

On September 1, the Government announced that partition was to be effected on........... The following weeks saw protest meetings being held almost everyday in Bengal; some of these meetings, like the one in Barisal, drew crowds of ten to twelve thousand.

16 October 1905

The tool of Boycott was first of used in ............was boycotted widely. But it was made a political tool only after partition of Bengal.

1870s when the Manchester cloth

Partition of Bengal

1905

It was announced as a Boycott in August 1905 in the Town hall of Calcutta but the same thing was given a new term Swadeshi in the ............ of the Indian National Congress under Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

1906 Banaras session

Surat session and Split in Congress

1907

There was considerable unemployment in the country and these unemployed youths started getting attracted towards the anti-Government radical politics They knew about the Chinese boycott of ......

American goods.

People tied Rakhis on each other's hands as a symbol of the unity of the two halves of Bengal. Later in the day ............addressed two huge meetings which drew crowds of 50,000 to 75,000 people. These were, perhaps, the largest mass meetings ever to be held under the nationalist banner this far. Within few hours of the meetings, a sum of Rs. 50,000 was raised for the movement.

Anandmohan Bose and Surendranath Banerjea

......... one of the extremists left the ground and went to Pondicherry.

Arubindo Ghosh,

It was thought that ........... include some eastern districts of Bengal.

Assam should be extended and it should

They had the Atma shakti and wanted to fight for their rights. The father of this extremism was ..........who started Ganapati festival from 1894 and developed this religious method of mass contact into a patriotic and historic cult and a symbol of nationalism.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Eastern Bengal and Assam was a short-lived province of British India created through the Partition of Bengal in 1905. It constituted of eastern portion of the erstwhile Bengal Presidency, including modern-day ...........

Bangladesh and Indian states of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura

The ...........were ripe for rise of the militant nationalism. These youngsters did not like the congress mendicancy.

Bengal, the Punjab and the Presidency of Bombay

There was considerable unemployment in the country and these unemployed youths started getting attracted towards the anti-Government radical politics. They knew about the struggle of British in the......... news that came from across the border was enough to boost their self confidence and slowly the inferiority complex of Indians was getting washed away.

Boer war.

The boycott soon started in other parts of the country. Tilak spread the movement in .............

Bombay presidency

The British Government had no problem with Swadeshi but ........... was something which must be denounced!

Boycott

Please not that these are two faces of the same coin. When we say Swadeshi, it means adopting indigenous products. When we say Boycott, it means we reject foreign made products. The initial protest was as............ It was actually a tool of political purpose for Congress to turn the wave into a popular agitation.

Boycott and later it became Swadeshi.

The Extremist Nationalism also swung up after this event. It was announced as a .......... in the Town hall of Calcutta

Boycott in August 1905

The moderates were moderates. They did not like these new techniques of struggle. They even thought of using the .........

Boycott in only special circumstances.

On 7 August 1905, the huge meeting was organized in the Town Hall in Calcutta. In this meeting the partition was denounced as arbitrary. The resolution was passed criticizing the manner of partition. A principle of "...........

Boycott" of the British goods was adopted. The resolution said that until the Government annuls the partition, agitation shall continue.

Lord Curzon, who wanted to make England's stronghold more strong in India actually did some political blunders as follows: In 1899 the political powers of ......... was curtailed down.

Calcutta Corporation

The first activity of militant nationalism was seen in Pune during the Bubonic plague of Bombay presidency when the .......... shot two officials Mr. Rand and Lt. Ayerst dead in 1897.

Chapekar brothers

The large number of Nationalists- in and outside Congress had learnt the art of protests and agitation and now the Curzon's unpopularity gave them an opportunity to initiate mass movements for the first time. The question in Bengal was of effective administrative control. In 1874, Bengal had become too large unit to be administered as a single unit. Initially some districts were set off under the............... But the government wanted to solve the problem permanently. It was thought that Assam should be extended and it should include some eastern districts of Bengal.

Chief commissioner of Assam, but this aroused a public outcry

Why they must split Bengali from Bengali? Every Bengal asked.....Government have its own reasons but this was explained by the Bengali Leaders and Congress to the masses. They insisted that the main political motivation of the British was that Government wanted to deprive Calcutta of its position. ............ So now, Chittagong would prosper at the cost of Calcutta, because the trade of the eastern part would pass on to Chittagong. So, this was a golden opportunity for Congress to take the matter effectively which it did.

Chittagong was a harbor much smaller but at almost same locational advantage as Calcutta.

