Sensation and Perception
the hair cells within the organ of corti are named "hair cells" due to their long tufts of ______ on their top surface. What do the hair cells do and what is the process?
hair cells within organ of corti are composed of stereocilia on their top surface. Once the basilar membrane begins to vibrate, the stereocilia will begin to sway back and fourth, triggering the opening of specific ion gated channels (na+), which will trigger an action potential, that will travel through the auditory pathway to the CNS by the auditory vestibulocochlear nerve, where it will first hit the MEDIAL geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus which will project the sound information to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe.
the membranous labyrinth site within the ____ _____ and is suspended in a fluid called _____, which functions to do (2). The membranous labyrinth itself is filled with the potassium rich fluid called ____.
membranous labyrinth site sits within the bony labyrinth and is suspended in a fluid called perilymph which functions to simultaneously transmit sound vibrations from the outside world to the inner ear, as well as protect the inner ear. The membranous labyrinth itself is filled with filled with potassium rich endolymph fluid.
the middle ear is connected to the nasal cavity via the ____ _____ () which helps
middle ear--> nasal cavity via the Eustachian tube (auditory tube) which helps stabilize the pressure between the middle ear and the enviornment.
What is the two-point threshold? what does this relate to
minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli relates to perception of touch.
example of proximal and distal stimuli-- state the distal and proximal sensory receptors and corresponding stimuli Cookies in the oven
see the cookies, see the oven in the kitchen= distal stimuli the smell of the cookies, the heat radiating from the oven are all proximal stimuli NOTE: Proximal stimuli include--> Photons that reach the observers rods and cones when looking at the oven w cookies Heat from oven that reaches the thermoreceptors in PNS SMell that olfactory receptors respond to in cookies
what is the only sense that does not pass through the thalamus?
smell
Both smell and taste are sensitive to chemicals. What is different about the types of chemicals each one can sense?
smell is sensitive tr volatile (easily evaporated at nml temp) /aerosolized compounds; taste is sensitive to dissolved compounds.
Merkel cells (discs) respond to are a type of _____ receptor that responds so ___
somatosensation; deep pressure and texture
Pacinian corpuscles respond to are a type of _____ receptor that responds so ___
somatosensation; deep pressure and vibration
meissner corpuscles respond to are a type of _____ receptor that responds so ___
somatosensation; light touch
Ruffini endings (bulbous corpuscles) respond to are a type of _____ receptor that responds so ___
somatosensation; respond to stretch
free nerve endings respond to are a type of _____ receptor that responds so ___
somatosensation; responds to pain and temperature
A sound wave first reaches the (texture) outside part of the ear which is called the _____, which will channel the sound waves into the ___ ____ ____. The ___ ____ ___ will direct these sound waves to the ___ ____ (more commonly known as the ____).
sound wave reaches the cartilaginous outside part of the ear called the pinna/auricle, which will channel the sound waves into the external auditory canal. The external auditory canal will direct these sound wave into the tympanic membrane (more commonly known of as the eardrum).
what is the pathway for a stimulus to reach conscious perception?
stimuli--> sensory receptor--> afferent (sensory) neuron--> spinal cord--> CNS (projection areas)
threshold of conscious perception is also called ____ perception: what is it, example
subliminal perception. when the stimulus is transduced and the signal reaches the CNS, but does not reach the higher order brain regions that control attention and consciousness
what are the 5 tastes
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
temperature is judged relative to the ________ ____ (the ____ temperature of the skin--between 86º and 97º F). WHen will an object feel cold vs when will an object feel hot?
temperature is judged relative to the physiological zero (nml temperature of skin). When object feels cold, below physiological zero. When object feels hot, above physiological zero.
