Skills Lesson: The Elements of Argument, Skills Lesson: Types of Evidence and Logical Fallacies, Skills Lesson: Types of Evidence and Logical Fallacies Practice, Skills Lesson: Gathering Information, Skills Lesson: Using and Citing Evidence, Focusing...
11 Read the selection below from The Reader's Advisory Guide to Genre Fiction by Joyce G. Saricks and complete the instruction that follows. Imagine almost any Alfred Hitchcock film that you have enjoyed, and you understand the pull of Psychological Suspense. These are books that play with our minds, that create frisson of unease, that blend the creepiness generated by the Horror genre with the tension inherent in Suspense. These are stories that attract a range of readers—and filmmakers—and fit uneasily in any related genre into which we try to slot them. Title: The Reader's Advisory Guide to Genre Fiction Author: Joyce G. Saricks City of publication: Chicago Publisher: American Library Association Copyright date: 2001 Page number: 186 Create an entry for an annotated bibliography for the above passage.
#1 Saricks, Joyce G. The Reader's Advisory Guide to Genre Fiction. Chicago: American Library Association, 2001. 186. Print. Summary: This passage is an introduction to the "Psychological Suspense" genre. Commentary: I find this passage interesting because it relates books to movies in a way that makes sense to me. Also, I like the definition that the author uses to explain "psychological suspense." She calls it "horror + suspense," making use of two genre terms that are more familiar to people than her term "psychological suspense."
Read the excerpt below and complete the instruction that follows. We are each shaped by the people who gave us life. Everything we are and all that we do can be traced back, in one way or another, to early influences: parents, family, a home or the lack of a home. In my case, four figures from my childhood helped to make me who I am, each giving me a gift that is unique: my father, my mother, my grandmother, and my grandfather. To understand me, you have to know them. The excerpt above is from page 35 of Nothing's Impossible: Leadership Lessons from Inside and Outside the Classroom by Lorraine Monroe. Paraphrase, summarize, and quote the passage above. Be sure to include in-text citations using the MLA style.
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Read the argument below and complete the instructions that follow. (1) American schools should utilize a national curriculum to ensure that all students graduate from the public school system with the same background, knowledge, and skills. (2) Currently, there is a great variation in the content to which students are exposed depending on what schools they attend, where they live, and even how much money families have to invest in education. (3) This observation is particularly evident in English classes because there is a lot of variation between the literature read in classrooms across the country. (4) In 1992, the National Council of Teachers of English gathered data from schools in the United States to research the most frequently required titles in grades 9 through 12. (5) The study found that there are substantial differences between the percentage of public schools covering these titles (ranging from 54% to 84%) and the percentage of private schools covering these titles (ranging from 34% to 74%). (6) While it is true that the most frequently required titles are not necessarily the best or most representative of titles available, a national curriculum can ensure that students may start college familiar with a foundation in literature pivotal to American culture and cultures around the world. Evaluate the argument above, paying special attention to the evidence used. Label each sentence as either fact or opinion
1. Sentence 1 is an opinion. 2. Sentence 2 is a fact. 3. Sentence 3 is a fact 4. Sentence 4 is a fact. 5. Sentence 5 is a fact. 6. Sentence 6 is an opinion.
Which argument could be an example of a hasty generalization?
70% of students polled do not approve of the principal, so we need a new principal.
Read the excerpt below from the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by J. K. Rowling and answer the question that follows. A breeze ruffled the neat hedges of Privet Drive, which lay silent and tidy under the inky sky, the very last place you would expect astonishing things to happen. Harry Potter rolled over inside his blankets without waking up. One small hand closed on the letter beside him and he slept on, not knowing he was special, not knowing he was famous, not knowing he would be woken in a few hours' time by Mrs. Dursley's scream as she opened the front door to put out the milk bottles, nor that he would spend the next few weeks being prodded and pinched by his cousin Dudley. . . . He couldn't know that at this very moment, people meeting in secret all over the country were holding up their glasses and saying in hushed voices: "To Harry Potter—the boy who lived!" Source: Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. New York: Scholastic Inc., 1997. 21. Print. The excerpt above is from page 21 of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by J. K. Rowling. Which passage represents a paraphrase from the excerpt above? A wind sweeps gently over the trimmed hedges of Privet Drive, which lies quiet and neat under the dark sky, not a place where one would expect anything out of the ordinary to occur (Rowling 21). Harry Potter lies outside his aunt and uncle's house, unaware that his life has changed forever (Rowling 21). While Potter lies outside his aunt and uncle's house, he "[sleeps] on, not knowing he [is] special" and praised all over the country (Rowling 21). The Harry Potter books are so entertaining because they paint a picture of a world in which we all want to live. We all long to find that extraordinary secret that will reveal our own special quality. Like little infant Potter waiting outside his aunt and uncle's house (Rowling 21), it's just a matter of time until we find that we are, after all, special.