The extremists were far more popular than the moderates. Before this session, the extremists would have taken over congress had they elected a leader among them. But it was not done. The moderates were politically intelligent. In 1906, the session at Calcutta was presided by .......... The moderates chose Dada Bhai Naoroji to preside the Congress. Dada Bhai Naoroji, the Grand Oldman of India was respected by the moderates and extremists alike.

Dada Bhai Naoroji

The boycott soon started in other parts of the country. Tilak spread the movement in Bombay presidency and Lala Lajpat Rai took it to Punjab. Syed Haidar Raza took the movement in western parts. There was an active participation of the people in,,,,,,,,,,,and all of a sudden a nationwide wave was seen in India.

Delhi, Lahore, Rawal Pindi, Kangra, Jammu, Multan, Peshawar, Pune, and Bombay

The president of the Surat session was presided by ........... The congress met in an atmosphere of anger and resentment in this session. Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh was elected but the extremists had an objection to this election.

Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh

on October 16, 1905, the Bengal was partitioned and the Province of...........came officially into existence.

Eastern Bengal and Assam

They wanted to disobey the unjust laws; they wanted to kick the loyalists out of the society. They wanted all that ........... This was the first phase of the passive resistance.

Gandhi would take up in future minus non-violence

The day partition took effect - 16th October 1905 - was declared a day of mourning throughout Bengal. People fasted and no fires were lit at the cooking hearth. In Calcutta a strike was called. People took out processions and band after band walked barefoot, bathed in the ..........

Ganges in the morning and then paraded the streets singing Vande Mataram which almost spontaneously, became the theme song of the movement.

On the date of partition,........... declared that it should be observed as a day of unity, people should tie threads to each other's wrists. On that particular day, every Bengali kept a fast and took bath on the holy river of Ganges.

Gurudev Rabindranath

Partition of Bengal in 1905 Eastern Bengal and Assam Rest of Bengal (Western Part) The partition was opposed by .........., Chief Commissioner of Assam 1896-1902.

Henry John Stedman Cotton

The new Western Bengal made the Bengali people minority in their own country because now the population of ........while the population of Bengali Speaking people was only 17 Million! The educated Indians and the Indian National Congress made an effort to create the waves at all India level and they were successful in that.

Hindi and Oriya speaking people was 37 Million

Resolution on Partition of Bengal Resolution of Self Government (Swaraj) Resolution on Swadeshi Resolution on Boycott.

In 1906, the session at Calcutta

The agitation had started months before the Government formally announced the partition.........., the Government had shown intention of dividing Bengal.

In July 1905

Eastern Bengal and Assam Rest of Bengal (Western Part) The partition was opposed by Henry John Stedman Cotton, Chief Commissioner of Assam 1896-1902. The Chief Commissioner of Assam, .........., became lieutenant-governor of the enlarged province.

J. B. Fuller

There was considerable unemployment in the country and these unemployed youths started getting attracted towards the anti-Government radical politics. . They could understand what was happening in.......

Japan

Meanwhile Lord Curzon became sick. When he was on the sickbed, on August 12, 1905 he telegraphed his resignation to London. The news of his resignation was published in newspapers in a few days and this gave new zeal to the agitators. But the new Viceroy and Governor-General of India Lord Minto, and the new secretary of state for India,.......... upheld Lord Curzon's measure.

John Morley

He was a Lion who was able create mass unrest by writing articles in his ......n Marathi

Kesari i

The main extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Ray, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal. They were called............

Lal Bal Pal

. The boycott soon started in other parts of the country. ....... took it to Punjab.

Lala Lajpat Rai

Bipin Chandra Pal also left the politics temporarily. .......went to England. The idea of extremist nationalism was put down temporarily. It later rose as Militant Nationalism.

Lala Lajpat Rai

Resignation of Curzon and Arrival of ...........

Lord Minto 1905

He was a Lion who was able create mass unrest by writing articles in his Kesari in Marathi and ........ in English

Mahratta

The formal proclamation of the Swadeshi Movement was, made on the 7th August 1905, in a meeting held at the Calcutta town hall. Even Moderate leaders like Surendranath Banerjea toured the country urging the boycott of,............

Manchester Cloth and Liverpool Salt.

Partition of Bengal in 1905 . The Eastern Bengal roughly comprised of.......... (Now Bangladesh) with its capital at Dhaka.