Depth Perception
the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.
the (4) cells fall in between the rods, cones and optic nerve, and are located (behind/in front) of the rods and cones (closer/farther) to the anterior portion of the eye (front). This means that information is being transmitted forward towards the ___ from the ___ and ___ through a series of integration steps, until the signal reaches the ___ cells.
the bipolar, ganglion, amacrine, horizontal cells fall IN BETWEEN the rods, cones and optic nerve, and are located *in front* of the rods and cones closer to the anterior portion of the eye (front). This means that information is being transmitted forward towards the LENS from the rods and cones through a series of integration steps, until the signal reaches the ganglion cells.
what is place theory and what does it involve?
the change in basilar membrane thickness depends on the placement within the cochlea, and the specific location of a hair cell on the basilar membrane determines the perception of pitch when your hair cell vibrates
signal perceptio theory allows us to explore what phenomena? explain
response bias- refers to the tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to *nonsensory* factors.
there are two types of photoreceptors within the retina: those specialized for __ and __. this is called the ____ theory of vision.
retina contains two types of photoreceptors. Those specialized for light and dark detection (rods) and those specialized for color detection (cones). theory is called duplexity/ duplicity theory of vision
Rods and cones connect with the ____ cells, which does what
rods and cones connect with the bipolar cells, which highlights gradients (color transitions) between the rods and cones
Rods are most functional in ____ illumination and only allow sensation of ___ and ___ because they all contain a single pigment called _____. Rods have a (high/low) sensitivity to details and do not allow for ___ ___ but do permit ___ ____.
rods are most functional in reduced illumination and only allow sensation of light and dark, b/c they contain a single pigment called rhodopsin. Rods have a LOW sensitivity to details and do not allow for color vision, but DO allow for night vision.
what are simicircular canals (3) and what type of rotation are they sensitive to? How are they arranged? what do each semicircular canal have at the ends of them and what do they contain (2)
rotational acceleration (head movement-- side to side, tilting head). Arranged perpendicularly to each other. Have ampullas at the end of each semicircular canal which contains the hair cells bathed in endolymph. When the head rotates, endolymph resists this motion, bending the hair cells, and sending a signal to the brain.
what is a proximal stimuli?
"in close proximity"--- stimuli that *directly interact and affect* the sensory receptors, which will inform the observer about the distal stimuli
what is a distal stimuli?
"in the distance"--- stimuli that originate OUTSIDE the body.
examples of monocular cues
- Relative height: perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away because we assume the lower part of figure-ground illustration is closer ---> *the horizon* : The general rule is that the closer to the level of the horizon, usually near the middle, the farther away the object appears. - Relative motion: The farther an object is from the fixation point, the faster it will seem to move - Relative size: When we assume two objects are similar in size, most people perceive the one that casts the small retinal image as farther away - Light and shadow: Shading produces a sense of depth consistent with our assumption that light comes from above - Interposition: If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer - Linear perspective: parallel lines appear to meet in the distance. The sharper the angle of convergence the greater the perceived distance.
what are the three ossicles in the ___ ear called and how do they interact with each other.
1. malleus (hammer) 2. incus (anvil) 3. stapes (Stirrup) malleus acts on incus which acts on the stapes
what is the olfactory pathway of the brain? (4)
1. odor molecules inhaled into nasal passages 2. stimulating the olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium 3. which will send these signals to the olfactory bulb 4. from the olfactory bulb, the signals are relayed via the olfactory tract to higher regions of the brain (UNFILTERED) to other regions of the brain, including the limbic system
which of the following best describes the difference between endolymph and perilymph? A) endolymph is found in the vestibule, perilymph is found in the cochlea B) endolymph is found in the cochlea, while perilymph is found in the vestibule C) endolymph is found in the membranous labyrinth while perilymph is found in the bony labyrinth D) endolymph is found in the bony labyrinth while perilymph is found in the membranous labyrinth
A and B cant be correct bc both the membranous labyrinth and bony labyrinth contribute to the cochlea and the vestibule, eliminating a and b. Endolymph bathes all the hair cells of the inner ear. THE HAIR CELLS ARE FOUND IN THE MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH, meaning that they have endolymph.
what is the optic disc?
Blind spot! The site where the optic nerve leaves the eye - no vision (photoreceptor cells) here.
bottom up vs top down processing
Bottom up = sensing basic features of stimuli then integrating them in order to interpret. "What am I seeing?" . This is a data driven process based off of parallel processing and feature detection. (detecting color, shape and motion and putting them all together to make it a moving car) Top-Down = previous experiences and expectations are first used to recognize stimuli. Applying models/ideas to interpret. "I've seen this before". This is the way in which words can be misspelled in the middle and we can still read them. We look at the whole word as a first and see it is something we recognize
A weight lifter is just able to tell the difference between 100 and 125 pounds. According to Weber's law, the lifter would notice a difference between: A. 125 and 150 pounds B. 5 and 6 pounds C. 25 and 35 pounds D. 225 and 275 pounds
C) b/c the rest are below 20% 25/100 = 20% 10/25= 40%
what part of the NS is the retina in? what does it contain?
