BPK 142 - Final Lab Exam Review
You have been asked to set up a lab for testing maximum oxygen consumption. Itemize all of the equipment that you will need
- 2 way valve - meteorological balloons - heart rate monitor - stop watch - electronic O2 + CO2 analyzer - electrically braked bicycle ergometer - non-kinkable hose - low resistance respiratory valve + mouthpiece + nose plug
If you modified the Astrand Test such that you measured heart rate 20-30 seconds after cessation of exercise rather than during exercise, then used the same tables to predict the subject's VO2 max., what effect would this have on the estimation of the subject's aerobic fitness level? Explain
- HR would be lower -- gives illusion that they have a higher VO2max than in reality - VO2 max dependent on HR at a given work rate -- lower HR = higher VO2 max
When measuring blood pressure you must listen for Korotkoff sounds at the brachial artery using a stethoscope. Why can't you hear these sounds before the cuff is inflated?
- as cuff inflates, brachial artery is constricted -- blood flow through lower arm = turbulent - turbulent blood flow causes walls of artery under stethoscope will vibrate - no pressure = blood flow more smooth = no sounds heard
Explain how blood returns to the right atrium.
- assisted by skeletal-muscle pump + thoracic pump -- breathing - squeeze veins that run through them - veins have one-way valves -- pushes blood through valve + close to prevent backflow
In the maximum oxygen uptake test, what is the purpose of measuring barometric pressure and gas temperature?
- barometric pressure = affects ability for air to move into lungs -- pressure difference between thoracic cavity + outside pressure - gas temperature = proportional changes in gas volume in a constant pressure -- Charles Law = affects amount of gas in a given space
Give a physiological explanation for the changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure which you theoretically would expect to observe for your subject on the bicycle ergometer as exercise intensity increased from a low level to a higher level
- blood pressure should increase then plateau - subject works harder w/ increasing work rate -- heart would need to pump faster = raises systolic + diastolic blood pressure - increase in SV, VO2, HR = increase in blood pressure
Define a "cranial nerve". How are cranial nerves named and numbered?
- cranial nerve = emerge directly from brain + brain stem -- relay info between brain + other parts of the body (primarily around the head + neck) - how they're numbered = based on the order in which they emerge from the brain -- front to back - how they're named = based on the location it comes out of the brain -- matches up with lobe
Distinguish between the direct light reflex and the consensual light reflex. What is the purpose of these reflexes?
- direct light reflex = pupillary response to light that enters same eye - consensual light reflex = pupillary response to light that enters the opposite eye - purpose = regulates the intensity of the light entering the eye -- light = constrict, dark = dilate
What effects would you expect from an injury that severs the spinal cord at the fifth cervical vertebra?
- effects vocal cords, biceps, deltoid muscles in the upper arms - may be able to breathe and speak on their own -- breathing may be weak - paralysis in torso, legs, wrists, hands -- can be more prominent on just one side or both - may be able to bend elbows and/or raise arms
Discuss the importance of the elasticity and contractility of the arteries
- elasticity = allows vessels to respond to + accommodate changes in blood pressure that comes from the pumping of the heart - contractility = allows vasoconstriction + vasodilation -- comes from signals in the nervous system
Explain the difference between an experimental study and an epidemiological study
- experimental study = assess whether two things are associated, assigned to control/test groups to isolate effects being studied - epidemiological study = measuring/assessing relationships with little to no manipulation over time
Describe the shape of a typical graph of VO2 versus power output and give a physiological explanation for the shape of this graph
- graph = should increase linearly together then plateau once subject reaches VO2 max -- VO2 + power output increases at around the same rate - physiological explanation = linear increase due to body responding to increasing power output needs with more oxygen intake, plateau means body can't obtain oxygen any faster + means VO2 max has been reached
How would the predicted VO2 max. of a 40 year old subject be affected if the age correction factor was not used? Explain
- increased error by 15% - VO2 max peaks at 25 and goes down from there -- VO2 max will seem lower than actual results
Define the term "open-access journals"
- journals that are freely available, usually online - less restrictive copyright + licensing barriers - will still usually comply with peer-review process
What are the ventricles?
