Sleep Unit

What can cause sleep apnea?

Obesity, the weight of the fat on the neck.

What were the findings of the study of the effects of sleep deprivation on performance?

Participants who had normal amounts of REM sleep performed better.

Which of the following best describes the circadian rhythm?

Physiological cycles that occur about every 24 hours.

Newborns of many species, especially humans, spend more time in ________ sleep.

REM

A class project required a student nurse to make hourly records of her own blood pressure and body temperature over a 30-day period. When the data were graphed, it became clear that these readings changed in a predictable way on a daily basis. The reason for this regularity is that many physiological processes are

governed by circadian rhythms.

The greatest amount of REM sleep over the life span occurs:

in the first few months of life

Nathan is a budding lawyer experiencing troubled sleep. Let alone the occasional disturbed sleep, he takes not less than two hours to fall asleep. Even though he has been getting sleep at times since the last three weeks, he complains of not feeling rested after a night's sleep. Nathan's symptoms suggest that he suffers from:

insomnia

While sleeping, a person's awareness:

is greatly diminished

Short-term sleep deprivation ______ the body's immune system.

slows down

You have studied a fair amount for an important test tomorrow but are considering pulling an all-nighter so that you can really be prepared. According to research on sleep deprivation, the best thing to do would be to ____________, since students who stay up all night studying have been found to ___________ on cognitive tasks.

go to bed and sleep; do worse

How long does the night's first episode of REM sleep usually last?

8-10 minutes

What did Barber and colleagues find when they asked students to complete a daily sleep log and online diaries of perceived stress in life over a five-day period?

A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week can contribute to psychological strain later in the week despite attempts to offset with subsequent sleep.

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. Cataplexy (sudden muscle weakness triggered by emotions such as anger, surprise, laughter, and exhileration), sleep paralysis, and hypnogenic hallucinations (dreamlike experiences that occur while dozing or falling asleep)

What do alpha brain waves indicate?

A state of drowsiness and relaxation

Which of the following statements regarding sleep is TRUE? a. We only have dreams during REM sleep. b. We only have dreams during NREM sleep. c. Dreams can occur during either REM or NREM sleep, but NREM dreams are usually longer. d. Dreams can occur during either REM or NREM sleep, but REM dreams are usually longer.

Dreams can occur during either REM or NREM sleep, but REM dreams are usually longer.

Which of the following statements is true? a. Dreams can occur in non-REM stage. b. Full-blown dreams are more common during non-REM than REM sleep. c. Dreams occur only in REM stage. d. Dreams coincide with the occurrence of sleep spindles.

Dreams can occur in non-REM stage.

Which of the following statements regarding REM sleep is TRUE? a. During REM sleep, brain activity and physiological arousal are significantly less than they are during active wakefulness. b. During REM sleep, brain activity and physiological arousal are similar to that of active wakefulness. c. During REM sleep, EEG patterns show a dominance of delta waves. d. During REM sleep, EEG patterns show a dominance of beta waves.

During REM sleep, brain activity and physiological arousal are similar to that of active wakefulness.

Assume that you were a physician who is treating a person with seasonal affective disorder. Based on your knowledge of effective treatments for this problem, which of the following would you recommend?

Expose her to bright artificial lights for 1-2 hours each day.

Which of the following environmental factors helps to reset our 24-hour biological clock?

Exposure to light after a night of sleep

How many stages are there to non-REM sleep?

Four stages

How do you treat sleepwalking?

Getting enough sleep, not enough sleep can trigger an episode.

How does a CPAP machine work?

It increases air pressure in your throat/airway so that the airway does not collapse when they breath in

Is narcolepsy genetic?

It might be, a gene in dogs was just identified that causes narcolepsy

Which of the following holds true when the retina of the eyes detect light in the morning?

It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Is there a cure for narcolepsy?

No, but treatments are available. Medication and lifestyle changes help, with frequent naps being beneficial.

Which of the following best characterizes a night's sleep?

Our depth of sleep alternates up and down many times.

Nightmares are to __________ as night terrors are to _________.

REM sleep; Stage 4 sleep

What are the types of Parasomnia?

Sleepwalking and REM motor behavior disorder

_____ is the state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves.

Stage 1 sleep

If you are examining an EEG recording for someone who is sleeping, and sleep spindles start to occur, in what stage of sleep is the person?

Stage 2

Short periods of extremely fast and somewhat higher energy sleep spindles occur in which stage of sleep?