CNS and develops as an outgrowth of brain tissue. the actual photoreceptors needed to convert the photons of light into electrical signals.
A man is looking for change to do laundry. He decides to look under seats of his car. He uses a flashlight but is unable to get more than an obscured look @ space below. There are various items such as wrappers and papers, but he sees a glint of silver from a flat object laying on the ground and determines it to be a coin. To make this determination, the man used A) sensory adaptation B) signal detection C) Kinesthetic sense D) feature detection
D) feature detection Our cells visual pathways contain cells specialized in detection of color, shape and motion. Recognizes the the stimuli of color (silver) and the stimuli of the shape of the coin (circular) and using past experiences of knowing what a coin looks like, put it together to know that it was a car --> ACTUALLY SEEING THE STIMULI IN FRONT OF YOU. DIFFERENT FROM SIGNAL DETECTION BC YOU THINK YOU HEAR A STIMULI (from past experiences) BUT ARE UNSURE IF YOU ACT DID
A man is at a party with his wife. There is loud music in the background and the location is crowded. While listening to the music he hears what he believes to be his wife's laughter and turns around to investigate. The man is exhibiting: A. feature detection B. bottom-up processing C. vestibular sense D. signal detection
D. Signal detection effects of *nonsensory factors*, such as experiences, motives and expectations-- refers to *response bias*, so you THINK you heard the stimulus but you actually may not have (phone vibrating but actually didn't)
what is pitch amd what is it based off of
How high or low a sound is, higher frequency=higher pitch and vice versa.
Perception refers to what
PROCESSING the sensation in order to make sense of the significance of the sensation. Helps us make sense of the world.
Sensation vs. Perception
Sensation is the stimulation of the sense. (the arrival and conversion of stimuli from PNS--> CNS). Perception is how the brain interprets the stimulus, how we make meaning of the world.
what is the law of closure?
Taking an incomplete figure, and perceiving it as a complete whole - our brains fill in the gaps.
The lens is described as ______, meaning that it is curved on both ends. The lens lies right behind the _____ and helps control ____ (better knoen as _____). Objects that are closer will make the lens (thicken/thin) and objects that are farther will make the lens (thicken/thin).
The lens is described by biconvex. The lens lies right behind the iris and helps control refraction (better known as focusing on objects from distance vs from up close bc of the change in bending the light). Objects that are closer will make the lens thinner and objects that are farther away will make the lens thicken
what is parallel processing? example? does this apply to psychology or neuroscience or both?
ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape, and motion. These features can then be compared to our memories to determine whats being viewed. -moving car-- familiar with the usual movement and shape of cars BOTH!
what are the types of thresholds?
absolute threshold threshold of conscious perception difference threshold
what is weber's law (use example of jnd= 3hz and 440hz original) what is the minimum difference in frequency that people will be able to perceive a sound difference at 1000hz? when does this not apply
applies to DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD. there is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of the original stimulus as a quantifiable percent so, it is a *ratio between the jnd {in this case 3hz} : magnitude of the original stimulus {440hz} 3hz : 440hz =67%. This means that humans can only percieve sound differences EQUAL TO or LARGER than 68% = 6.8hz 68%= 6.8hz--> .68/1000=6.8, so: the MINIMUM sound difference we will be able to say: hey! there is a change in sound, is from 1000 to 1006.8 we can't tell a sound difference in 1000 to 1003 b/c its 3hz = 3% at extremely high and low ends of each sensory modality.
