Skeletal System Ch 7+8
Sunlight contacting the epidermis converts ___________ to vitamin D3, otherwise known as cholecalcificerol
7-dehydrocholesterol
What best describes osseous tissue?
A connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up bone
Each of the following complications listed below is a result of a homeostatic calcium imbalance. Which would not be life threatening?
A deficit of appositional bone growth
What is the function of red bone marrow?
Blood cell production
When levels of blood calcium increase in children, calcitonin is released from the _________ of the thyroid gland.
C cells
Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels?
Calcitonin
Calcidiol returns to the blood once again where transport to the kidneys then allows the final conversion to ________
Calcitrol
Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones?
Calcium
__________ is/are found in compact bone, but not spongy bone.
Central Canals
Which osseous tissue is found on the surface of bones and composed of tightly arranged parallel osteons?
Compact
spongy bone
Composed of trabeculae. Gaps between ossified material are filled with marrow. Convey strength with light weight. Found in greater proportions in flat bones. Arranged along the lines of forces that are encountered. Found in greater proportions in bone epiphyses.
Match each type of bone marking with its definition. A narrow ridge
Crest
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Defect of collagen deposition that renders the bones exceptionally brittle.
Match each type of bone marking with its definition. An extended region superior to a condyle
Epicondyle
Match each type of rib with its definition. These ribs do not have independent cartilaginous connections to the sternum.
False Ribs
Match each type of rib with its definition. These ribs do not attach to the sternum
Floating Ribs
Where does bone formation occur during endochondral ossification?
Hyaline cartilage model
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation resulting from a bacterial infection
Which type of bone growth occurs within cartilage and results in bone elongation?
Interstital
The bones of the skull form by which type of ossification?
Intramembranous ossification
Osteitis Deformans (Paget's disease)
Involves excessive proliferation of osteroclasts, lending to rapid, disorderly bone remodeling and weak, deformed bones.
Match each type of bone marking with its definition. A slight raised, elongated ridge
Line
compact bone
Made up of osterons. Visible, obvious central canals. Also called dense bone. Found in greater proportion in the bone diaphyses.
Osteoporosis
Most common bone disease results in a severe bone density loss.
Which bone cells produce the soft organic bone matrix?
Osteoblasts
_____________ deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture while ossification occurs.
Osteoblasts
Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in the number of ____________ and greater rates of bone resorption.
Osteoclasts.
Match each type of bone marking with its definition. A bony outgrowth or protruding part
Protuberance
At the level of the kidney, parathyroid hormone will decrease the amount of calcium excreted by increasing ____________ from the kidney tubules.
Reabsorption
Which of the following is not a component of the skeletal system?
Tendons
Osteosarcoma
The most common and deadly form of bone cancer.
Which of the following best describes osteomalacia?
The softening of the bones in adults due to calcium depletion
Which bone is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg (crural region)?
Tibia
Match each type of rib with its definition. These ribs have independent costal cartilages that attach to the sternum
True Ribs
Match each type of bone marking with its definition. A small rounded process
Tubercle
The skeletal system helps maintain acid-base balance by __________.
absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts
Contained within the spongy sections of bones, red bone marrow is responsible for ____________ .
blood formation
Parathyroid hormone increases the renal conversion of ____________ , which secondarily works to increase calcium levels in the blood.
calcidiol to calcitriol
Osteoblastic activity in children is stimulated by the hormone __________.
calcitonin
The hormone _______ influences both resorption and deposition of bone
calcitriol
The most active form of _________ is called calcitriol.
calcium
Mineralization is a process that extracts __________ and __________ from the blood plasma and deposits it into bone.
calcium ; phosphate
Osseous tissue matrix is composed of __________.
calcium phosphate
Depositions of collagen and fibrocartilage will then turn the tissue into a soft _____________.
callus
A __________ fracture is one in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces.
comminuted
The decline in bone breakdown and increased mineralization causes blood calcium to ____________ back to normal levels.
decrease
When levels of blood calcium ________ , parathyroid hormone is released from the four nodular parathyroid glands located on the posterior thyroid.
decrease
Vitamin D stimulates absorption of dietary calcium from the ____________ system.
digestive
Minerals can be stored in the skeleton, which acts as a reservoir, storing or releasing minerals as needed to maintain ____________ throughout the body.
electrolyte balance
The internal mark in the bone left behind by the closed epiphyseal plate is called the ____________ .
epiphyseal line
The ____________ is a layer of hyaline cartilage with a metaphysis on each side.
epiphyseal plate
long bones
femur serve as levers for body movements length and width proportions greatly differ
Any break in a bone is called a ________ and repair is done in stages by the body.
fracture
A _____________ will form and will turn into granulation tissue at the site of injury.
hematoma
As a result of direct actions on the target cells of the bone and kidneys along with an indirect action on the small intestine (calcitriol), parathyroid hormone works to __________ blood calcium levels.
increase
The effects on osteoclasts cause a decrease in bone resorption and a concurrent ___________ in bone deposition due to the activity of osteoblasts.
increase
Now in the most active form, calcitriol acts to ______ blood calcium by acting on three target organs. 1) small intestine 2) skeleton, 3) ______
increase kidneys
Elongation of bones is accomplished via ____________ growth.
interstitial
Growth in the epiphyseal plate adds to the ____________ of a bone until the plate is depleted in early adulthood.
length
short bones
length and width are similar in proportion allow small degrees of motion usually in two degrees of freedom
The ____________ of the entire skeleton or skeletal elements utilizes the anchoring of muscles to attachment sites on the bones, which then serve as levers.
movement
irregular bones
oddly shaped bones usually found in the axial skeleton
During the healing of a bone fracture, a hard callus is formed by ___________.
osteoblasts
Inhibition of ____________ by parathyroid hormone occurs as a result of a decreased production of organic matrix.
osteoblasts
This circulating calcitonin inhibits ___________ and stimulates ___________ within minutes.
osteoclasts osteoblast
The __________ contains hydrogen pumps that lead to the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called __________.
osteoclasts; mineral resorption
When blood calcium levels drop, glands embedded in the posterior thyroid secrete ____________ hormone, which stimulates osteoclastic activity.
parathyroid
The skull, pelvis, ribs, vertebral column, and sternum provide __ to many delicate organs of the body by encasing them in hardened, shell like or caged structures
protection
The process finishes with bone ____________ converting spongy to compact bone.
remodeling
A(n) __________would not involve damage to the structures that comprise the skeletal system.
ruptured calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
In an adult, which of the following is the bone that contains the least red bone marrow?
skull
flat bones
sternum "flat" name misleading as bones are often curved
The bones of the skeleton provide structure to the body and serve as a ____________ to hold up the body and maintain proper positioning of some organs.
support
Which of the following is not considered a weight bearing activity?
swimming
Greenstick fractures most commonly occur in children because __________.
their bones contain larger quantities of collagen
In an adult, a compound fracture of the __________ could lead to a "fat" embolism entering the blood stream.
tibia
Trusses and arches, which help form an internal scaffolding network, are found in __________.
trabecular bone
List sutures surrounding the parietal bones
1. lambdoid 2 coronal 3. sagittal 4. squamous
The storage or release of buffering compounds works to aid the body in ____________ balance.
acid-base
Transported via the blood to the liver _________ is converted to caclcidiol
cholecalciferol
When the cartilage is depleted, the epiphyseal plates ____________ and the bone can get no longer.
close
If the __________ component of bone is not in adequate amounts, the flexibility of bone will be compromised.
collagen
Osteogenesis imperfecta is due to the deficiency of __________ in the matrix, which makes the bones extremely brittle.
collagen