select all that apply

Which factors have a profound, if sometimes unrecognized, impact on one's health? (Select all that apply.) Adequate resources to allow easy access to health services Interpersonal relationships with family and friends Local, state, and national policies Number and quality of health care providers within transportation range Physical neighborhood where one works and lives Understanding the need for healthy lifestyle choices

Adequate resources to allow easy access to health services Interpersonal relationships with family and friends Local, state, and national policies Physical neighborhood where one works and lives

According to the critical theoretical perspective, which should be held responsible for many of the illnesses of Americans today? (Select all that apply.) Advertisers who market sugar- and fat-saturated food products Alcoholic beverage manufacturers, marketers, and sellers Manufacturers of products that increase morbidity and mortality Corporations who modify their emission rates Restaurants that attempt to keep meal costs low Tobacco manufacturers who sponsor sports events

Advertisers who market sugar- and fat-saturated food products Alcoholic beverage manufacturers, marketers, and sellers Manufacturers of products that increase morbidity and mortality Tobacco manufacturers who sponsor sports events

A nurse has a broad, aggregate focus when providing care to clients. Which best describes how this approach will help improve client outcomes? (Select all that apply.) Ensures that collaborative efforts of many professionals will be used Confirms the individual's responsibility for resolving the health problem Empowers decision-making based on both individual and community goals, needs, and priorities Enables the nurse to ask for assistance from other community professionals Encourages allocation of time for population-focused preventive efforts Upholds professional nursing standards of care

Empowers decision-making based on both individual and community goals, needs, and priorities Encourages allocation of time for population-focused preventive efforts

A nurse is using the Health Belief Model to help a client improve lifestyle choices. Which interventions would the nurse most likely implement? (Select all that apply.) Conduct an ongoing public information campaign to motivate people to take action. Emphasize how important it is to change behavior immediately. Examine the individual's perceptions of his or her health in relation to current lifestyle behavior choices. Review how lifestyle changes can reduce risk and improve the client's life. Share statistics regarding the probability of health problems and their seriousness if action is not taken. Use communication channels to send reminders of action currently needed.

Examine the individual's perceptions of his or her health in relation to current lifestyle behavior choices. Review how lifestyle changes can reduce risk and improve the client's life. Share statistics regarding the probability of health problems and their seriousness if action is not taken. Use communication channels to send reminders of action currently needed.

A nurse wanted a screening test that was very sensitive in determining who might have a particular illness. What might be a problem with using such a sensitive test? (Select all that apply.) Many persons have true negative test results. Persons who test negative are able to celebrate their healthy state. Persons who do not have the illness are told that they might, which leads to anxiety, as well as time and cost of follow-up diagnostic tests. Such a test may have lower specificity, so some persons with the disease are told they are disease free and hence do not receive care. There is no problem; it is best to use the most sensitive screening test available. Persons who have the disease are notified and receive treatment.

Persons who do not have the illness are told that they might, which leads to anxiety, as well as time and cost of follow-up diagnostic tests. Such a test may have lower specificity, so some persons with the disease are told they are disease free and hence do not receive care.

A nurse is using Pender's model to explain what influences individuals to pursue health promotion activities. Which factors would be examined? (Select all that apply.) A belief that one can change one's behaviors Environmental choices possible Fear of negative consequences if action is not taken The rewards one believes will result if action is taken The threat of an early death if behavior is not changed What one's family and peers believe should be done

A belief that one can change one's behaviors Environmental choices possible The rewards one believes will result if action is taken What one's family and peers believe should be done

A nurse was becoming frustrated. It had been 2 weeks, and although the client had verbalized that the best time of day to take a 15-minute walk was early in the morning, the client had not begun to exercise. Which principles of the Transtheoretical Model had the nurse forgotten? (Select all that apply.) A decision to act always occurs before action begins. Behavior change is difficult and takes time. Continuing to stress to the client how important exercise is will help the client decide to exercise. Discussing with the client why he or she is not yet exercising may help the client recognize his or her own resistance. The nurse should offer some reward if the person exercises for at least a week. Verbalizing compassion for how difficult it is to change is a crucial intervention.

A decision to act always occurs before action begins. Behavior change is difficult and takes time.

