Slavery/Free blacks/abolition

Which of the labor systems used on plantations was favored by slaves?

Task system

What was the name of William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper?

The Liberator

A staple crop commonly grown on the sea islands of Georgia and South Carolina.

cotton

This daughter of South Carolina slave owners, and wife to another abolitionist, was a staunch member of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Angelina Grimké Weld was nineteenth-century abolitionist, suffragist, and orator. Born on February 20, 1805, to a family of wealthy slaveholders in Charleston, South Carolina, Weld witnessed the evils of slavery from an early age. Both she and her sister, Sarah Moore Grimké, were deliberately educated less than their brothers, although the boys shared what they had learned with their sisters. Weld joined her sister in Philadelphia in 1829 and converted to Quakerism, both joining the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society. In 1835, Grimké was catapulted to fame after a letter she wrote to prominent abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison was printed in his newspaper without her consent. After that, she and her sister began to publish booklets calling for abolition and women's rights, which earned them a fierce backlash from Southern leaders. They toured the country as speakers for the American Anti-Slavery Society and, in 1838, Weld became the first woman to address the Massachusetts State Legislature when she brought a petition signed by 20,000 women calling for the abolition of slavery. That same year, after her speech at the Philadelphia anti-slavery convention, angry mobs burned down the building in which she had spoken. After her marriage to Thomas Weld, Angelina Grimké Weld retired from speaking and had three children.

Why was cotton so difficult to clean prior to the invention of the cotton gin?

Before its invention, separating cotton fibers from its seeds was (hard) a labor-intensive and unprofitable venture. However, the invention also had the by-product of increasing the number of enslaved people needed to pick the cotton and thereby strengthening the arguments for continuing enslavement. Cotton as a cash crop became so important that it was known as King Cotton and affected politics up until the Civil War.

A New Jersey Quaker, he took abolition into the South.

Benjamin Lundy was a white-American abolitionist and news publisher. He was from Sussex County, New Jersey, and raised a Quaker. Lundy was working as a saddle maker in Wheeling, Vermont, when he first became troubled about the morality of the slave trade. In 1815, he created the Union Humane Society. In 1821, he began publishing the anti-slavery newspaper, Genius of Universal Emancipation. In 1829, Lundy brought on William Lloyd Garrison as co-editor before he moved to Boston and began the Liberator. In 1835, Lundy created another newspaper in Pennsylvania, The National Enquirer. Other ways his abolition took root were havens for freedom. He traveled extensively searching for suitable places where runaway slaves could settle. In 1839, Benjamin Lundy moved to Illinois, restoring his first newspaper, which he published until his death on August 22, 1839.

An affluent free black slave owner in LA bought his slaves in lump through an estate sale.

Cyprian Richard was an affluent free black slave owner that bought an estate in Louisiana with 91 slaves for $225,000

This black abolitionist appealed to slaves to revolt, because death was better than bondage.

David Walker calls for the immediate abolition of slavery and equal rights for Black people. Walker speaks with unique directness and passion about the barbarity of slavery. An evangelical Christian himself, he calls out white Christians for their hypocrisy in supporting slavery, an institution that treated most people of African descent as non-human property to be bought, sold, or disposed of at will. He argues that, compared with slavery at other times and in other places, slavery in the United States is the worst in history. Walker implores Black men to act. He urges his "afflicted and slumbering brethren" to free themselves from the chains that bind their minds as well as their bodies. Walker challenges the rising tide of racism that was evident at that time in proposed "reforms." These included a plan to deport all free Blacks from the United States to a new colony in Africa.

The inventor of the Cotton Gin.

Eli Whitney graduated from Yale and traveled south to Georgia to become a tutor for the children of Caty Greene Because it took an entire day to separate the sticky seeds from only about one pound of cotton fiber, it was an unprofitable task. When one of the men wished there were a machine that could remove the seeds, Greene proposed that Whitney was the man to invent one.

Name the two slaves masquerading as a white man and his slave valet while escaping to freedom.

Ellen and William Kraft William is a black man, but his wife Ellen is nearly white. They were married and in 1848 they escaped with Ellen having cut off her hair and wearing green spectacles disguised herself as a young man, and her husband as her servant.

wrote about the slaves' homes on Butler Island. . .

Fannie Kimble, "Such of these dwellings as I visited today were filthy and wretched in the extreme and exhibited that most deplorable consequence of ignorance and an abject condition, the inability of the inhabitants to secure and improve even such pitiful comfort as might yet be achieved by them

He organized a large, but failed slave revolt in Richmond, VA.

