Sleep and Dreams

Stage 1 sleep

-Light sleep -The brain emits alpha waves--> consistent with a relaxed state of wakefulness

night terrors

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

Non-rem

any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM

Slow wave sleep typically occurs during the ____ stage of sleep cycle

beginning

theta waves

brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep

_____ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.

cataplexy

continous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

Evolutionary psychology

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

threat simulation theory

dreams help us recognize, avoid, prepare for, and deal with danger so that we know how to react should something similar ever happen in real life

latent content

hidden meaning of a dream

Play a role in controlling slow wave sleep

hypothalamus and thalamus

If you dream about your teeth falling out in your friend tells you it is really about anxiety over your new job, her interpretation represents the ____ content of your dream.

latent

Keshawn has a dream about getting booed off of stage during an impromptu standup performance. His friend tells him the dream is probably just about his nervousness for his upcoming graduation speech. His friend's analysis represents the true meaning of the dream, also known as the ________ content.

latent

If Javier is in a deep sleep, an EEG would show his sleep as

low frequency, high amplitude waves

... is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.

melatonin

If Bryan's airway gets blocked while he sleeps, he probably has

obstructive sleep apnea

lucid dream

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

Growth hormone is secreted by the _____ while we sleep

pituitary gland

Continual activation theory

proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis; its assumption is that, during REM sleep, the unconscious part of the brain is busy processing procedural memory

cognitive behavioral therapy

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

Sleep spindle

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

________ causes disruptions in cognition and memory deficits.

sleep deprivation

obstructive sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

Restless leg syndrome

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

central sleep apnea

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

Parasomina

sleep disorders that include abnormal disturbances that occur during sleep

Sleep rebound

sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

... Appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.

slow wave sleep

____ Is another word for sleepwalking.

somnambulism

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream

manifest content

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

Cataplexy

sudden loss of muscle control

Collective unconscious

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

Activation synthesis theory

theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story

Stage 3 sleep

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

delta wave

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

Alpha wave

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep

K complex

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

Sleepwalking

A phenomenon primarily occurring in non-REM sleep in which people walk while asleep.

Stage 2 sleep

A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles."

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

What did Sigmund Freud believe about dreams?

Both that they can be analyzed in order to understand unconscious needs and desires and that the primary function of dreams is wish fulfillment (the idea that dreaming allows us to act out the desires that we must repress during the day).

What does the activation synthesis theory propose about dreaming?

Dreams are our brain's interpretation of the random firing of neurons in our brainstem.

Individual may so far from ____ if there is a destruction in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.

Narcolepsy

Rita finds her roommate, McKenzie, asleep on the couch when she gets home. She amused to see that McKenzie eyes seem to be moving under her eyelids. She is in which stage of sleep?

REM

The _____ within the hypothalamus plays in important role in sleep wake cycles.

SCN

Sleep spindles and K complexes are most often associated with _____ sleep

Stage 2

____ Is described as slow wave sleep

Stage 3

If theories that assert sleep is necessary for restoration and recovery from daily energetic demands are correct, what do you predict about the relationship that would exist between individuals' total sleep duration and their level of activity?

Those individuals (or species) that expend the greatest amounts of energy would require the longest periods of sleep.

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

a condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually during the night, and suddenly dies without an apparent cause