A wind sweeps gently over the trimmed hedges of Privet Drive, which lies quiet and neat under the dark sky, not a place where one would expect anything out of the ordinary to occur (Rowling 21).
Which of the following choices is a sound argument? Jane Austen is an author. Stephen King is an author. Therefore, I want to be an author. All turtles are reptiles. The snake is not a turtle. Therefore, the snake is not a reptile. All teachers wear vests. Mr. Gonzales does not wear a vest. Therefore, Mr. Gonzales is not a teacher. Immortal human beings live forever. Benjamin Franklin died. Therefore, Benjamin Franklin is immortal.
All teachers wear vests. Mr. Gonzales does not wear a vest. Therefore, Mr. Gonzales is not a teacher.
Which statement is a fact? Coralline algae, sponges, and other organisms contribute to reef growth. Coral reefs should be protected by environmental laws. Coral reefs are the most diverse and beautiful of all marine habitats. We should respect coral reef researchers like Thomas Goreau, who began working on coral reefs in the 1950s
Coralline algae, sponges, and other organisms contribute to reef growth.
What is the difference between a fact and an opinion? Opinions can be verifiable as true or false, while facts cannot. Facts can be verifiable as true or false, while opinions cannot. Facts are based on feelings, beliefs, and perspectives. Opinions are not based on feelings, beliefs, and perspectives.
Facts can be verifiable as true or false, while opinions cannot.
Which of the following is a fallacy of ambiguity? I. division II. personal attack III. appeal to a lack of evidence I only III only I and III II and III
I only
Which of the following is a fallacy of syllogism? I. non sequitur II. faulty analogy III. hasty generalization I only III only I and II I, II, and III
I, II, and III
Which of the following is a type of evidence? I. empirical II. statistical III. anecdotal
I, II, and III
Which of the following is a fallacy of relevance? I. equivocation II. popular appeal III. argument from the negative II only III only I and II I, II, and III
II only
Why is it important to be objective and fair when stating the opposition's views? The opposition will sue you for slander. You might join the opposition one day. It builds ethos with the audience. It's not important because an insulting tone is best.
It builds ethos with the audience.
Read the premise for an argument below and answer the question that follows. Any species that is in danger of extinction should be legally protected. Is this premise a fact or an opinion? Why? It's a fact because it can be verified as true or false that endangered species should be protected by government action through legal means. It's an opinion because it is a belief based on the perspective that the government should be involved in stopping the extinction of animals. It's an opinion because it can be verified as true or false that endangered species should be protected by government action through legal means. It's a fact because it is a belief based on the perspective that the government should be involved in stopping the extinction of animals.
It's an opinion because it is a belief based on the perspective that the government should be involved in stopping the extinction of animals.
What is the difference between a fact and an opinion? Opinions can be verifiable as true or false, while facts cannot. Facts can be verifiable as true or false, while opinions cannot. Facts are based on feelings, beliefs, and perspectives. Opinions are not based on feelings, beliefs, and perspectives
NOT Opinions can be verifiable as true or false, while facts cannot.
Read the argument and answer the question that follows. That baseball team won the World Series, so the players must be outrageously talented baseball players. Which logical fallacy is present in this argument?
NOT equivocation NOT faulty analogy Division
What are the two types of statistics? observation and experiment descriptive and inferential observation and sampling illustration and analogy
NOT observation and experiment Descriptive and inferential
Read the excerpt from the eResource below and answer the question that follows. An examination of a school handbook from a local public high school shows that the "expectations" of students are more like laws by which a citizen must abide to live in a society. "Respect the teacher's position as leader in the classroom . . . " sounds like a statement of a tyrant. These "expectations" seem forced upon the students with no freedom. If schools want students to be successful citizens, they should allow students to take the courses they want and let them breathe. Which change would make the evidence stronger?