Why does color vision have a greater sensitivity to finer detail than black and white vision?
because LESS CONES converge into one ganglion than rods, which gives an INCREASE sensitivity to fine detail, because the MORE photorecepters converging in one ganglion will DECREASE the resolution.
behind/in front of the lens is the ____ ____, which is a (color and texture) that functions to support the (2).
behind the lens is the vitreous humor, which is a clear and transparent gel that functions to support the retina and the lens.
the bipolar cells synapse with the ____ cells, which will then group together to form the ___ ___.
bipolar cells synapse with the ganglion cells, which will then group together to form the optic nerve.
how can one test the threshold of conscious perception? how does this work (use blue example)
by discriminating testing participant will be presented with a stimulus that varies only slightly, and asked to identify whether there is a difference in the two stimuli. The difference is increased until the participant states there is a difference between the original stimulus and the current stimulus is different enough that the participant reports a difference. Ex: shade of blue amd asked to indicate when the shade has actually changed.
the eye is supplied with nutrients by two sets of blood vessels. These are and state what they connect to:
choroidal vessels: intermingling of blood vessels between the sclera and the retina that carry oxygen and nutrients retinal vessels: carry the oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the retina
the cilliary body is composed of the _____ _____ and ___ ____, which serves to regulate/change the ____ of the ____, as well as produce ____ _____. When the ____ ____ contracts (under (sympathetic/parasympathetic control), it will pull on the _____ _____ and will change the shape of the ____ when you focus on a (father away/near) object. This phenomena is called _____.
ciliary body is composed of the ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments, which serves to regulate/change the shape of the lens, as well as produce the aqueous humor. When the ciliary muscle contracts (under parasympathetic control) it will pull on the suspensory ligaments and will change the shape of the lens when you focus on a nearby object. This phenomena is called accommodation.
the cochlea "snail", which is apart of the ___ labyrinth is divided into 3 parts called ___. Which part houses the hearing apparatus and what is it called?
cochlea is apart of the bony labyrinth and is divided into 3 parts called scalae. The middle scalae houses the hearing apparatus called the organ of corti,
bony labyrinth of inner ear contains the ______
cochlear, vestibule and semicircular canals
binocular cues
comparing images from the retinas on both eyes, giving us a slightly different view of the same object, makinggiving it the depth of 3D.
The retina is made up of photoreceptors called _____ and _____. There are 6million ___ in the retina and there are 120 million ___ in the retina.
cones and rods. 6 million cones 120 million rods
cones are most effective in ___ light and to sense. Cones come in (#) of forms. These forms are named for the wavelengths and type of light they absorb. The highest concentration of cones in the central section of the ___ called the _____. The centermost point of the ____ where all the cones are concentrated is called the ____.
cones are most effective in bright light and are used to sense fine details. Cones come in three forms. 1. R-red (L-long) 2.G-green (M-medium 3.B- blue (S-short) Highest concentration of cones is in the central section of the retina called the macula. The centermost point of the macula is where all the cones are concentrated, in a section called the fovea.
what is feature detection and what does it correlate to?
correlates to parallel processing (ability to analyze color, shape and motion of objects at the same time with ease).
what is the gate theory of pain? what does this explain and what receptors and organs play a role in this theory?
describes how non-painful sensations can override and reduce painful sensations by blocking the sensation from traveling to the CNS. -A painful, nociceptive stimulus stimulates primary afferent fibers and travels to the brain via transmission cells. -Increasing activity of the transmission cells results in increased perceived pain. Conversely, decreasing activity of transmission cells reduces perceived pain. -In the gate control theory, a closed "gate" describes when input to transmission cells is blocked, therefore reducing the sensation of pain. An open "gate" describes when input to transmission cells in permitted, therefore allowing the sensation of pain. **spinal cord is able to preferentially forward signals from other touch modalities (ex. pressure, temp) to the brain, thus reducing the sensation of pain** explains why rubbing an injury (applying pressure to the scrape on knee) seems to reduce the pain of the injury.
what is adaption? is it a physiological (____), psychological (_____) component or both? Examples?
detection of a stimulus changing over time Example of physiological (sensory) adaption: -our pupils of the eyes will dilate in the dark and constrict in the light in order to make our vision more similar to the corresponding environments (we get "used" to the light and darkness) - in loud enviornments, we contract small muscles in the middle of our ear to reduce the amount of vibration in the ossicles, REDUCING the sound intensity (acclimating ourselves to the loud enviornment) -somatosensori stimuli: forget that the water feels cold once our bodies acclimate ("get used to") the cold Examples of psychological (perceptual) adaptation: -get dressed in the morning, we stop feeling our clothing in our body until we think about it -I forget that I have rings on my finger until I think about them
How do the signals from the stimuli reach the CNS? different types of receptors (usually either __ or __) will receive the stimulus and then transmit the data to the CNS through _____ _____, which are collections of neuron cell bodies found (inside/outside) the CNS. Once (process) occurs, the electrochemical energy is sent along neural pathways to various ____ areas, which is where ____ processing occurs in the CNS, which will further analyze the sensory input.
