semester 2 exam 2 mammo

in assessing the degree of compression for any one patient the mammographer should take into consideration (select all that apply) 1. the maximum to which the patients breast can actually be compressed 2. the amount of compression the patient can tolerate 3.compression that should be just sufficient to immobilize the breast

1 and 2

increasing the automatic exposure control setting on the FDA approved DBT system 1. increases pt radiation dose 2. decreases image noise 3. decreases image quality (select all that apply)

1 and 3

increasing the automatic exposure control setting on the FDA approved DBT system (select all that apply) 1. increases patient radiation dose 2. decreases image noise 3. decreases image quality

1 and 3

increasing the automatic exposure control setting on the FDA approved DBT system (select all that apply) 1. increases pt dose 2. decreases image noise 3. decreases image quality

1 and 3

in addition to breast examinations tomosynthesis had been used for ________ investigations (select all that apply) 1. angiorgraphic 2. chest 3. orthopedic

1,2, and 3

in some states, laws regarding breast density notification require that women undergoing screening mammography be informed (select all that apply) 1. if they have dense breasts 2. that dense breast tissue can increase the risk of developing cancer 3. that dense breast tissue can obscure tumors on mammograms

1,2, and 3

which of the following statements is true (select all that apply) 1. compression increases image sharpness by reducing the focal spot size 2. compression increases contrast by reducing the thickness of the penetrated tissue 3. compression increases the uniformity of the image making diagnosis easier

2 and 3 only

the MQSA limit per exposure for a standard breast is a. 3 mgy b. 5 mgy c. .3 mgy d. .5 mgy

a 3 mgy

DBT when in digital mode uses a tungsten target with (select all that apply) a. silver filtration for dense breast tissue b. rhodium filtration for fatty breast tissue c. molybdenum filtration for dense breast tissue d. filtration is not required for DBT images

a and b

which of the following can affect breast tissue density? (select all that apply) a. weight gain b. hormone replacement therapy (HRT) c. weight loss d. menstrual status e. age

a, b, d, e

the tomosynthesis slice indicator is a. a graphic viewed alongside the 3D image b. viewed on the 2D image c. only viewed at the radiologists workstation d. only viewed on the stereo pair

a. a graphic viewed alongside the 3D image

the FDA has approved the use of a general 2D image in place of a. a traditional 2D image b. the tomo data set c. an analog image d. the mediolateral oblique projection

a. a traditional 2D image

studies have demonstrated that women with dense breasts are at _______ risk of developing breast cancer, in comparison with women with less dense breasts a. an elevated b. the same c. less d. no

a. an elevated

DBT increases the visibility of mammographic lesions. This is referred to as a. improved sensitivity b. projection images c. improved specificity d. contrast resolution

a. improved sensitivity

which of the following is not a factor that influences mammographic sensitivity a. presence of microcalcifications b. density of breast tissue c. lesion size d. knowledge of the interpreting radiologists

a. presence of microcalcifications

2D and 3D systems contain (select all that apply) a. 18x24 cm image receptor b. 24x30 image receptor c. compression paddles d. image receptors e. grids

all of the above

DBT vs CT (select all that apply) a. DBT and CT machines take projection images all the way around the breast/patient b. with DBT you still need to perform two orthogonal views c. DBT and CT are exactly the same d. DBT machine cannot generate orthogonal multiplayer reconstructions

b and d

DBT/tomosythensis has a low sensitivity for detecting a. the morphology of benign tumors b. calcifications c. speculated margins of lesions d. benign cysts

b. calcifications

in DBT thin section images are combined into multiple projection image data set. the sets are then reconstructed into 3D images in the conventional _______ and ________ planes. a. lateromedial, craniocaudal b. craniocaudal, mediolateral oblique c. superolateral, craniocaudal d. anterior posterior supine, mediolateral oblique

b. craniocaudal, mediolateral oblique

although caner can form in any part of the breast it is most common in the cells that line the a. fibroglandular tissue b. ducts c. lobules d. nipple and areola

b. ducts

data shows that DBT compared to FFDM alone for screening mammography yields a. lower recall rate, a decreased cancer detection rate, a decrease rate of invasive cancer detection b. lower recall rate, an increased cancer detection rate, an increased rate of invasive cancer detection c. lower recall rate, a decreased cancer detection rate, an increased rate of invasive cancer detection d. higher recall rate, an increased cancer detection rate, a decrease rate of invasive cancer detection