NOT supporting the analogical evidence with empirical evidence by providing a comparison to a similar situation in a foreign country
Read the excerpt below from the source material and the bibliography card. Then, answer the question that follows. Excerpt from "Human Cloning and Genetic Modification": 1. Reproductive cloning uses the cloning procedure to produce a clonal embryo which is implanted in a woman's womb with intent to create a fully formed living child—a clone. . . . 2. Therapeutic cloning uses the cloning procedure to produce a clonal embryo, but instead of being implanted in a womb and brought to term it is used to generate stem cells. . . . The purpose of using clonal embryos to generate stem cells is to allow creation of tissues or organs that the clonal donor can use without having these tissues or organs rejected by their body's immune system. Most people oppose reproductive cloning. Some people oppose reproductive cloning but support therapeutic cloning. Others oppose therapeutic cloning as well as reproductive cloning, either because they are opposed to the destruction of embryos as a matter of principle, or because they feel the acceptance of therapeutic cloning will set us on a slippery slope to the acceptance of reproductive cloning and human genetic manipulation. It is possible to support stem cell research and still oppose research involving therapeutic cloning. Which note card is properly formatted and labeled?
Paraphrase: One controversial, but possible use of cloning is therapeutic cloning, which creates a clonal embryo for the sole purpose of using its stem cells to generate parts. Plan: Speculate on how it could be used.
Which statement is an opinion? Acanthaster planci, also known as the crown-of-thorns starfish, is a carnivorous starfish that preys on coral. In the reefs off the north coast of Jamaica, one can find a species of Monatrea annularis, which is flat to capture light efficiently. Stony coral is one example of the Hexacoral polyps and has tentacles in groups of six. People must take action now to protect coral reefs by reducing pollution and emissions of noxious gases
People must take action now to protect coral reefs by reducing pollution and emissions of noxious gases.
Explain the difference between a quotation, a paraphrase, and a summary.
Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries should all be used during the research process, but it is vital to know the difference between the three. A quotation is the exact words from a source. If you ever write down a quotation from a source, you need to make sure that you write quotation marks around every part of the excerpt that is directly quoted. A paraphrase is also a source excerpt, but it is written in your own words. A summary is much shorter than either a quotation or a paraphrase. It contains the main ideas of a source in your own words.
What is anecdotal evidence? When should it be used (and not used) in a research paper?
Responses may vary but should contain some or all of the following information: Anecdotal evidence is evidence based on personal observation, personal experience, personal examples, and case studies. It can be used to disprove general statements but should not be used to support arguments or support or oppose narrower claims.
Explain fallacies of omission and give examples of this fallacy.
Responses may vary but should contain some or all of the following information: Fallacies of omission are errors due to leaving out necessary information or misdirecting from necessary information. One type of fallacy of omission is argument from the negative, which is asserting that one position is correct because the opposition is false. An example of this type of fallacy is as follows: "Pei-mei and Esmeralda are definitely not going out. Therefore, I am right that Pei-mei is dating Soshanna." A second type of fallacy of omission is appeal to a lack of evidence, which is asserting that one position is correct because there is a lack of evidence to prove that it is incorrect. An example of this type of fallacy is as follows: "You cannot prove that ghosts don't exist, so they obviously exist."
Which statement is a proposition? She set sail on Tuesday. Why are you late? Good afternoon! What happened to my sandwich?
She set sail on Tuesday.
Which sentence is not a proposition? You can ride in a wagon. You are late. Sit down. Terrie eats.
Sit down.
How is the MLA author-page citation used? The author's last name and page number(s) must appear within the text and after the direct or indirect quotation. The author's first name and page number(s) from the source must appear with the text of the paper. The author's last name and page number(s) from the source must appear within the text of the paper. The author's first name and page number(s) must appear within the text and after the direct or indirect quotation.
The author's last name and page number(s) must appear within the text and after the direct or indirect quotation.