Manipur, Assam, Chittagong. Dhaka, Rajshahi

The question was under consideration for several months and finally on ............the Bengal was partitioned

October 16, 1905,

Lord Curzon, who wanted to make England's stronghold more strong in India actually did some political blunders as follows: . The ........ tightened the security and The police reforms increased the power and expense of the Police Force.

Official secrets act 1904

........... the huge meeting was organized in the Town Hall in Calcutta. In this meeting the partition was denounced as arbitrary. The resolution was passed criticizing the manner of partition

On 7 August 1905,

The province was annulled in 1911 following a sustained mass protest campaign. The two parts of Bengal were reunited and a new partition based on language followed, ........areas separated to form separate administrative units: Bihar and Orissa Province was created to the west, and Assam Province to the east.

Oriya and Assamese

The moderates were politically intelligent. In 1906, the session at Calcutta was presided by Dada Bhai Naoroji. The moderates chose Dada Bhai Naoroji to preside the Congress. Dada Bhai Naoroji, the Grand Oldman of India was respected by the moderates and extremists alike. But, in this session, the congress was compelled by the extremists to adopt following resolutions which were accepted by the moderates with half heart. These were as follows: .............

Resolution on Partition of Bengal Resolution of Self Government (Swaraj) Resolution on Swadeshi Resolution on Boycott.

Partition of Bengal in 1905 Eastern Bengal and Assam ,...........

Rest of Bengal (Western Part)

There was considerable unemployment in the country and these unemployed youths started getting attracted towards the anti-Government radical politics. These youths were aware of the .........of British.

Russophobia

(1907-08) not less than 7 acts were passed by the British Government in a hurry. The objectives of these acts are evident from their titles. Some of these were: Prevention of ............ act : it was passed in 1907 Explosive Substance Act : it was passed in 1908

Seditious Meetings

In 1896 Bal Gangadhar Tilak started organizing ......... For him, the congress was a frog that croaked once a year. J

Shivaji festival.

Thus in Calcutta session of 1906, under the leadership of Dadabhai Naoroji, Congress adopted.........as the Goal of Indian people. But here a bit of politics was played by the Moderates.

Swaraj

The boycott soon started in other parts of the country. . ..........took the movement in western parts.

Syed Haidar Raza

............ which is now our national song became the symbol of this agitation. The India was on the right path of national awakening.

The Vande Mataram,

The Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act 1908: ...........

This act was passed and provided to confiscate the press if it published anything against the Government and incited the public outrage

Lord Curzon, who wanted to make England's stronghold more strong in India actually did some political blunders as follows: The .......... reduced the number of Indian elected members.

University act of 1904

He believed in Swaraj and not in

administration reforms.

Sir Joseph Bampfylde Fuller (1854-1935) was a British inventor, writer and first Lieutenant Governor of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam, knighted for his service in India. Fuller invented an ........

anti-gas alarm widely used during World War I

The 1907 Surat session was held at the........ in Surat. The Extremist camp was led by Lal Bal and Pal and the moderate camp was led by Gopal Krishna Gokhle.

bank of the Tapti river

Partition of Bengal in 1905 The Eastern Bengal roughly comprised of Manipur, Assam, Chittagong. Dhaka, Rajshahi (Now Bangladesh) with its capital at Dhaka. The administration was left under a lieutenant-governor with a legislative council and............

board of revenue, but the jurisdiction was under the high court of Calcutta.

The Extremist Nationalism also swung up after this event. It was announced as a Boycott in August 1905 in the Town hall of Calcutta but the same thing was given a new term Swadeshi in the 1906 Banaras session of the Indian National Congress under Gopal Krishna Gokhale. The result was that the British............... Those using these things were socially boycotted. The shopkeepers who sold the imported items were picketed. Public burning of the foreign cloths started.

cloth, sugar, and other goods were boycotted

Partition of Bengal in 1905 .. The eastern part was thought to be under governed. The Government had the idea that by splitting Bengal, the ..........

eastern districts would be governed effectively, however the politico-economic motive behind this was something different which created a havoc

Surat session ,Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh was elected but the extremists had an objection to this election. Initially the extremists dominated the session but soon they accepted Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh as president and offered to cooperate. But the session was suspended. Congress got split. By the time, the next session of Congress was held ............, it was the extremist camp that was facing the Lathis and arrest by the British Government who was now in its comfortable position as Congress was divided.

in Madras in 1908 under Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh

Explosive Substance Act :.........

it was passed in 1908

That the message of boycott went home is evident from the fact that the value of British cloth sold in some of the ............between September 1904 and September 1905.

mofussil districts fell by five to fifteen times