4. What current emphases are focusing attention on public health? (Select all that apply.) Cost containment and managed care models Focus on disease prevention and health promotion Increased funding for care of chronic diseases Liberal politicians encouraging public health as part of a national health reform Movies showing national disasters and government lack of preparedness Shortage of the H1N1 flu vaccine

ANS: A, B

Which were the chief factors that led to the creation and growth of health insurance plans? (Select all that apply.) Hospitals banded together, and their leaders encouraged such plans. Hospitals thought such a plan would allow them to expand further and faster. It was an employer alternative to increasing employee pay compensation. Nurses fought for the right of all citizens to purchase insurance as desired. Physicians were concerned with nonpayment of their office fees. Politicians encouraged this alternative to government-supported health care.

ANS: A, C

Which best describes why folk healers are used by many people? (Select all that apply.) Folk healers are often effective. Folk healers do not charge for their efforts. Folk healers integrate religion and medicine. Folk healers use media very effectively. Folk healers may involve the whole family. Many physicians recommend folk healers.

ANS: A, C, E

3. Based on Healthy People 2010, what are the two primary goals of Healthy People 2020? (Select all that apply.) Eliminate health disparities. Expand health promotion activities in every community. Improve funding, including diverting funds from other priorities to health care. Improve health outcomes measures to be more consistent with other developed nations' outcomes. Increase quality and years of healthy life. Reduce mortality and morbidity figures nationwide.

ANS: A, E

What are the leading health indicators found in Healthy People 2020? (Select all that apply.) a. Financial issues b. Health system issues c. Individual behaviors d. Issues related to legal and illegal immigration e. Legislative issues f. Physical and social environmental factors

ANS: B, C, F

2. Which of Nightingale's ideas were forgotten until recently? (Select all that apply.) The need for education for women The influence of environment on health The importance of clinical practice for expertise to develop The need to recognize gender role limitations The problem-solving (nursing) process The use of statistics and a sound research base

ANS: B, F

What historically have been public health nurses' two most important priorities? (Select all that apply.) Establishing school nursing to improve care of children Engaging in political activity to improve living conditions Giving superb clinical bedside care in the home Increasing funding to public health efforts Teaching family members how to care for their family Working with the community to confront health issues and poverty

ANS: B, F

1. Which tool(s) were used by Florence Nightingale to create change? (Select all that apply.) Her incredible beauty and personality Influence of all the nurses Nightingale trained Political advocacy Publication of treated soldiers' death rate changed from 42% to 2% Use of statistics to demonstrate the effectiveness of her interventions Wealth of her family and relatives

ANS: C, D, E

A nurse is using the critical theoretical perspective in practice. Which best describes how the nurse would respond when a client suggests that the physician prescribe a widely advertised medication for tension and anxiety? (Select all that apply.) Can you tell me what is going on in your life right now? Do you know anyone else who is suffering such tension and anxiety? How does your family feel about you having so much tension and anxiety? Would you consider using the generic equivalent of this medication? What led you to believe this medication would be of help to you? What have you tried in the past to relieve tension and anxiety?

Can you tell me what is going on in your life right now? What have you tried in the past to relieve tension and anxiety?

Which are considered the most important determinants of a healthy community? (Select all that apply.) Child-friendly neighborhoods Several different choices of houses of worship Employment opportunities Low crime rate Safe food and water supplies Varied housing choices

Child-friendly neighborhoods Low crime rate

An epidemiologist is gathering data to determine which factors may lead to disease. Which data will be gathered? (Select all that apply.) Demographic characteristics Disease characteristics Geographic data Health protection measures taken Length of the disease process When disease struck the area

Demographic characteristics Geographic data When disease struck the area

Which information must be analyzed to derive an adequate explanation of disease? (Select all that apply.) Description of commonalities among those who became ill Depiction of the possible pathogen Explanation of the health care system in the community Portrayal of the geographic area where people became ill Review of the methods by which disease can be spread Substances that are effective in sanitizing the area described

Description of commonalities among those who became ill Depiction of the possible pathogen Portrayal of the geographic area where people became ill

Which from vital statistics records is useful to community health nurses? (Select all that apply.) Relatively early age of death may suggest a new pathogen in the community Divorce rate, suggesting whether children will need additional services Documentation of the mortality and morbidity of the local community Indication of whether the total population is growing or declining Records of occurrence of congenital malformations .Stability of marriages, making family structure become obvious

Documentation of the mortality and morbidity of the local community Indication of whether the total population is growing or declining Records of occurrence of congenital malformations