- large lower chambers that collect + expel blood received from one of the atria - right ventricle = receives blood from the right atrium - left ventricle = receives blood from the left atrium
Describe the location of the spinal cord. What are the cervical and lumbar enlargements?
- located in the vertebral foramen, begins at the end of the brain stem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spine - cervical + lumbar enlargements = enlargement of gray matter needed to operate the limbs
Describe the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity
- medially between the lungs in the mediastinum - separated from other structures by membrane -- pericardium - sits in own space -- pericardial cavity - dorsal surface of heart lies near bodies of vertebrae - anterior surface = sits in sternum + costal cartilages - base of heart = located at level of third costal cartilage - inferior tip of the heart = left of the sternum between junction of 4th + 5th ribs - right side = faces slightly anteriorly - left side = faces slightly posteriorly
Why would an injury to a peripheral nerve cause loss of both sensory and motor functions?
- muscles receives signals from nerves to contract/relax - if nerve is damaged, can't send signals to muscles = limits or stops movement -- may also lose feeling in those areas
What evidence is there that both negative transfer and bilateral transfer occurred during the course of your mirror-trace experiment.
- negative transfer = brain is used to drawing things in a certain manner, using the mirror causes this to be reversed so previous experience can hinder new skill - bilateral transfer = using dominant hand then switching to non-dominant provided practice and allowed for improvement in the non-dominant hand after several practice trials
Why are the heart valves important?
- opens so that blood can empty into the proper chamber - closes when blood flows through so that blood doesn't flow back to where it just was
What is the partial pressure of a gas? What is vapor pressure?
- partial pressure = pressure of a gas if it alone occupied the entire volume of the original mixture at the same temperature -- important for predicting movement of gases - vapour pressure = pressure caused by the evaporation of liquids -- influenced by: surface area, intermolecular forces, temperature
Define the term "research articles"
- reports results of original research + assesses its contribution to the body of knowledge in a given area - generally consists of: title + abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, references - peer-reviewed anonymously to avoid bias
Which vessels enter or exit the atria?
- right atrium -- receives deoxygenated blood from superior vena cava, inferior vena cava - left atrium = receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein
What vessels enter or exit the ventricles?
- right ventricle = pulmonary artery -- sends blood to the lungs - left ventricle = aorta/aortic arch -- pumps blood to rest of the body
Describe the shape of a typical graph of heart rate versus VO2 and give a physiological explanation for shape of this graph
- shape = HR should be increasing linearly while VO2 is also increasing - physiological explanation = HR increases to pump more blood to the body to increase oxygen intake and distribution
Why should one "cool down" after vigorous exercise rather than stop abruptly?
- strenuous activity causes blood vessels in legs to expand -- brings more blood to legs + feet - heartbeat slows abruptly if no cool down portion - sudden drop in HR causes blood to pool in lower body -- can cause dizziness + fainting
Define the term "review articles"
- summarizes current state of understanding of a topic = previously published studies - doesn't really report new facts/analysis
How could you tell the difference between a scientific journal and a popular magazine?
- type of language being used = more formal + uses particular terms in scientific journals - citations more commonly found in scientific journals - both may be biased but scientific journals should be more objective
What is the atria?
- upper two cavities of the heart -- passes blood to the ventricles - left atrium = receives oxygenated blood from veins - right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from pulmonary vein
How many spinal nerves and vertebrae are there? What is the anatomical relationship between them?