different types of receptors ( usually nerve endings or specific sensory cells) will recieve the stimulus and will transmit the data to the CNS through sensory ganglia (in PNS) once transduction occurs, electrochemical energy is sent along neural pathways to various projection areas, which is where sensory process occurs in the CNS, which will further analyze the sensory input
if we only used top down processing we would have difficulty
discriminating slight differences between similar objects or experiences
What are the two types of stimuli that ____ _____ respond to?
distal stimuli and proximal stimuli
Law of Proximity (Gestalt) draw (answers on pg 80)
elements that are closer together appear to be one unit instead of x amount of unrelated units. Group units together based off of nearness.
law of good continuation
elements that tend to follow the same pathway tend to be grouped together (continuous patterns) and NOT abrupt stimuli figures with edges that are smooth are more likely seen as continuous than edges that have abrupt or sharp angles
most of the exposed portion of the eye is covered by a thick structural layer known as the _____, which is the (color) of the eye
exposed portion of eye= covered by thick structural layer called the sclera
the eye is divided into two chambers. The frontmost is the ____ chamber, which lies in front of the _____ and the backmost chamber, the ____ chamber which falls between the ____ and the ___.
eye is divided into two chambers. Frontmost= anterior chamber, which lies in front of the iris and the posterior chamber, which falls between the iris and the lens.
the eye is a specialized organ used to detect ____ in the form of _____.
eye= specialized organ used to detect light in the form of photons.
The tympanic membrane vibrates in phase with the incoming sound waves. The ____ of the sound wave determines the rate at which the tympanic membrane vibrates Will move back and fourth at a (low/high) rate for high frequency sounds and will move (quicker/slower) for lower frequency sounds. Louder sounds have a (lower/greater) intensity, which (contrasts to/corresponds to) an increased amplitude for this vibration.
frequency of sound wave determines rate of vibration of the tympanic membrane Will move back and fourth quickly for high frequency (louder) sounds and will move slower for low frequency sounds (softer) Louder sounds= greater intensity, which corresponds to an increased amplitude for this vibration.
the frontmost portion of the eye is the ____ , which is the (color) outer layer and the sclera (does/does not) cover it.
frontmost portion= the cornea, the CLEAR outer layer.. Sclera does NOT cover the cornea
The ear is responsible for (3)
hearing, rotational and linear acceleration (vestibular sense--balance and coordination
highest frequency pitches cause vibrations of the basilar membrane (closer/farther) from the ____ window, while lowest frequency pitches cause vibrations at the ___, (closer/farther) from the ___ window.
highest frequency pitches cause vibrations of basilar membrane that are closest to the oval window lowest frequency pitches occur at the apex (father) from the oval window.
what is the difference threshold what is it also called? what law does this apply to? example using discriminating sound waves
jnd (just noticeeable difference) refers the minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive a difference example: individuals w/ no formal ear training are unable to discriminate the sound frequencies between 440 and 441-- the sound frequencies may be different but the *perception of those frequencies* is the same. In this range of sound frequencies, the jnd is about 3hz until most individuals are able to perceive a difference in frequencies. Thus, most individuals are able to hear a difference between the sound waves of 440hz and 443hz. Any less than 3hz difference, they cant hear perceive a change in frequency
innermost layer of the eye is the ____, which contains _____ that will do what.
innermost layer of the eye if the retina, which contains the actual photoreceptors that will transduce incoming photons of light into the electrical information that the brain can then process.
the iris, which is the ___ part of the eye, is composed of into 2 muscles. These are the _____ and _____. Explain what each one does. term-36
iris= colored part of the eye. Composed of two muscles. The dilator pupillae: enables pupils to become larger, enabling MORE light to be taken into the back of the eye---sympathetic response (pupils dilate at night) The constrictor pupillae: muscles contract to make the pupils become smaller, LIMITING amount of light taken in--parasympathetic response (pupils become smaller in the bright light)
what is the absolute threshold? example? is this a threshold of sensation or perception?
