Semester 2 final exam anatomy

A sensory neuron carries stimuli from the central nervous system to the effector.

False

What structure is lined with ceruminous glands?

external acoustic meatus (auditory canal)

What specific receptor cells respond to chemicals dissolved in saliva?

gustatory cells

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the ________.

hypothalamus

What is a possible cause of conduction deafness?

inability of auditory ossicles to vibrate

Which of the following indicates damage to the primary motor area?

inability to voluntarily move skeletal muscles

What type of neuron connects sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways?

interneurons (association neurons)

Our sense of static equilibrium is created by the ________.

movement of otoliths along hair cells

Sound waves entering the external acoustic meatus (auditory canal) hit the eardrum, also known as the ________.

tympanic membrane

Which disease is a progressive, degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia and is associated with a shortage of acetylcholine?

Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following indicates a contusion?

Coma due to injury to the reticular activating system

Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the PNS.

False

One of the major functions of the pons is to regulate hormonal output of the anterior pituitary gland.

False

The central nervous system includes the spinal nerves and cranial nerves.

False

The internal (inner) ear functions in the sensation of hearing only.

False

The movement of otoliths is involved in the sensation of dynamic equilibrium.

False

The olfactory receptors are responsible for detecting taste sensations.

False

The thalamus plays a role in regulation of body temperature, metabolism, and water balance.

False

What must be stimulated in order for the sense of hearing to be transmitted to the cochlear nerve?

Hair cells

If the hair cells in the spiral organ of Corti are damaged, what sense is impaired?

Hearing

What does not describe a reflex?

Multidirectional

Where are the olfactory receptors located?

Nasal cavity

The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called ________.

Nodes of Ranvier

What type of chemoreceptor is responsible for our sense of smell?

Olfactory receptor

The small, peglike projections of the tongue's surface are called ________.

Papillae

What cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS?

Schwann cells

What are the two main functional subdivisions of the nervous system?

Sensory and motor

Why is it harder to determine where a sound originates when one auditory canal is completely blocked with earwax?

Since one ear is functionally deaf, the brain can't compare input from both cochleae to localize a given sound.

Gustatory hairs are to taste as olfactory hairs are to ________.

Smell

After years of working on loud construction sites, Erik experienced deafness in both ears. Determine what has been damaged.

Spiral organ of Corti

Once stimulated, the hair cells of the spiral organ of Corti transmit impulses along the cochlear nerve, a branch of cranial nerve Vill.

True

Taste bud cells are replaced every 7 to 10 days by basal cells.

True

The bony labyrinth of the internal ear consists of the cochlea, vestibule, and the semicircular canals.

True

The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube links the middle ear cavity with the throat.

True

What sensation allows someone to enjoy the "beef taste" of a steak?

Unami

Which of the following is not one of the brain's four major regions?

Ventral ramus

What sign or symptom distinguishes Méniére's syndrome from sensorineural and conduction deafness?

Vertigo

The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ________.

axon

Which of the following is not> a function of the muscular system?

blood cell formation

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

brain and spinal cord

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the ________.

brain stem

A stroke in the primary motor area has caused Don to lose control over his skeletal muscles on the right side of his body. What lobe of his brain was damaged?

frontal lobe

Charlotte burned the top of her tongue on a hot slice of pizza. What type of taste bud was damaged?

fungiform papillae

What are the two major functional properties of neurons?

irritability and conductivity

Cerebrospinal fluid ________.

is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses

Stimulation of sour receptors occurs in response to

lemons

The hypothalamus is the "emotional-visceral" center of the brain and, thus, is an important part of the ________.

limbic system

The vibration of sound waves causes the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, to move against an ossicle known as ________.

malleus or hammer

Which of the following is the auditory ossicle that attaches to the tympanic membrane?

malleus, hammer

Identify the pathway of vibrations as they travel from one ossicle to the next.

malleus, incus, stapes

The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the ________.

medulla oblongata

The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called ________.

meninges

The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of ________.

metabolic waste such as urea

An ear infection following an illness such as a cold can pass from the throat through the auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube to the ________.

middle ear

Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called ________.

neuroglia

The age-related fusion of ear bones is known as

otosclerosis

The hypothalamus regulates the ________.

pituitary gland

Which of the following is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc?

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

A special group of neurons in the gray matter of the brain stem that plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles is the ________.

reticular activating system (RAS)

The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell is called the ________.

sarcolemma

Dynamic equilibrium receptors that detect information about angular or rotational movements of the head are housed in the ________.

semicircular canals

What part of the inner ear contains receptors for dynamic equilibrium?

semicircular canals

What is umami?

sense of taste elicited by the amino acid glutamate

Mr. Evans learned at his appointment that he is a candidate for a cochlear implant. Given that he has a very difficult time hearing no matter how loud his family speaks to him, he has been diagnosed with ________.

sensorineural deafness

Which cochlear hair cells are stimulated by high-frequency sounds?

shorter, stiffer hair cells located along the basilar membrane, near the oval window

Which term does >not describe smooth muscle cells?

skeletal

The type of muscle tissue pictured in the figure is ________.

smooth muscle

Hair cells that function as hearing receptors are located within the ________.

spiral organ of Corti

The movement of otoliths and bending of hair cells in the inner ear contribute to our sense of ________.

static equilibrium

The five taste sensations are ________.

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed ________.

synaptic cleft

The "hairs" of the hair cells within the organ of Corti are embedded in which of the following?

tectorial membrane

What portion of the diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward to the sensory cortex?

thalamus

The blood-brain barrier is formed by ________ junctions that nearly seamlessly bind capillaries in the brain.

tight

In severe cases of otitis media, a tube is implanted into what structure to allow for drainage?

tympanic membrane

Jake was struck in the head during a baseball game. Which of the following could impair the sense of hearing if damaged?

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

What divides the outer ear from the middle ear?

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Static equilibrium receptors are located in the ________.

vestibule

Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter.

white, gray

Fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous system are ________.

Both somatic and sensory

Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to say words properly is the ________.

Broca's area

Which meningeal layer is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Subarachnoid space

Saltatory conduction is a faster type of nerve impulse transmission that occurs along myelinated axons. Why is nerve impulse transmission faster in myelinated neurons?

The nerve impulse can jump from one node of Ranvier to the next, speeding the rate of nerve impulse transmission.

Cardiac and skeletal muscle both possess striations.

True

Conduction deafness may result from earwax buildup or the fusion of the ossicles.

True

Difficulty in breathing may reflect damage to respiratory centers located in the brain stem.

True

Gray matter contains collections of unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies in the central nervous system.

True

In order to hear sound, vibrations must pass from the tympanic membrane to the ossicles, and on to the oval window.

True

Neuron processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body are dendrites, whereas those that generate nerve impulses and typically conduct them away from the cell body are axons.

True

What is covered by the endomysium?

an individual muscle cell

Striated involuntary muscle tissue is classified as ________ muscle.

cardiac

Striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart is ________

cardiac muscle

Wendy had a few alcoholic drinks, then found walking and maintaining her balance difficult. Which part of her brain was sedated by the alcohol?

cerebellum

What congenital disorder can occur when there is a temporary lack of oxygen during delivery of a baby?

cerebral palsy

Hearing aids would be most useful for a person with

conduction deafness

What specific part of the midbrain houses reflex centers for vision and hearing?

corpora quadrigemina

The large fiber tract that allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the ________.

corpus callosum

While spinning around on a carousel or carnival ride, this motion will be detected by receptors known as the ________.

crista ampullaris

Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater