Sleep and biological rhythms
Cataplexy
Muscular paralysis of REM occurs at inappropriate time
What are 3 types of SWS disorders?
Nocturnal enuresis Somnambulism Pavor Nocturnus
Both cerebral metabolic rate & cerebral blood flow decline during _______.
SWS
If awakened during ________ a person will act groggy & confused.
SWS
During _______ the lowered rate of metabolism permits restorative mechanisms in the cells to ______ free radicals & prevent their damaigng effects
SWS destroy
Alpha
Smooth electrical activity of 8-12 Hz & associated with a state of relaxation
This sleep stage is actually a transition between sleep & wakefulness.
Stage 1
What stage of sleep includes NREM sleep and consists of THETA activity (3.5-7.5Hz)
Stage 1
What stage of sleep includes NREM sleep and contains sleep spindles and K complexes
Stage 2
What stage of sleep includes NREM sleep and consists of DELTA activity (<3.5Hz)
Stage 3
What stage of sleep includes alpha (8-12Hz) and beta (13-30Hz) activity.
Waking
During periods of wakefulness, brain waves oscillate between ________ & _______ waves.
alpha beta
In humans, sleep deprivation DOES affect ________ ________.
cognitive abilities
The rate of cerebral flow in the brain during REM sleep is high in the __________ which reflects visual hallucinations during dreaming.
extrastriate cortex
Highly reactive oxidizing agents that can bind w/ electrons from other molecules & damage the cells in which they are found
free radicals
SWS activity is increased in which lobe of the brain?
frontal
Sleep deprivation in ____________ results in inability to regulate body temperature, weakness, increased metabolic rate and death
lab animals
Sleep allows the BRAIN to rest & also aids in ___________.
long-term memory
Slow wave sleep (SWS) has _______ frequency and ________ amplitude.
low, high
An awareness that a person is dreaming and are not awake.
lucid dreaming
EOG
measure's eye movement. Tells if someone is REM sleep- eyes move back and forth
EEG
measures brain activity in CORTEX only and has very good temporal resolution
EMG
measures muscle movements by the jaw
SWS & REM sleep play different roles in ________ consolidation.
memory
Researchers have hypothesized that activation of the normally inactive _____________ during REM could be involved in the experience of lucid dreaming.
prefrontal cortex
The rate of cerebral flow in the brain during REM sleep is low in the__________ and it reflects the lack of organization & planning that occur in dreams.
prefrontal cortex
International 10-20 system
ratio of space of electrodes from foramen (inion) to nasion and across from ear to ear. Odd numbers are left hemisphere and even are right hemisphere
Sleeping ________metabolism (particularly during SWS (slow wave sleep) allowing cell mechanisms to destroy ______ ______.
reduces free radicals
_________ sleep is a time of intense physiological activity.
rem
What is somniloquy?
sleep talking
Somnambulism
sleep walking
During __________, the lowered rate of metabolism permits restorative mechanisms in the cells to destroy the free radicals & prevent their damaging effects.
slow-wave sleep
Narcolepsy is treated with?
stimulants like methylphenidate (ritalin) or modafinil
The rate of cerebral flow in the brain during REM sleep is low in the ___________ and is due to lack of visual input.
striate cortex
SWS seems to be be increased in brain regions that were most active during ___________.
wakefulness
Only ________- ________ vertebrates demonstrate REM with paralysis and EEG desynchrony
warm-blooded
A sleep cycle runs for how long?
~90-120 minutes
There are ho many REM periods per sleep session?
4-5
How many orexin neurons are there in humans?
7000
First period of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occurs ~______ minutes after sleep begins and __________ duration throughout the sleep session.
90, increases
________________ that increase serotonin are used for symptoms such as cataplexy & sleep paralysis
Antidepressants
REM sleep behavior disorder is treated with what class of medications?
Benzodiazepines
REM sleep consists of what type(s) of waves?
Beta & gamma
A sleep related eating disorder is treated with what medication?
DA agonists or Topamax
Theta
EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz that occurs intermittenly during early stages of SWS & REM sleep
What disorder progressively diminishes sleep spindles and k complexes followed by SWS & REM
Fatal familial insomnia
Name 3 examples of cognitive abilities that are affected from sleep deprivation
Hallucinations Difficulty w/concentration Affects learning & memory
Cataplexy
Is a sudden, brief loss of voluntary muscle tone triggered by strong emotions such as laughter. The condition is most commonly associated with narcolepsy
What happens to patients with sleep apnea
Level of CO2 in blood stimulates chemoreceptors, which wakes patient and O2 levels stabilize
Animals with less developed brains need more ________ sleep.