minimum intensity/minimum amount of stimulus energy at which a stimulus will be transduced (converted into an action potential) that is needed to activate a sensory system -how bright, loud, or intense a stimulus is before its sensed. threshold of sensation absolute threshold for sweet taste is a teaspoon of sucrose in 2 gallons of water. Any less sucrose or more water would be below threshold and we could not taste the sugar bc the stimulus would not be transduced.
depth perception relies on what type of cues
monocular and binocular cues
motion is detected by ____ cells which have a high temporal resolution and a low color spacial resolution, meaning what?
motion=magnocellular cells which have a high temporal resolution (able to see objects moving quickly) but have a low color spacial resolution, meaning that the image taken in will be blurry and not in fine detail.
what are sensory receptors?
neurons that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals
Law of similarity
objects that are similar tend to be grouped together
what does the middle ear house? what do they do?
ossicles: help transmit and amplify the vibrations from the tympanic membrane into the ear..
The tympanic membrane divides which two parts of the ear
outer and middle ear
What are the 3 parts of the ear
outer middle and inner
How is the form of an object determined (2)? what types of cells use this?
parovocellular cells enable us to perceive the form/shape of the object through parallel processing and feature detection
what is signal detection theory?
perception can be influenced by nonsensory factors such as experiences, motives and expectations.
What is the law of pragnanz?
perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible--people seek out patterns "wholes" in available sensory information.
what are the 7 important sensory receptors? what stimuli do they sense?
photoreceptors--> respond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum (light) hair cells--> respond to fluid in inner ear structures (hearing, rotation and linear acceleration) Nociceptors--> respond to painful or noxious stimuli (somatosensation) Thermoreceptors--> respond to changes of temperature (thermosensation) Osmoreceptors--> respond to blood osmolarity (water homeostasis) Olfactory receptors--> respond to volatile compounds (smell) Taste receptos--> respond to dissolved compounds (taste)
what are the 4 modalities of somatosensation?
pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature
what is kinesthetic sense (also called ____) example? Where are these receptors mostly found? what do they play critical roles in?
proprioception refers to the ability to be able to tell where ones body is (as well as the body parts) in space. Example: closing our eyes, we can describe the location and precise positioning of our hand. Receptors for proprioception are mostly found in muscles and jionts Critical roles in hand-eye coordination, balance and mobility
What do amacrine and horizontal cells do? What neurons to they interact with.
receive input from multiple retinal cells in the same area before the info is passed onto ganglion cells and accentuate slight differences between the visual information in each BIPOLAR cell (comes after the cones and rods, highlights the gradients between rods and cones)--they are important for sharper edge detection by INCREASING our perception of contrasts
where are receptors for taste located? what are they called? where do they go before traveling to higher brain regions?
receptors located on taste buds, found on the little bumps of the tongue called pappilae. Taste info goes to the tasting center in the thalamus.
if we only used bottom up processing we would be unable to
recognize objects, it would be like looking at an object for the first time
what are subjective contours
refers to the perception of nonexistent edges in figures, based on surrounding visual cues: we shapes that are not actually present with the actual stimuli
sensation is performed by receptors in the ___ NS, which then forward the stimuli to the ____ NS in the form of (2). Sensation can therefore be thought of as what type of signal until what time?
sensation is performed by receptors in the PNS, which then forward the stimuli to the CNS in the form of action potentials and neurotransmitters. Sensation can therefore be thought of as a "raw signal", unfiltered and unprocessed UNTIL it under the CNS
sensation is appropriately aligned with the term ______. What is sensation?
sensation=transduction conversion of auditory, physical and electromagnetic stimuli from the outside world and from our internal environment into electrical stimuli in the CNS.
