Skeletal System Ch 7+8

Sunlight contacting the epidermis converts ___________ to vitamin D3, otherwise known as cholecalcificerol

7-dehydrocholesterol

What best describes osseous tissue?

A connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up bone

Each of the following complications listed below is a result of a homeostatic calcium imbalance. Which would not be life threatening?

A deficit of appositional bone growth

What is the function of red bone marrow?

Blood cell production

When levels of blood calcium increase in children, calcitonin is released from the _________ of the thyroid gland.

C cells

Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels?

Calcitonin

Calcidiol returns to the blood once again where transport to the kidneys then allows the final conversion to ________

Calcitrol

Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones?

Calcium

__________ is/are found in compact bone, but not spongy bone.

Central Canals

Which osseous tissue is found on the surface of bones and composed of tightly arranged parallel osteons?

Compact

spongy bone

Composed of trabeculae. Gaps between ossified material are filled with marrow. Convey strength with light weight. Found in greater proportions in flat bones. Arranged along the lines of forces that are encountered. Found in greater proportions in bone epiphyses.

Match each type of bone marking with its definition. A narrow ridge

Crest

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Defect of collagen deposition that renders the bones exceptionally brittle.

Match each type of bone marking with its definition. An extended region superior to a condyle

Epicondyle

Match each type of rib with its definition. These ribs do not have independent cartilaginous connections to the sternum.

False Ribs

Match each type of rib with its definition. These ribs do not attach to the sternum

Floating Ribs

Where does bone formation occur during endochondral ossification?

Hyaline cartilage model

Osteomyelitis

Inflammation resulting from a bacterial infection

Which type of bone growth occurs within cartilage and results in bone elongation?

Interstital

The bones of the skull form by which type of ossification?

Intramembranous ossification

Osteitis Deformans (Paget's disease)

Involves excessive proliferation of osteroclasts, lending to rapid, disorderly bone remodeling and weak, deformed bones.

Match each type of bone marking with its definition. A slight raised, elongated ridge

Line

compact bone

Made up of osterons. Visible, obvious central canals. Also called dense bone. Found in greater proportion in the bone diaphyses.

Osteoporosis

Most common bone disease results in a severe bone density loss.

Which bone cells produce the soft organic bone matrix?

Osteoblasts

_____________ deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture while ossification occurs.

Osteoblasts

Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in the number of ____________ and greater rates of bone resorption.

Osteoclasts.

Match each type of bone marking with its definition. A bony outgrowth or protruding part

Protuberance

At the level of the kidney, parathyroid hormone will decrease the amount of calcium excreted by increasing ____________ from the kidney tubules.

Reabsorption

Which of the following is not a component of the skeletal system?

Tendons

Osteosarcoma

The most common and deadly form of bone cancer.

Which of the following best describes osteomalacia?

The softening of the bones in adults due to calcium depletion

Which bone is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg (crural region)?

Tibia

Match each type of rib with its definition. These ribs have independent costal cartilages that attach to the sternum

True Ribs

Match each type of bone marking with its definition. A small rounded process

Tubercle

The skeletal system helps maintain acid-base balance by __________.

absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts

Contained within the spongy sections of bones, red bone marrow is responsible for ____________ .

blood formation

Parathyroid hormone increases the renal conversion of ____________ , which secondarily works to increase calcium levels in the blood.

calcidiol to calcitriol

Osteoblastic activity in children is stimulated by the hormone __________.

calcitonin

The hormone _______ influences both resorption and deposition of bone

calcitriol

The most active form of _________ is called calcitriol.

calcium

Mineralization is a process that extracts __________ and __________ from the blood plasma and deposits it into bone.

calcium ; phosphate

Osseous tissue matrix is composed of __________.

calcium phosphate

Depositions of collagen and fibrocartilage will then turn the tissue into a soft _____________.

callus

A __________ fracture is one in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces.

comminuted

The decline in bone breakdown and increased mineralization causes blood calcium to ____________ back to normal levels.

decrease

When levels of blood calcium ________ , parathyroid hormone is released from the four nodular parathyroid glands located on the posterior thyroid.

decrease

Vitamin D stimulates absorption of dietary calcium from the ____________ system.

digestive

Minerals can be stored in the skeleton, which acts as a reservoir, storing or releasing minerals as needed to maintain ____________ throughout the body.

electrolyte balance

The internal mark in the bone left behind by the closed epiphyseal plate is called the ____________ .

epiphyseal line

The ____________ is a layer of hyaline cartilage with a metaphysis on each side.

epiphyseal plate

long bones

femur serve as levers for body movements length and width proportions greatly differ

Any break in a bone is called a ________ and repair is done in stages by the body.

fracture

A _____________ will form and will turn into granulation tissue at the site of injury.

hematoma

As a result of direct actions on the target cells of the bone and kidneys along with an indirect action on the small intestine (calcitriol), parathyroid hormone works to __________ blood calcium levels.

increase

The effects on osteoclasts cause a decrease in bone resorption and a concurrent ___________ in bone deposition due to the activity of osteoblasts.

increase

Now in the most active form, calcitriol acts to ______ blood calcium by acting on three target organs. 1) small intestine 2) skeleton, 3) ______

increase kidneys

Elongation of bones is accomplished via ____________ growth.

interstitial

Growth in the epiphyseal plate adds to the ____________ of a bone until the plate is depleted in early adulthood.

length

short bones

length and width are similar in proportion allow small degrees of motion usually in two degrees of freedom

The ____________ of the entire skeleton or skeletal elements utilizes the anchoring of muscles to attachment sites on the bones, which then serve as levers.

movement

irregular bones

oddly shaped bones usually found in the axial skeleton

During the healing of a bone fracture, a hard callus is formed by ___________.

osteoblasts

Inhibition of ____________ by parathyroid hormone occurs as a result of a decreased production of organic matrix.

osteoblasts

This circulating calcitonin inhibits ___________ and stimulates ___________ within minutes.

osteoclasts osteoblast

The __________ contains hydrogen pumps that lead to the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called __________.

osteoclasts; mineral resorption

When blood calcium levels drop, glands embedded in the posterior thyroid secrete ____________ hormone, which stimulates osteoclastic activity.

parathyroid

The skull, pelvis, ribs, vertebral column, and sternum provide __ to many delicate organs of the body by encasing them in hardened, shell like or caged structures

protection

The process finishes with bone ____________ converting spongy to compact bone.

remodeling

A(n) __________would not involve damage to the structures that comprise the skeletal system.

ruptured calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

In an adult, which of the following is the bone that contains the least red bone marrow?

skull

flat bones

sternum "flat" name misleading as bones are often curved

The bones of the skeleton provide structure to the body and serve as a ____________ to hold up the body and maintain proper positioning of some organs.

support

Which of the following is not considered a weight bearing activity?

swimming

Greenstick fractures most commonly occur in children because __________.

their bones contain larger quantities of collagen

In an adult, a compound fracture of the __________ could lead to a "fat" embolism entering the blood stream.

tibia

Trusses and arches, which help form an internal scaffolding network, are found in __________.

trabecular bone

List sutures surrounding the parietal bones

1. lambdoid 2 coronal 3. sagittal 4. squamous

The storage or release of buffering compounds works to aid the body in ____________ balance.

acid-base

Transported via the blood to the liver _________ is converted to caclcidiol

cholecalciferol

When the cartilage is depleted, the epiphyseal plates ____________ and the bone can get no longer.

close

If the __________ component of bone is not in adequate amounts, the flexibility of bone will be compromised.

collagen

Osteogenesis imperfecta is due to the deficiency of __________ in the matrix, which makes the bones extremely brittle.

collagen