REM
Babies only experience what kind of sleep?
REM
During what kind of sleep (SWS/REM) is cerebral blood flow & oxygen consumption accelerated?
REM
Neurogenerative, genetic, and brain damage to the brain stem are all causes of what kind of sleep behavior disorder?
REM
Sawtooth waves are unique to ________ sleep and is considered to be an active sleep/paradoxical sleep.
REM
_________ results in the rebound phenomenon (body immediately goes into REM sleep if you take a nap after sleep deprivation)
REM deprivation
Stage 1 consists of _________ waves and ____to____ cycles per second.
Theta, 3-7
Being overweight can cause sleep apnea.
True
Does REM sleep occur more at the end of the night?
Yes
Nocturnal enuresis
bedwetting
_________ activity shows desynchrony, it reflects the fact that many different neural circuits in the brain are actively processing information. .
beta
REM is prominent during _____ development; may contribute to the process
brain
Sleep provides the opportunity for the _______ to rest.
brain
Slow wave sleep disorders typically occur during SWS and in _____________.
childhood
Narcolepsy is a rare genetic disorder caused by a mutation of gene located on ____________ and affects receptor _______ for hypocretin/orexin.
chromosome 6 B
What are the 2 major categories of long term memory that SWS and REM play a role in.
declarative memory nondeclarative
Cerebral blood flow during SWS is ___________ throughout the brain compared to waking. However during the dreamlike imagery there are increases in the visual & auditory cortexes.
decreased
1/2 to 2 cps are unique to __________ sleep with __________ waves.
deep, delta
During SWS the regions that have the highest levels of activity during waking show the highest levels of _________ waves & the lowest levels of metabolic activity.
delta
Regular synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz & occurs during the deepest stages of SWS
delta
insomnia
difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep
What kind of mammals sleep with 1 brain hemisphere at a time?
dolphin and porpoises
hypnagogic hallucinations
dreaming while awake & occurs during sleep paralysis
Tasks that demand alertness & mental activity do increase _________.
glucose
In ___________sleep deprivation does not affect body function, ability to exercise, or physiological stress response
humans
Prolonged sleep deprivation causes an ___________ in free radicals in the brain & results in oxidative stress.
increase
When awake, free radicals _________ but when in SWS they are ________.
increase decreased
Tasks that demand alertness & mental activity do____________ glucose metabolism in the brain and the most significant increases are seen in the _________ lobes where slow wave activity is most intense during non-REM sleep
increase frontal
Modafinil
increases expression of Fos protein indicating activation of orexin neurons
Fatal familial insomnia
inherited genetic disorder that is characterized by progressive insomnia & damages the thalamus (master control center)
Cataplexy is caused by
inhibition of motor neurons in spinal cord while awake and often preceded by strong emotion
People that have damage to the region of the anterior hypothalamus (preoptic area-controls sleep) can have _________.
insomnia
Sleep deprivation doesn't affect body function, ability to exercise or physiological stress response in humans but a person with _________is an exception.
insomnia
Traumatic brain injury can cause ________.
insomnia
Beta
irregular electrical activity of 13-30 Hz & associated w/a state of arousal.
α-synucleinopathy
is an example of a REM sleep behavior disorder and involves inclusion of α-synuclein protein in degenerating neurons
The first signs of sleep disturbances are reductions in sleep spindles & ____________.
k complexes
Stage 2 consists of sleep spindles and ___ _____________ with ____ to _____ cycles per second
k complexes, 12-14
Waking activity is associated with increased _________ ________ and the release of _______ _______ in the brain.
metabolic rate free radicals
People with narcolepsy take _________ which stimulates the release of orexin in the __________ which activates the histaminergic neurons.
modafinal TMN
Animals born with immature brains spend ________time in REM than those with more developed brains at birth
more
Loss of orexin neurons (7000 in humans) is responsible for what disorder in most humans
narcolepsy
What is the cause of the REM sleep behavior disorder α-synucleinopathy ?
neurodegenerative, genetic, and damage to brain stem
Pavor Nocturnus
night terrors-associated with PTSD.
REM sleep strongly facilitates the consolidation of a _________ memory.
nondeclarative
Sleep paralysis
occurs just before sleep or just after waking
Sleep attacks
patient has overwhelming urge to sleep at inappropriate times
sleep apnea
patients stop breathing during sleep
Narcolepsy
periods of intense urge to sleep
A person with fatal familial insomnia has damage to the _______ which disrupts attention, memory, ANS, body temperature & sleep.
thalamus
Blood flow to the________ & cerebellum is decreased in SWS.
thalamus