Stage 2

_____ is the deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation.

Stage 4 sleep

In a lab study, what effect did sleep deprivation have on rats?

The growth of new neurons was inhibited.

Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep and dreaming?

The major muscles of the body appear to be paralyzed during REM sleep.

You are visiting a sleep lab one afternoon and happen to see the sleep log of a person who spent the previous night sleeping in the lab. You see that the person slept a little over 6 hours and that they didn't get very much deep sleep. Based on this information, what can you conclude about this person?

The person is most likely an older adult

What is sleepwalking?

When people get up and move around during sleep. These are done typically done with no rhyme or reason, and typically occur during NREM sleep. It is more common in children compared to adults. It is possible that genes play a role as it occurs more in children who have a family history of sleep walking

What treatments are available for sleep apnea?

a CPAP machine, surgery to enlarge nasal cavity, correct physical problem like deviated septum, remove excess tissue in the throat (like the tonsils). Change lifestyle, lose weight, avoid alcohol before bed, do not sleep on back all night

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is most like which of the following? a. a computer b. a clock c. a switchboard operator d. a power plant

a clock

Circadian rhythm refers to

a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle

The term "sleep debt" describes a condition in which

a person falls asleep more quickly and sleeps longer.

Flying from California to New York (i.e., the West Coast to the East Coast) would have the same impact on circadian rhythms as:

a shift worker on the graveyard shift (midnight - 8:00 a.m.) moving to the night shift (8:00 p.m. - 4:00 a.m.).

A predominance of ___ waves in an electroencephalogram (EEG) might indicate that a person is physically and mentally relaxed.

alpha waves

Jordan has decided to go to sleep early. Although her eyes are closed and she is very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of

alpha waves

When asleep, a person is spending approximately half of his sleep time in REM sleep. This person most likely is:

an infant

If an awake and alert person undergoes a brain wave test, what will it reveal?

beta waves

June Pilcher and Allen Huffcutt (1996) conducted a study examining the impact of various types of sleep deprivation on mood and performance. The results of their study revealed that:

both partial and total sleep deprivation had strong negative effects on mood and performance.

The biological cycle of approximately 24 hours in length that regulates our pattern of sleep is called a(n)

circadian rhythm

The suprachiasmatic nucleus, or SCN, is responsible for the regulation of:

circadian rhythms

Jet lag, seasonal affective disorder, and shift work all involve the disruption of:

circadian rhythms.

Which of the following is true with regard to children with chronic sleep disturbances?

decreased neural connectivity in the brain

When you go to check on your sleeping child, you observe that his eyes are moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids. It is likely that he is

dreaming

When does sleepwalking usually occur?

during non-REM sleep

You are flying to the _____ and your traveling has effectively shortened the day. The best thing to do to reset your circadian clock would be to expose yourself to outdoor light in the _____________.

east; morning

Fred is having a vivid dream about running in a marathon. His legs don't start pumping furiously in bed in order to run because:

even though our brains are very active, we are essentially paralyzed while in REM sleep.

The sleep disorder narcolepsy occurs when individuals

fall unexpectedly into a deep sleep in the middle of daily activities.

When our circadian clocks are NOT reset each day, they run on what is called a ______________ circadian rhythm, which is a cycle _____________ 24 hours.

free-running, a little longer than

Sleep deprivation has been shown to a. increase the inability to sustain attention. b. impair the storage and maintenance of memories. c. increase difficulty in making moral decisions. d. have any or all of these influences upon people.

have any or all of these influences on people

Your friend Helen works the night shift at the local grocery store every other day. She has trouble sleeping which is most likely due to

her circadian rhythms do not follow a 24-hour cycle.

Jerry is in the process of getting a divorce and is having trouble at his job. Previously he had not had any sleep disorders but is bothered by one now. Which disorder would he most likely have developed?

insomnia

When attempting to differentiate between insomnia and occasional trouble getting a good night's sleep, it is important to remember that:

insomnia is more frequent and persistent.

REM sleep disorder and narcolepsy are similar in that both:

involve a disruption of processes related to REM sleep.

Which of the following refers to REM?

it is characterized by active dreams

Anna is a marketing head who is required to travel a lot. She is even required to travel frequently across Asian and African countries for short periods of time. The disruptive effects of jet travel make her disoriented, groggy, irritable, and fatigued. If she visits her doctor, which of the following will most likely be prescribed for her?

melatonin

The hormone ___________ is secreted from the pineal gland, has a relaxing effect on the body, and plays an important role in the regulation of circadian rhythms.

melatonin

Which hormone plays a role in relaxation and drowsiness in human beings?

melatonin

Which of the following is NOT an example of Circadian rhythms?

menstrual cycle

Research conducted on the effectiveness of pulling all-nighters found that students deprived of a night's sleep performed:

more poorly on a critical-thinking task than did students allowed to sleep.