- vertebrae = 33 individual bones but only 24 can move -- C7, T12, L5, S5, coccyx(x4) - spinal nerves = 31 pairs of spinal nerves that branch off of spinal cord -- each has two roots = sends/receives signals to brain - anatomical relationship = matches up with vertebrae = spinal nerve comes up through opening between adjacent vertebrae + numbered by the vertebrae above
Describe three characteristics of a scholarly article
- written by scholars = has certain credentials, associated with a knowledge-based organization - purpose of the article is to provide original research to further our understanding of a topic = topic narrowly defined w/ theoretical/technical focus, content research-based + analytical - specific structure = clear structure that indicates it is a scientific research study, usually more than 5 pages - specific language, tone, point of view = formal + technical language, objective with logical + argumentative tone, citations to support claims - published in an academic/scholarly journal = primary purpose to publish new knowledge + original research
If blood pressure was measured at the level of a subject's calf rather than at the level of the upper arm, would you expect the blood pressure readings to be different? Explain
- yes blood pressure readings would be different - pull of gravity causes more blood to stay in lower extremities = greater pressure in legs - vessels in legs narrower = higher reading - blood pressure in legs shouldn't be lower = can be indication of blocked arteries
Describe the pathway of blood through the heart
1. Blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus -- carries deoxygenated blood 2. From right atrium, it goes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. 3. From the right ventricle, it goes through the pulmonary semilunar valves to the pulmonary trunk 4. From the pulmonary trunk it moves into the right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs. 5. From the lungs, oxygenated blood is returned to the heart through the pulmonary veins. 6. From the pulmonary veins, blood flows into the left atrium. 7. From the left atrium, blood flows through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricle. 8. From the left ventricle, it goes through the aortic semilunar valves into the ascending aorta. 9. Blood is distributed to the rest of the body (systemic circulation) from the aorta.
List three red flags that indicate that you should be skeptical of information you are reading on the internet.
1. anonymous author 2. conflict of interest 3. biased 4. outdated information 5. outrageous claims 6. poor grammar 7. no citations as evidence
Outline the chain of steps in the movement of oxygen from room air to its ultimate utilization in skeletal muscle. Which "link" in the chain normally limits oxygen transport and uptake during maximum exercise in healthy individuals?
1. inhalation = decrease in thoracic pressure, intercostals contract, diaphragm depresses -- air moves in 2. air goes through nasal passages, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, respiratory + terminal bronchioles, alveoli 3. blood capillaries at alveoli drop off CO2 into the lungs + O2 picked up and moved through systemic circulatory component **limitation = oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin -- saturation + speed of movement
Once you've found a Web resource related to your topic, evaluating its reliability is the critically important final step. Describe three basic questions that you should ask to evaluate the reliability of the resource
1. is this source backed by facts? 2. is the original source listed? 3. is the info current? 4. do other sources support the info of the article you are critiquing? 5. is the info based on scientific evidence?
Describe three of the assumptions that test protocols to predict VO2 max using submaximum exercise heart rates are based on
1. linear relation between HR + oxygen uptake = heavy work rates may cause VO2 to increase more than HR 2. similar max HR for all subjects = standard deviation of approx. 10 beats/min on avg for subjects of same age group -- use age correction factor as max HR decreases w/ age 3. fixed mechanical efficiency assumed if VO2 is predicted from work rate = mechanical efficiency can vary by 6% on a bicycle ergometer
Describe the step by step procedure for measuring blood pressure
1. patient should be seated with arms flexed + elbow placed around heart level -- do not measure over clothes 2. choose the sphygmomanometer proper blood pressure cuff + ensure that it isn't wrapped too tightly -- should be able to fit two fingers in between cuff + subject's arm 3. wrap cuff around upper arm approx. 1 inch above antecubital fossa 4. lightly press the stethoscope over the brachial artery just below the cuff's edge 5. rapidly inflate the cuff to approx. 180mm Hg then release the air slowly by turning the knob slightly 6. listen w/ the stethoscope while also looking at the sphymomanometer -- first Korotkoff (knocking) sound = systolic pressure 7. when knocking sound disappears = diastolic pressure 8. release air all the way and remove cuff
List three criteria which can be used to determine whether or not a subject has really exercised to exhaustion and reached VO2 max. in a maximum oxygen uptake test performed on a bicycle ergometer?