Gabriel Prosser Unlike many slaves, he had been educated in his youth and became a blacksmith, which gave him access to life beyond the plantation. During the Antebellum South, skilled slaves were often hired out; some slaves also got Sunday off. They could earn some money of their own, after paying a part to their masters. However, white merchants controlled the flow of raw goods into and out of the city, and they could pressure the skilled slaves to lower their prices by simply choking off the stream of materials. The masters, meanwhile, still got their share off the top. This exploitive system was grounds for revolt among the slaves. On October 10, 1800, at Richmond's gallows at 15th and Broad streets, Gabriel Prosser was hanged, he was 24 years old.

This system of slave labor required slaves to work from sunup to sundown.

Gang system

a Virginia lawyer, and the author of two books and many articles advocating slavery

George Fitzhugh argued that "... the Negro race is inferior to the white race, and living in their midst, they would be far outstripped or outwitted in the chaos of free competition." In other words, they were fortunate to be taken care of in the way they were.

The best-known conductor on the Underground Railroad. spent her early years on Edward Brodess's farm in Bucktown, Maryland would eventually make 13 return trips to the Eastern Shore, rescuing approximately 70 slaves.

Harriet Tubman

This slave escaped slavery by shipping himself to freedom aboard the Adams Express Co

Henry Brown became a skilled worker in a Richmond tobacco factory. In August 1848 Nancy Brown's owner suddenly sold her and the children out of the state. With nothing to keep him in Richmond, Brown resolved to escape to freedom. Working with a free black dentist and a white shoemaker, he concocted a scheme to ship himself north. On March 23, 1849, his co-conspirators sealed Brown into a wooden crate and placed it on a train bound for Philadelphia. After twenty-six hours, Brown arrived at the office of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, where he was unboxed, alive and free. he began an active career lecturing and performing.

This black abolitionist called for a National Slave Strike.

Henry Highland Garnet He and his parents escaped from bondage via the Underground Railroad and settled in New York City. Garnet was a student at Noyes Academy in New Hampshire until it was destroyed by white supremacist terrorists in 1835. He became a minister in 1843 and spoke to the delegates of the National Negro Convention in Buffalo, New York, where he called for a militant slave revolt against the plantation owners of the South. Many abolitionists at the time thought the call for self-emancipation was too radical. But it was the enslaved rebelling — running away, refusing to work on the plantations, taking up arms, and joining the Union Army — that won the Civil War.

Author of "The Impending Crisis of the South."

Hinton Rowan Helper educated at the Mocksville Academy and graduated in 1848. He caught gold fever in 1850 and headed to California, but he failed as a prospector He then authored a scathing book about the Pacific State. Published in 1855, Land of Gold: Realty vs. Fiction "consisted largely of fabricated and garbled statistics," but more importantly, the publication supported the expansion of slavery and lambasted abolitionists. Ironically, only seven years later, Helper published his most famous and influential work, The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It. In it, he foretold that slavery would bring about the financial ruin of the South and labeled slave owners as "robbers, thieves, ruffians, and murders."

This free black was the owner and operator of one of the best hotels in Charleston, SC.

Jehu Jones bought his freedom from Christopher Rogers, a tailor, in 1798. Subsequently, Jones set up his own tailor business and was so successful that in 1802, he was able to broaden his business efforts by investing in real estate in Charleston and on Sullivan's Island. As Jones' investments grew in value, he began buying slaves in 1807. When Jones took up innkeeping, he passed on his tailoring business to his son, Jehu Jr. Jones and his wife, Abigail, turned the property on Broad St. into the Jones Hotel, which became a popular stop for travelers.

This tall, eloquent female black abolitionist bore the scars of slavery.

Isabella Baumfree, who later changed her name to Sojourner Truth. Around 1815 she fell in love with a fellow slave named Robert, but they were forced apart by Robert's master. Isabella was instead forced to marry a slave named Thomas, with whom she had five children. In 1827, after her master did not honor his promise to free her or to uphold the New York Anti-Slavery Law of 1827, Isabella ran away, or, as she later informed her master, "I did not run away, I walked away by daylight...." After experiencing a religious conversion, Isabella became an itinerant preacher and in 1843 changed her name to Sojourner Truth. During this period, she became involved in the growing antislavery movement, and by the 1850s she was involved in the woman's rights movement as well. At the 1851 Women's Rights Convention held in Akron, Ohio, Sojourner Truth delivered what is now recognized as one of the most famous abolitionist and women's rights speeches in American history, "Ain't I a Woman?" She continued to speak out for the rights of African Americans and women during and after the Civil War. Sojourner Truth died in Battle Creek, Michigan, in 1883.