Research has shown that we dream the most when the brain is _____________, and it turns out that this type of increased brain activity is more common during ____________.

most active; REM sleep

During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reed suddenly lapsed into a stage of REM sleep. Mr. Reed apparently suffers from

narcolepsy

A terrifying kind of dream that occurs during REM sleep and whose content is exceptionally frightening or uncomfortable is called a(n)

nightmare

Sleep researchers call the frightening dreams that virtually everyone has at one time or another:

nightmares

Dreams occurring during ________ sleep are briefer, less fragmented, and less likely to involve visual images compared to ________ sleep.

non-REM; REM

Narcolepsy is a disorder involving

periodic attacks of uncontrollable sleepiness.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus influences the release of melatonin by its effect on the:

pineal gland

What does REM indicate?

rapid eye movement

For the past few years, Jane has been becoming depressed during the winters. It usually starts around October and continues until February or March, when her mood usually starts to improve. Jane is most likely suffering from:

seasonal affective disorder

Oral doses of melatonin are used to:

shift circadian rhythms

One reason that shift work has a detrimental effect on circadian rhythms is that:

shift workers often go home in the morning daylight, which makes it difficult to properly reset their circadian clocks.

Grandpa is napping in his recliner, snoring loudly, when suddenly he stops snoring. You look to see if he woke up, but he is still asleep and appears to not be breathing. For a moment you wonder if he's dead, but suddenly he snorts and resumes snoring. Grandpa is displaying

sleep apnea

Mr. Owens always sleeps restlessly, snoring and gasping during the night. It is most likely that Mr. Owens suffers from

sleep apnea

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing while asleep?

sleep apnea

With EEG technology, scientists were able to learn that:

sleep changes throughout the night

Research comparing young adults to elderly adults has found that as people get older they tend to:

sleep less at night.

Lucy wants to go to sleep at 10:00 p.m. because she gets up for work at 5:30 a.m. She has been trying for a month to fall asleep by 10:00 p.m. but can't seem to fall asleep until after 11:00 p.m. Lucy most likely has

sleep-onset insomnia

The dropping of the sensory curtain indicates the beginning of ________ of sleep.

stage 1

If you are examining an EEG recording for someone who is sleeping, and sleep spindles start to occur, in what stage of sleep is the person?

stage 2

Sleepwalking typically occurs during ____________ and people who sleepwalk usually have ________________.

stage 3 and stage 4 sleep; blank stares and are unresponsive to people

Sleepwalking usually takes place while people are in ___________________, whereas REM sleep behavior disorder involves an abnormality that impacts functioning during ______________.

stage 3 or stage 4 sleep; REM sleep

When slow and large delta waves dominate the EEG pattern, a person is said to be in _________ sleep.

stage four

The body's biological clock is located in the ________.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

If our circadian clocks are not reset each morning by exposure to light, they:

tend to run a cycle that is a little longer than 24 hours.

All of the following statements regarding REM sleep are true EXCEPT: a. heart rate increases and becomes irregular during REM sleep. b. breathing rate increases during REM sleep. c. vivid dreams occur during REM sleep. d. the activity of skeletal muscles increases during REM sleep.

the activity of skeletal muscles increases during REM sleep.

REM sleep is sometimes referred to as "paradoxical" sleep because:

the body and brain are aroused but there is little physical movement.

In general terms, how do brain waves change as a sleeper progresses from stage 1 sleep to stage 4 sleep?

the brain waves become slower

What are some signs of sleep apnea?

Chronic snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, waking up frequently in the night, high blood pressure

Dave is an employed youth who works on a graveyard shift. Of late, though, he has been complaining of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. Change in which of the following is most likely to have caused Dave's problems?

Circadian rhythm

In humans, a surge of melatonin release occurs during the:

Evening

Sleep is a(n):

active process

What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea?

the repeated collapse of the upper air way during sleep, causing cessation of breathing. Happens occasionally 20-30 times per night.

The hormone melatonin has the strongest association with which of the following?

the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Which of the following is true of people who participate in sleep deprivation experiments?

they show a decline in logical reasoning ability