Write an example of an argument that suffers from a faulty analogy. Then, explain why it does not prove the point being argued
The correct answer should indicate an understanding of the logical fallacy of a faulty analogy, which is discussed in the Application Lecture, and of why that fallacy does not prove the point being made. Here is an example of a correct answer: Julia says, "Sam, I think we should date because we get along really well." Sam responds, "We've only known each other for three days. I don't know you that well." Julia says, "Getting to know a person is like eating a piece of cake. It only takes a bite to know if the cake's any good!" Sam responds, "I don't think that people are anything like cake. Good-bye." -In the above dialogue, Julia presents an argument that relies only on an analogy as evidence. Not only is the analogy the only piece of evidence, but it is also a weak analogy. It doesn't prove her point/conclusion that Sam and she should date.
Write an example of an argument that suffers from the fallacy of an argument from the negative. Then, explain why it does not prove the point being argued.
The correct answer should indicate an understanding of the logical fallacy of an argument from the negative, which is discussed in the Application Lecture, and of why that fallacy does not prove the point being made. Here is an example of a correct answer: Studies show that using money as an incentive to encourage people to recycle does not work. Therefore, we should not try to encourage people to recycle. -Proving that one position is false does not guarantee that another position is true.
How can you tell if an argument is valid? Valid arguments are always sound. The premises lead logically to the conclusion. Valid arguments are never sound. There are two premises and a conclusion
The premises lead logically to the conclusion.
These images are from Poemcrazy: Freeing Your Life with Words by Susan Goldsmith Wooldridge. Which citation is the correct works cited page entry for this book?
Wooldridge, Susan G. Poemcrazy: Freeing Your Life with Words. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1996. Print.
Every inductive argument is __________. based on rules, definitions, and principles a comparison of two sets of events, ideas, and things either invalid or unsound either valid or sound
a comparison of two sets of events, ideas, and things
What is a logical fallacy? a mistake in thinking or reasoning a system of thought analysis a true or false statement a process of reaching conclusions
a mistake in thinking or reasoning
Which phrase best defines "annotated bibliography"? a bibliography that is typed on expensive paper with a specified font a summary and evaluation of each potential source for a research project a handwritten summary of the location of research sources a day-by-day log of all bibliographic sources for a research project
a summary and evaluation of each potential source for a research project
Read the passage below and answer the question that follows. The chapter "Robber Barons and Rebels" begins by immediately engaging the audience: In the year 1877, the signals were given for the rest of the century: the black would be put back; the strikes of white workers would not be tolerated; the industrial and political elites of North and South would take hold of the country and organize the greatest march of economic growth in human history. (254) With this sentence, the author sums up the issues that dominated the end of the nineteenth century and sets up the reader for a detailed look at this complicated part of US history. In order to correctly incorporate the evidence, what should be added to the passage? context author's name significance citation
author's name
How does the MLA style of citation work? brief in-text citations connected to a works cited page brief in-text citations connected to parenthetical citations a works cited page connected to a list of parenthetical citations at the end parenthetical citations connected to an alphabetical list of in-text citations at the beginning
brief in-text citations connected to a works cited page
Which action should you never take when selecting quotations? choosing the fewest words needed changing the meaning of the quotation by changing the context quoting long passages (block quotations) rarely adjusting the sentence to fit the grammar of the quotation
changing the meaning of the quotation by changing the context
Every argument has a(n) __________. fallacy supporter essay counterargument
counterargument
A statistic that describes a sampled group is called __________. anecdotal inferential analogical descriptive
descriptive
Every argument should appeal to __________. ethos, logos, and pathos mainstream beliefs fallacious logic extreme perspectives
ethos, logos, and pathos
How do you summarize a passage? borrowing the exact words from the source restating a section of text from the source expressing the main ideas of the passage in your own words restating at least five facts in your own words
expressing the main ideas of the passage in your own words
Which of the following is an example of plagiarism? using too many in-text citations using the Internet to conduct research failing to format properly the title of the works cited page failing to cite direct or indirect quotations
failing to cite direct or indirect quotations
Analyze the bibliography card and answer the question that follows. / Which note card is properly formatted and labeled?