Shape is detected by _____ cells which have a high color spacial resolution (meaning ____) when thouroughly examining an object. However ____ cells can only with with (what type of objects) because they have a very low temporal resolution (meaning)
shape= parvocellular cells which have a high spacial resolution (meaning you can see fine details very clearly). However, parvocellular cells only work with slow moving or stationary objects because they have a very low temporal resolution (are not sensitive to moving objects)
signal detection experiment tests ____ ____ and consists of many trials. During each trial a stimulus (signal) may or may not be presented. If the stimulus (signal) IS presented, this is called a ____ trial. If the signal IS NOT presented, this is called a ____ trial. After each trial, the subject is asked to indicate whether or not a signal was given. There are therefore (#) of possible outcomes for each. What are these 4 signals and explain. when would a subject indicate the phenomena ___ ____?
signal detection experiment tests response bias. Stimulus is presented= catch trial Stimulus is NOT presented= noise trial. 4 possible outcomes. A) Signal is Present (catch) and perceives signal= hit B) signal is present (catch) and doesn't perceive signal=miss C) signal is NOT present (noise) and perceives a signal (even though its not there) = false alarm D) signal is NOT present (noise) and does NOT percieve a signal= correct negative If a person has a significant proportion of false alarms and misses= indicates response bias in the subject.
size of a two point threshold depends on the ____ of the nerves in the particular area of (organ) being tested
size of a two point threshold depends on the density of the nerves in the particular area of skin being tested
the frontmost part of the eye is the _____, which is a (color) domelike window that functions to (3) the incoming photon.
the frontmost part of the eye is the cornea, which is a clear domelike window that functions to protect the eye, gather the light and focus the light (bend the light more).
the cochlea is tonotopically organized: what does this mean
the hair cells that are vibrating on a specific part of the basilar membrane will give the brain an indication of the pitch of the sound.
what is the optic nerve?
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
the organ of corti is the _____ apparatus and housed within the ___ scalae of the ____. The organ of corti is composed of thousands of ___ ____, which are bathed in ____ fluid. The organ of corti sits on top of the thin, flexible____ membrane. On top of the ___ membrane is the ___ membrane, which is relatively immobile and will also have ___ ___ that are involved in _____ the incoming sound. The other two scalae are filled with ___ fluid , which also surround the organ of corti and are continuous with the ___ and ___ windows of the cochlea. Thus, sound entering the ____ from the ___ window after the ____ bone hits it will cause vibrations in the ___ fluid, and these vibrations in the ___ fluid are transmitted to the ___ ____. The fluid is able to move within the scalae of the ____ because of the ____ ____.
the organ of corti is the hearing apparatus and is housed within the middle scalae of the cochlea. The organ of corti is composed of thousands of hair cells, which are bathed in endolymph fluid. The organ of corti sits on top of a thin, flexible basilar membrane. On top of the basilar membrane is the tectorial membrane, which is relatively immobile and will also have hair cells that are involved in amplifying the incomind sound. The other two scalae are filled with perilymph fluid, which also surround the organ of corti and are continuous with the oval and round windows of the cochlea. Thus, the sound entering the cochlea after the stirrup (stapes) acts on the *oval window* will cause vibrations in the perilymph fluid, and these vibrations in the perilymph fluid are transmitted to the basilar membrane. The fluid is able to actually move within all the scalae of the cochlea because of the round window.
what is perceptual organization?
the process by which elements in the environment become perceptually grouped to create our perception of objects, ability to use bottom up and top down processing along with all of the other sensory clues about an object, to create a complete picture or idea ("filling in the gaps")
the retina is a (color) structure that is located in the ___ of the eye and is composed of ______ cells that will (describe function). The ____ is a network of _____ within the retina that nourishes the retinal cells (which also supply nutrients), as well as other cells of the eye with nutrients via the ____ vessels. The ____ is tinted ____, which is why when you look at someone's pupil, it appears black. The retina will send fibers through the back of the eye and will form the ___ ___. From the ___ ___, the ___ ____ will travel to the CNS and make sense of what we are looking at.
the retina is a tinted red structure that is located in the back of the eye and is composed of photoreceptor cells that will convert the photons into neural impulses (electrical signals) to be send to the CNS. The choroid is a network of vessels within the retinal that nourishes the retinal cells (which also supply nutruents) as well as other cells of the eye via choroidal vessels. THe choroid is tinted black, which is why when we look at someone's pupil, it appears black. Retina will send fibers through the back of the eye and will form the optic nerve. From the optic nerve, the neural impulses will travel to the CNS and make sense of what we are looking at.
what is vestibular sense?