b. lower recall rate, an increased cancer detection rate, an increased rate of invasive cancer detection

breast density categories are determined by mammography and are defined in relation to a. the percentage of the breast that cannot be successfully viewed on mammography alone b. the percentage of the breast that is composed of fibroglandular tissue rather than fat c. the percentage of the breast that is composed of fat rather than fibroglandular tissue d. none of the above

b. the percentage of the breast that is composed of fibroglandular tissue rather than fat

the most frequently diagnosed cancers in women are (highest to lowest)

breast, lung, colorectal

some research has shown that DBT may be superior to FFDM in (select all that apply) a. DBT Takes less time for the radiologists to read b. DBT has less radiation dose to the pt c. leading to fewer false positive findings d. less over diagnosis and lower rate of biopsy e. delineating tumor borders and detecting architectural distortion of lesions f. identifying both small invasive and lobular cancers

c, d, e, f

according to the American college of radiology what percentage of women in the USA have extremely dense breasts? a. 5 b. 50 c. 10 d. 15 e. 20

c. 10

in what year did the US food snd drug administration (FDA) approve the first digital breast tomo system for uses in breast cancer screening a. 2013 b. 2010 c. 2011 d. 2009 e. 2012

c. 2011

effective dose: the average annual radiation exposure from natural sources in the US is a. .3 msv b. .5 msv c. 3 msv d. 5 msv

c. 3 msv

screening mammography has been shown to reduce breast cancer mortality by approximately _____% a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 40 e. 50

c. 30

with conventional mammography sensitivity of detection of cancerous lesions is approximately 80% for women with a very small amount of dense tissue while for women with extremely dense breasts it is not more than approximately a. 75% b. 50% c. 30% d. 60%

c. 30%

which of the following statements regarding DBT and breast compression is true? a. breast compression is not a factor of DBT b. no compression is required for DBT c. DBT requires the same compression as for conventional 2D mammography d. DBT requires slightly more compression than conventional 2D mammography

c. DBT requires the same compression as for conventional 2D mammography

DBT also appears to be associated with _______ delineation of tumor borders (lesions margins) and _______ detection of architectural distortion of lesions a. better, excellent b. poor, poor c. better, improved d. poor, mediocre

c. better, improved

mammography and ________ are the most common breast cancer screening methods a. ultrasound b. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) c. clinical breast exam d. computed tomography (CT)

c. clinical breast exam

a well circumscribed round to oval inhomogeneous mass comprising of both fat and soft tissue densities and has radiolucent and radio dense components is a a. cyst b. hematoma c. hamartoma d. calcification

c. hamartoma

DBT enables more accurate margin analysis. This is referred to as a. improved sensitivity b. projection images c. improved specificity d. contrast resolution

c. improved specificity

in a study of factors predicting changes in patient management with DBT, use of DBT _________ the cancer detection rate by 20% and _______ the recall rate in 8% to 25% of patients a. decreased, decreased b. increased, increased c. increased, decreased d. decreased, increased

c. increased, decreased

compared with CT tomosynthesis uses a a. large arc and fewer images b. smaller arc, and fewer images c. larger arc, and more images d. smaller arc, and more images

c. larger arc, and more images

CT is less sensitive than mammography in detecting a. morphology of benign tumors b. benign cysts c. microcalcifications in early breast cancer d. morphology of malignant tumors

c. micro calcifications in early breast cancer

a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight and is measured by the angle or semi angle of inclination between those two lines is a. spatial contrast b. contrast resolution c. parallax d. window/level e. reflection

c. parallax

fatty tissue is radiologically ____ and appears ______ on mammography, whereas connective and epithelial tissue are radiologically ______ and appear _______ on mammography a. dense, light, Lucent, dark b. dense, dark, Lucent, light c. Lucent, light, dense, dark d. Lucent, dark, dense, light

d. Lucent, dark, dense, light

by eliminating the traditional 2D exposure and generating a 2D image from the tomosynthesis data, the patient experiences a. a reduction in dose b. a shorter compression time c. none of the above d. a and b

d. a and b

according to the FDA which individuals are required to receive training specifically related to DBT? a. mammography technologists b. radiologists c. physicists d. all of the above

d. all of the above

in a Selena dimensions 3D system, which of the following imaging modes are available a. conventional FFDM images b. tomosynthesis images c. conventional and tomosynthesis images under a single compression d. all of the above

d. all of the above

what are the potential benefits of 3D? a. increased breast cancer detection b. decreased workup rate for non-cancer cases c. precise lesion localization d. all of the above

d. all of the above

DBT when in tomo mode uses a tungsten target with (select all that apply) a. silver filtration b. rhodium filtration c. molybdenum filtration d. aluminum filtration

d. aluminum filtration

conventional 2D digital mammography is challenging because of superimposed tissue which may a. hide pathologies b. mimic pathologies c. 2D digital mammography does not have this challenge d. both a and b

d. both a and b

ultrasonography is highly useful in diagnosing __________, with an accuracy rate as high as 90% a. malignant tumors b. microcalcifications c. metastases d. fluid filled benign cysts

d. build filled benign cysts

several studies have shown that the average dose of glandular radiation that a patient receives as a result of the numerous low-dose projections acquired during a single DBT combo session is approximately _______ that's received during a single full field digital mammography session(FFDM) a. half as much b. one third as much c. the same d. twice as much

d. twice as much

_________ remain the most accurate imaging modality for breast cancer extension a. FFDM b. PET c. tomography d. computed radiology e. MRI

e. MRI

DBT has high in plane resolution as a result of cross sectional slices approximately ______ thick a. 10 mm b. 2 mm c. 2 cm d. 1 cm e. 10 cm f. 1 mm

f. 1 mm

T/F: 3D digital breast tomosynthesis images require the same amount of storage as 2D digital mammography images

false

T/F: DBT units must always do a 2D image after the tomosynthesis image. The DBT unit cannot do just tomosynthesis alone

false

T/F: acquisition of multiple digital images of a stationary compressed breast taken at various angles during a short scan is how a 2D image is acquired

false

T/F: breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts on the surface of the breast

false

T/F: courses on FFDM (full field digital mammography) can be substituted for DBT education.

false

T/F: in a three dimensional image, structures can be located at different heights in the breast so we cannot verify the exact location in the breast

false

T/F: in a two dimensional image structures can be located at different heights in the breast and we cannot verify the exact location in the breast

false

T/F: tomography is a method of producing a three dimensional image of the internal structures of a liquid object by recording the differences in the effects on the passage of waves of energy impinging on those structures

false

T/F: use of DBT could increase the need for spot compression studies.

false

T/F: DBT (Digital breast tomosynthesis) is associated with clear delineation of the morphology of lesions.

true

T/F: Digital Breast Tomosynthesis is an imaging technology that acquires 2D projection images of a compressed breast at multiple angles during a sweep of the X-ray tube and reconstructs this data into a 3D image of the breast.

true

T/F: FFDM superimposes breast tissue or parenchymal density and cancers may be obscured or difficult to discriminate as being noncancerous

true

T/F: a breast is 3 dimensional

true

T/F: according to the FDA technologists must undergo 8 additional hours of DBT mammography training. In addition to meeting their standard requirements for mammography imaging and courses on FFDM cannot be substituted for DBT education.

true

T/F: in mammography the radiation dose received from DBT is the same as the dose that was received from screen film exposures

true

T/F: in regards to DBT when the machine rotates each degree is a projection in one plane

true

T/F: radiologist experience with DBT does not have an impact on total interpretation time. The number of images to be read is the primary factor on total interpretation time.

true

T/F: radiologist interpretation time for FFDM plus DBT increased from 45 seconds to approximately 90 seconds per image set.

true

T/F: the digital breast tomosynthesis unit/machine has 3 imaging modes in one unit/machine

true

T/F: the radiation dose for either 2D or 3D mammography is approximately equal.

true

T/F: the radiation dose received from DBT is equivalent to approximately 2 months of background radiation

true

T/F: the same detector and X-ray tube are used to acquire both the 2D and 3D images

true

T/F: the tomosynthesis image and the 2D image are performed under the same compression

true

T/F: tomo images can be reconstructed into slices that can be viewed individually or in a dynamic mode to present a 3D image

true

T/F: tomography is not new it has been around for over 30 years

true

T/F: when the X-ray tube head is moved in an arc over the stationary breast for 3D imaging. the images that are created are referred to as projection images

true

T/F: with conventional mammography over diagnosis occurs in approximately one third of the cases

true

T/F: with tomo imaging, the projection images are reconstructed to produce cross sectional slices. These slices are processed and combined to create reconstruction of the breast volume

true