http://media.edgenuity.com/evresources/2071909_c6c010e4-f501-4916-abd9-f798484c53ed.png
Statistics that are used to draw conclusions about larger groups are called __________. inferential descriptive analogical anecdotal
inferential
What do you need to do to avoid a floating quotation? rephrase each direct quotation in your own words give parenthetical citations for each direct quotation make sure each quotation is placed within a paragraph introduce and provide context for each quotation
introduce and provide context for each quotation
Which of the following is a fallacy of syllogism? non sequitur personal attack division argument from the negative
non sequitur
A statistic is a(n) __________ that describes groups or samples of objects. observation analogy number experiment
number
Internet citation tools are useful because they __________. organize your source information into proper MLA format create annotated bibliographies for you keep track of all the details of you research project check for definitions, synonyms, and antonyms of all your notes
organize your source information into proper MLA format
What is an example of a reference marker that a source might use? quotation print Web page numbering
page numbering
In the MLA style, what are in-text citations called? parenthetical citations works cited entries brief sources antiplagiarism notes
parenthetical citations
Which logical fallacy often includes a premise that appeals to what is believed or done by the mainstream or the elite? hasty generalization popular appeal faulty analogy equivocation
popular appeal
Which of the following are fallacies of relevance? equivocation and division hasty generalization and false analogy faulty analogy and non sequitur popular appeal and personal attack
popular appeal and personal attack
Arguments consist of __________, which are statements that are either true or false. logic false premises sounds propositions
propositions
If you record the exact words from a source, what kind of information have you recorded? paraphrase annotation summary quotation
quotation
When using a direct quotation, how do you signify that the words are not yours? quotation marks in-text citations parenthetical citations works cited page
quotation marks
What are the three ways you can weave research into a paper? numbered, bulleted, or unformatted list author, title, or date published index cards, bibliography, or annotations quotation, paraphrase, or summary
quotation, paraphrase, or summary
What should you record on a note card if you're using the index-card organizational system? bibliographic information quotation, paraphrase, summary title of the original source bibliographic annotation
quotation, paraphrase, summary
Only use statistics from __________ sources. inferential descriptive reliable Analogical
reliable
How do you paraphrase a passage? expressing, in your own words, the main ideas of the passage restating, in your own words, a section of text from the source borrowing the exact words from the source restating at least five facts in your own words
restating, in your own words, a section of text from the source
A key difference between the annotated bibliography and the works cited page is that the annotated bibliography __________ each source. summarizes, assess, and reflects on lists only the author and page number of includes a photocopy or screenshot of provides in-text citations for
summarizes, assess, and reflects on
Read the excerpt from the eResource below and answer the question that follows. An examination of a school handbook from a local public high school shows that the "expectations" of students are more like laws by which a citizen must abide to live in a society. "Respect the teacher's position as leader in the classroom . . . " sounds like a statement of a tyrant. These "expectations" seem forced upon the students with no freedom. If schools want students to be successful citizens, they should allow students to take the courses they want and let them breathe. Which change would make the evidence stronger? supporting the analogical evidence with empirical evidence by providing a comparison to a similar situation in a foreign country supporting the empirical evidence with anecdotal evidence by giving an example of how a specific teacher enforced the rules supporting the anecdotal evidence with empirical evidence by examining a range of school handbooks from various public schools supporting the anecdotal evidence with empirical evidence that suggests schools are wasting money by enforcing rules
supporting the anecdotal evidence with empirical evidence by examining a range of school handbooks from various public schools
Summaries, paraphrases, and quotations are especially useful for __________. taking notes during the research process confusing your friends and family drawing pictures in your notebook regulating a country's laws
taking notes during the research process
What should be entered in the box at the upper right-hand corner of the note card? Association of Reproductive Health Professionals "Human Cloning and Genetic Enhancement" the number one 21 Oct. 2010
the number one
Why must every proposition in an argument be tested using a logical sequence? to keep debates and disagreements impersonal to discover if it makes logical sense to remove emotion as a dominant factor to pay respect to Aristotle's ideas
to discover if it makes logical sense
What does it mean to rebut something? to strike with enough force to break an object to oppose using evidence or an argument to use an aggressive and intimidating tone to allow an opponent to win an argument
to oppose using evidence or an argument
Cybercards are most useful for __________. keeping a personal diary writing to-do lists tracking Internet-based research creating new inventions
tracking Internet-based research
When should you concede to a counterargument? when your audience believes the counterargument when it's a controversial subject and you want to avoid hurt feelings when you discover that the counterargument is a logical fallacy when the counterargument has a relevant point
when the counterargument has a relevant point
Based on the MLA style guide, what do you need to submit with a research paper? annotated bibliography works cited page bibliographic cards note cards
works cited page