An example of a poor, free black man who managed to stay one-step ahead of the creditors and bondage.

James Boon was a free black carpenter active in North Carolina from the 1820s through the 1850s. Boon led a mobile life and carried with him passes and letters of reference from employers and prominent citizens to affirm his free status and excellent work.

was a senator and wealthy plantation owner from South Carolina.

James Henry Hammond In a speech he made to the Senate on March 4, 1858, he laid out his famous "mudsill theory" saying that "In all societies there must be a class to do menial duties, to perform the drudgery of life." This class, says Hammond, makes it possible for the higher class to move civilization forward.

This free black bought his freedom with proceeds from selling pipe tobacco.

Lunsford Lane was also a domestic servant of the Sherwood Haywood family of Raleigh. As a result of his domestic servitude, Lane interacted daily with whites and had opportunities and liberties that field slaves never had. He was arrested on false charges but fortunately acquitted. Yet, a mob later tarred and feathered him.

The term meaning to free one's own slaves.

Manumission

He used his own commercial line of ships to transport blacks "back to Africa."

Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. was born on August 17, 1887, in Saint Ann's Bay, Jamaica. Garvey was known as the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). Formed in Jamaica in July 1914, the UNIA aimed to achieve Black nationalism through the celebration of African history and culture. Through UNIA, Garvey also pushed to support the "back to Africa" movement and created the Black Star Line to act as the Black owned passenger line that would carry patrons back and forth to Africa. He also fostered restaurants and shopping centers to encourage black economic independence. In addition to his support of Pan-Africanism, Marcus Garvey was a Black nationalist and believed in racial separatism. This made him a controversial figure in and out of the Black community, especially as he challenged major thought leader W.E.B Du Bois.

He was a noted free black physician and writer, who later served in the Union Army.

Martin Delany In 1843, Martin Delany founded and published an abolitionist newspaper that struck a profound tone against slavery. Four years later, he shut down the paper to become co-editor of Frederick Douglass's newspaper, the North Star. After attending Harvard Medical College in 1850, Delany returned to Pittsburgh and opened a medical practice. claiming that even abolitionists would never accept blacks as equals and thus the solution to the black condition lay in the emigration of all African Americans back to Africa. In 1865, Martin Delany was commissioned a major in the U.S. Colored Troops—the only African American officer to be given a field command during the Civil War. He died in Ohio in 1885 at age 72.

He organized a bloody slave revolt in Southampton County, VA., in which over 50 whites were murdered in one night.

Nat Turner deeply committed to his Christian faith and believed he received messages from God through visions and signs in nature. When he was in his early 20s, these signs led him to return to his master after an escape attempt. Similarly, a solar eclipse and an unusual atmospheric event are believed to have inspired his insurrection, which began on August 21, 1831. It ignited a culture of fear in Virginia that eventually spread to the rest of the South and is said to have expedited the coming of the Civil War. In the immediate aftermath of the rebellion, however, many Southern states, including North Carolina, tightened restrictions on African Americans.

This free black man - who did not organize a slave revolt - bought his freedom with money won in a lottery.

Newport Gardner was allowed to open his own music school, and keep some of the profits, which he saved in an attempt to free himself and his family. both taught and composed music. In addition to being an aid organization, society also began investing in a possible relocation and the establishment of a community in Africa. While that was an unpopular plan for most free Black people, the goal of traveling to Africa mirrored Newport Gardner's own desires to return home. While membership was restricted to free Africans, Newport Gardner was an early supporter of the group despite still being enslaved. In 1791, Newport Gardner and a small group of enslaved Africans in Newport bought a lottery ticket. The group won $2,000 to split amongst themselves. Unfortunately, it still was not enough to buy the freedom of the entire Gardner family. Once he was free, Newport Gardner became a full member of the African Union Society on August 9, 1792, and continued to serve as the African Union Society became the African Humane Society, and then the African Benevolent Society. He helped set up a school under the African Benevolent Society, becoming its schoolmaster when it opened on March 10, 1810, staying on until September of that year. Shortly after leaving the school in early 1811, Newport Gardner was elected president of the Society, a position he kept for several years.

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His actions in a yellow fever epidemic and during the War of 1812 led citizens of Mobile, AL to buy his freedom for him.

Pierre Chastang of Mobile was bought and freed by popular subscription in recognition for his service carrying supplies to General Jackson in the war of 1812. During the yellow fever epidemic, which many fled in 1819, Chastang remained to tend to the sick and bury the dead. At his death, the Alabama Planter wrote that he was a "highly esteemed and respected" member of the community

When ministered to by a preacher, what were slaves more than likely to hear in the lessons?