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance and coordination of movement.
the stapes, which is the ___ bone of the ____ in the ___ ear rests on the oval window of the ____, which marks the entrance to the ___ ear.
the stapes, which is the 3rd bone of the ossicles in the middle ear rests on the oval window of the cochlea, which marks the entrance to the middle ear.
the connection between rods, cones and the optic nerve is INDIRECT. There are several layers of neurons in between, these are the (4)
there are several layers of neurons in between the rods cones and optic nerve. These are -bipolar cells -ganglion cells -horizontal cells -amacrine cells
does threshold apply to sensation or perception? what is it example w/ temperature outside
threshold applies to perception--- the minimum amount of a stimulus that renders a noticeable difference in the perception example: A)difference threshold--temperature outside: subtle fluctuations during the day will go unnoticed by us bc below threshold; however, when the sun sets, we notice the temp changes from warm to cool, this goes noticed bc the temp is above threshold.
____ occurs in the receptors (sematosensory), which signal to the CNS, where the signal will eventually travel to the _____ cortex in the ____ lobe
transduction signals go up spinal cord to CNS, where it eventually travels to the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe.
the ____ and _____, both parts of the vestibule, contain modified hair cells that are covered with _____. As the body accelerates, the _____ will resist this motion, which will bend and stimulate the underlying hair cells and send a signal to the brain to regain balance.
utricle and saccule- both part of vestibule, contain modified hair cells that are covered w/ otoliths. When we move our head up and down, otoliths will resist the motion, which will bend and stimulate the underlying hair cells and send a signal to the brain.
What is the main auditory pathway? What are other places sound information is transferred to>
vestibucochlear nerve--> medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus--> auditory cortex of the temporal lobe Info is also transferred to the superior olive--> which localizes the sound Info is also transferred to the inferior colliculi of the midbrain- which is involved in startle reflex and helps keep the eyes fixed on a point while the head is turned (vestibulo-occular reflex)
vestibule is another portion of the ___ labyrith and contains the ____ and the ___. These structures are sensitive to ___ acceleration, so are used as apart of ____ apparatuses and in order to dermin one's _____.
vestibule is another portion of the bony labyrith and it contains the utricle and saccule. These structures are sensitive to linear acceleration, so are used as apart of balancing apparatuses and in order to determine one's orientation in a 3-d space.
The neuroscience correlation to parallel processing is called ____ ____ and contains special cells within our visual pathway that help us detect color shape and motion. Cells in our visual pathway that help us detect color are called: Cells in our visual pathway that help us detect shape are called: Cells in our visual pathway that help us detect motion are called:
vision= cone cells shape=parvocellular cells (exceptions!) motion=magnocellular cells
example of response bias in our daily lives?
we feel our phone vibrate while studying in a quiet library even though it is not ringing. You wait for another buzz, but if it doesn't come, you may be so convinced you heard a signal that you check your phone anyways.
what is constancy?
we perceive certain characteristics of objects to remain the same, despite differences in the environment. We have constancy for brightness, size and shape depending on context ex. a bus in the distance is smaller (size of your hand) but as it approaches, the bus gets larger and larger. Despite that now that the bus is right next to you, you don't percieve the bus to have "suddenly grown" in size, you know the bus has the same size, rectangular shape, and brightness now as it did when you saw it in the distance ex. we percieve a piece of white paper as the same color whether it is illuminated by fluroecent lights, incandescent lights or sunlight
As one moves further away from the fovea, the concentration of ___ increases, while the concentration of ___ decreases. Therefore, visual acuity (sharpness of vision, detail) is best at the ____ and makes the fovea most sensitive (aka most effective) during what time of day.
when one moves further away from fovea, concentration of rods increase, while concentration of cones decrease. Therefore, visual acuity is best at the fovea and makes the fovea most sensitive during the daytime when it is bright out.
what is the sclera and what purpose does it have? (2)
white fibrous layer that protexrs the eye and serves as and serves as an attachment point for muscles, enabling you to move your eyeball around.
What does deja vu mean?
you go somewhere completely new or meet someone completely new and you expect to only use "bottom up processing", taking in new stimuli to form a complete picture, but your mind is able to recognize this experience quicker than expected (using top down processing, and it searches for a reason behind this recognition. This is why you say "hmmm I feel like I know this person/have been here before!)