1. respiratory exchange ratio > 1.05 to 1.15 = breathing out more CO2 than taking in O2 2. max HR is +/- 10 beats to age predicted max HR = 220 - age in years 3. plateau of oxygen consumption as workload increases 4. blood lactate level of 8 to 10mm/L = extreme build-up of lactic acid -- signifies high rate of ATP production
Describe four sources of error when recording blood pressure from an exercising subject.
1. using the wrong size cuff -- too large cuff will give falsely low readings, too small cuff will give falsely high readings 2. incorrect limb position -- limb must be at heart level = if too high, low reading, if too low, high reading 3. cuff placed incorrectly -- match up with antecubital fossa w/ stethoscope placed at the brachial artery 4. subject not calm/rested/exercised before reading -- eaten/smoked before test
Which cycle ergometer test do you consider to be the best submaximal test for predicting VO2 max - the Astrand Test or the YMCA Test? Explain.
Astrand test is better because: - more concise -- results are obtained without tiring the subject more than need be - involves correction factor to maintain accuracy in older people
Define the term "serial"
any publication issued in successive parts = expected to be continued indefinitely
Is it more appropriate to express VO2 max. in liters per minute or in milliliters per kilogram of body weight per minute? Explain
better to express VO2 max in ml/min x kg because it illustrates VO2 as relative to size -- shows how much oxygen is being consumed per kg of body mass
Can the heart function with leaky valves?
can function if not too major but can cause many problems: - lightheadedness - rapid heartbeat - heart fluttering - fatigue - congestive heart failure - edema = swelling of the legs, abdomen, veins in neck - chest pain/tightness
Define the term "control group"
group used as a comparison for the tested individuals = identical in characteristics for both
Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle?
higher forces needed to pump blood through the systemic circuit as compared to the pulmonary circuit -- must pump blood throughout the body
Define the term "peer-reviewed journal"
journal that is judged by a board of scholarly reviewers in the subject area of the journal = review materials published for quality of research + adherence to editorial standards of the journal
Based on the results of the knowledge of results experiment that you performed in the BPK 142 lab with the linear arm positioning apparatus, what conclusions can you draw regarding the importance of knowledge of results for learning?
knowledge of results can provide a means of error correction and problem solving while also reinforcing correct performance
Why is an age correction factor needed during the Astrand-Rhyming Test for predicting VO2max?
max HR declines with age so age correction factor helps to make up for this to provide a more accurate reading for older people
A well-conditioned individual has a heart rate of 122 bpm at a power output of 900 kpm/min., while a poorly conditioned subject has a heart rate of 164 bpm at the same power output. Does this mean that the cardiac output is approximately one-third higher in the untrained subject (assuming that the two men are the same height and weight)? Explain.
no b/c cardiac output is also dependent on stroke volume -- trained individuals have lower heart rate but can have higher stroke volume so not always correlated
What role does the muscle spindle play in the knee jerk reflex?
partners with spinal cord to keep track of where the body is in space + how stretched/contracted the muscles are -- work together in the reflex arc
Define the term "scientific method"
principles + procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving: 1. recognition of a problem/topic of interest 2. collection of data through observation/experiment 3. formulation + testing of hypotheses
Do you think that the Astrand bicycle ergometer test for predicting VO2 max is a "well designed" physical fitness test? Explain.
well designed but not the best test - good = less expensive, portable, doesn't require electricity, patient more stable, body weight is supported, easier to quantify work rate - bad = most people not used to cycling so muscles being used aren't ones that are normally being used, can't reach as high a VO2 max in comparison to the treadmill test
Define the term "double-blind experiment"
when both the subject and the researcher do not know who is the control group and who is the test group -- helps to eliminate bias + placebo effect