Protestant clergymen began to defend the institution, invoking a Christian hierarchy in which slaves were bound to obey their masters. For many slaveholders, this outlook not only made evangelical Christianity more palatable, but also provided a compelling argument for converting slaves and establishing biracial churches.

What was the least ordinary form of slave resistance and the greatest fear of slaveowners?

Revolt like Haiti

A form of resistance that led to the cultivation of negative stereotypes about African Americans.

Sambo Mask

Name the bloody slave revolt that took place in South Carolina in the 17th c. when slaves overpowered guards and fled south to Florida.

The Stono Rebellion

Slave Codes

The codes varied slightly from state to state, but the basic idea was the same: the slaves were considered property, not people, and were treated as such. Slaves could not testify in court against a white, make contracts, leave the plantation without permission, strike a white (even in self-defense), buy and sell goods, own firearms, gather without a white present, own any anti-slavery literature, or visit the homes of whites or free blacks. The killing of a slave was almost never regarded as murder, and the rape of slave women was treated as a form of trespassing.

This evangelical minister was considered the most mobbed man in America.

Theodore Dwight Weld was a prominent nineteenth century American reformer and educator. In 1819, he enrolled in the Phillips Andover Academy, but he had to withdraw due to health problems. In 1833, Weld became a student and then a professor at the Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio. He left the school when the trustees of the seminary prohibited the discussion of slavery. Weld began working as a lecturer for the American Anti-Slavery Society. He had helped found the Society in 1833. He was forced to end his speaking career in 1836 due to health problems. He continued working for the American Anti-Slavery Society as editor of its various publications. During the early 1840s, Weld assisted and advised anti-slavery members of the United States Congress. On May 14, 1838, Weld married Angelina Grimke, one of the best-known abolitionists and women's rights advocates of the nineteenth century. Weld agreed with his wife's desire for equality between men and women and became an outspoken supporter of the women's rights movement. He continued to champion the rights of African Americans and women until his death in 1895.

A noted free black philanthropist in New Orleans, he had a bust of his likeness constructed upon his death.

Thomy Lafon Young Lafon was self-educated and frugal with money from necessity. Thomy Lafon started early as an entrepreneur, selling food to workers, owning, and running his own store and brokering loans. However, he made his fortune in real estate, earning over $500,000 in his lifetime (worth about $14 million today). During his lifetime, he set up the Lafon Orphan Boys' Asylum and the Home for Aged Colored Men and Women.

of South Carolina was the country's leading slave owner, with over 1,000.

Wade Hampton

This black abolitionist was a founding member of the American Antislavery Society.

William Lloyd Garrison was a prominent American advocate of the abolition of the institution of slavery. He received a limited education as a child, but he supplemented his schooling by working for various newspapers. In 1833, Garrison helped establish the American Anti-Slavery Society with fellow abolitionists Arthur Tappan, Lewis Tappan, and Theodore Dwight Weld. Garrison served as president of the American Anti-Slavery Society from 1843 to 1865. This organization sent lecturers across the North, including to Ohio, to convince people of slavery's brutality. Garrison, himself, gave several lectures in Ohio and was instrumental in the establishment of the Western Anti-Slavery Society.

How many slaves did most whites in the antebellum south own?

less than 5

How many slaves did an owner have to own to be considered of the planter class?

more than twenty slaves

This former saltwater slave organized a failed, large-scale slave revolt in Charleston, SC.

no clue

They managed the work details and oversaw discipline on a plantation

overseers

At the bottom of the white class structure in the South, these people did not own land, living in the swamps and on the hillsides, often working as laborers alongside slaves.

poor, landless whites

The largest group of southern whites in the antebellum South.

poor, landless whites

This affluent free black slave owner found that money could not buy basic civil rights.

the "barber" of Natchez, William Johnson In 1851 a boundary dispute with his neighbor Baylor Winn found the two men in court. Although the judge ruled in Johnson's favor, Winn was not satisfied. Winn, also a free black, ambushed Johnson returning from his farm and shot him. Johnson lived long enough to name Winn as the guilty party. Through strange circumstances, Winn was never convicted of the killing. Winn and his defense argued that he was white and not a free person of color because of his Indian ancestry in Virginia. Therefore, the "mulatto" boy who went with Johnson on that fateful day could not testify against Winn. Mississippi law allowed blacks to testify against whites in civil cases, but not in criminal cases. Two hung juries could not decide if he was white or black, so Johnson's Killer walked free.