Which actions have been effective in reducing problems related to alcohol use? (Select all that apply.) Abstinence education programs in elementary schools Enforcement of ban on sales of alcohol to minors Increased taxes on alcoholic beverages Media campaigns that show unpleasant behaviors such as vomiting after drinking Stringent laws on accurate labeling of alcoholic content in beverages Suggesting children be taught appropriate use of alcohol in the home

Enforcement of ban on sales of alcohol to minors Increased taxes on alcoholic beverages

Which is a central function unique to community health nursing? (Select all that apply.) Being willing to travel to give care in an appropriate setting Collaborating and cooperating with other health care team members Gathering appropriate comprehensive assessment data on the community Incorporating epidemiological approaches throughout the nursing process Keeping accurate and detailed medical records on care given Being willing to contribute to health policy development

Gathering appropriate comprehensive assessment data on the community Incorporating epidemiological approaches throughout the nursing process Being willing to contribute to health policy development

Which best describes the aspects central to the definition of community? (Select all that apply.) Geographic boundaries at a point in time Whatever is most convenient for the nurse Patterns of disease found Persons who share common goals and interests Persons who band together to address a shared problem The name the people have given themselve

Geographic boundaries at a point in time Persons who band together to address a shared problem The name the people have given themselves

A nurse would like to quickly and easily learn more about an aggregate. Which sources of information would be best for the nurse to use to quickly and easily become informed about an aggregate? (Select all that apply.) Conduct a telephone survey of those aggregate members Interview people who have previously been involved with the aggregate Review any available records or previously gathered data Send a mail survey to everyone in the surrounding geographic area Try to find a few key informants and ask for their input Use observation without anyone in the aggregate knowing he or she is being observed

Interview people who have previously been involved with the aggregate Review any available records or previously gathered data Try to find a few key informants and ask for their input

Which best describes the advantage of the ecosocial epidemiology model over both the web of causation model and the epidemiological triangle model? (Select all that apply.) It decreases the focus on the individual person. It demonstrates the usefulness of molecular epidemiology in disease prevention. It emphasizes the role of complex political and economic context. It is more useful in public policy campaigns in explaining what people need to do to protect themselves. It reflects the current emphUasisSonNecoTlogy andOthe environment. Its use suggests possible public policy interventions.

It decreases the focus on the individual person. It emphasizes the role of complex political and economic context. Its use suggests possible public policy interventions.

Which factors are necessary to assume there might be a cause-effect relationship between a particular variable A and a specific illness? (Select all that apply.) It is easy to understand how the variable A could lead to the illness. Research studies consistently demonstrate a relationship between variable A and the illness. The illness is frequently seen without the presence of variable A. The more of variable A present, the sicker the person becomes. Variable A is always found after the person becomes ill. Variable A is never found in the presence of other illnesses.

It is easy to understand how the variable A could lead to the illness. Research studies consistently demonstrate a relationship between variable A and the illness. The more of variable A present, the sicker the person becomes.

Which best describes the provisions of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010? (Select all that apply.) It provided free health insurance to all U.S. citizens. It required all U.S. citizens to be covered by health insurance. It prohibited insurance companies from denying coverage because of pre-existing medical conditions. It gradually decreased the number of health insurance options available to Americans. It reduced expenses for families by capping out-of-pocket expenses. It required all school-age children to have access to health care services.

It required all U.S. citizens to be covered by health insurance. It prohibited insurance companies from denying coverage because of pre-existing medical conditions. It reduced expenses for families by capping out-of-pocket expenses.

A nurse asks a client how she has been sleeping. Which best describes the rationale behind this question? (Select all that apply.) Accidents and injury may occur with the sleep-deprived client at fault. Interventions for sleep problems are primarily common sense. Many adults report sleep problems or occasional lack of sleep. Many important functions occur during sleep. Nurses can determine whether the patient has a sleep disorder. A sleep assessment is easy and inexpensive to complete.

Many adults report sleep problems or occasional lack of sleep. Many important functions occur during sleep.

A community health nurse is using the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a basis for providing client care. Which best describes the problems associated with using the HBM? (Select all that apply.) It ignores the need to reduce health system barriers to action. It is extremely difficult to change the client's belief system. It is the nurse's responsibility to persuade clients to engage in the appropriate behavior. Clients do not have the knowledge to correctly analyze the seriousness of the disease or their susceptibility to it. Clients expect health professionals to take preventive actions for them. The choice and the burden for acting are entirely with the client.

ignores the need to reduce health system barriers to action. The choice and the burden for acting are entirely with the client.