SLHS227 exam 2

How are complementizer phrases represented?

CP

time deixis

Deictic markers that encode temporal points and spans, usually using verb tense and adverbs of time: now, then, yesterday, today, tomorrow; depends on when utterance was said or what time period is being discussed (today, yesterday, tomorrow)

pronouns

I/you/he/she/them/we/you

What does recursion show about language?

Language is infinite & there is no upper limit on sentence length

Two methods for forming sentences are the Merge Operation and __.

Move Operation

Two methods for forming sentences are the Merge Operation and _______.

Move operation

Phrasal Structure Rules

S = NP & VP NP = N NP = DET & N NP = DET & ADJ & N &PP VP = V VP = V & NP VP = V & PP VP = ADV & V & NP VP = V & NP & PP VP = V & CP PP = P & NP CP = C & S

The sentence "I will sell a mixing bowl set designed to please a cook with round bottom for efficient beating" is an example of which of the following?

Structural ambiguity

phrasal categories

The class of syntactic categories that comprise the root of an X-bar structure including NP, VP, AP, PP, and AdvP. NP- can be a single word (a huge, lovable bear, students, The people that we met last night) VP- can be a single word (will sleep soundly, snored, love music) AP- adjective phrase, (smart, as tall as his father, certain to get an "A" in the course) PP- always starts with preposition, can be apart of a wide range of phrases AdvP- usually modify adjectives or verbs (soundly, well, as fluently as a native, almost certainly) 1 phrasal category can be contained within another ex: my new dress from Uganda is decorated with flowers. - [my new dress from Uganda]- NP - [from Uganda]- PP -[is decorated with flowers]- VP -[with flowers]- PP

compositional semantics

The meaning of a phrase is determined by combining the meanings of its subphrases, using rules which are driven by the syntactic structure.

Paraphrase the sentence below to show that you understand the ambiguity involved: "We will dry clean your clothes in 24 hours."

They'll either start or finish your dry cleaning in 24 hours.

The Move Operation allows us to represent which structures of a sentence?

Yes/No Questions

Which of the following words has sense but not reference? -my 227 textbook -the Ohio river -a flower -purdue campus

a flower

hyponym

a more specific word within a category or under a hypernym ex: red, white & black are all hyponyms of the word color

tautologies

a sentence that is true in all situations ex: kings are not female

uninterpretable sentences

a sentence with words that have no meaning ("Twas brillig, and the slithy toves did gire and gimble in the wabes.")

anomalies

a syntactically correct sentence that is semantically incorrect ("Colorless green ideas sleep furiously"

Hypernym

a word that is more general than another (e.g. animal is a hypernym for horse, plant is a hypernym for flower)

Alexis ice skates VERY WELL. What phrasal category does the underlined portion belong to?

adverb phrase

imply (ied)/ implicature

an inference based not only on an utterance, but also on assumptions about what the speaker is trying to achieve. ex: Are you using the ketchup? to mean, "please pass the ketchup" while out dining

conjunctions

and, but, if, or, however, nor, yet

One of the expressions used by the stand-up comic whose video we watched in class today was "a tip of the assberg." The word "assberg" is the result of which of the following word-formation processes?

blending

The underlined part in the following sentence is an example of which phrasal category? Scout thought THAT SHE WOULD NEVER SEE BOO RADLEY.

complementizer phrase

connotation

emotion or feeling that's evoked when a word is used. Two words may denote the same thing, president and commander-in-chief, but they may evoke different connotations. Commander-in-chief just "feels" more powerful of an expression.

All words have both sense and reference. t or f

false

T or F, All words have reference and sense?

false

The underlined portion of the following sentence is a constituent, T or F: "I never turn in MY HOMEWORK BEFORE checking it twice."

false

What words has sense but no reference? Purdue campus my 227 textbook the Ohio River flower

flower

Grammaticality

having correct grammar, does not guarantee meaningfulness (every word in "colorless green ideas sleep furiously" obeys English rules, but it doesn't mean anything)

meaningfulness

having semantic meaning/ meaning in language

"How is bread made?" "I know that!" Alice cried eagerly. "You take some flour---" "Where do you pick the flower?" the White Queen asked. "In a garden, or in the hedges?" "Well, it isn't picked at all," Alice explained; "it's ground---" "How many acres of ground?" said the White Queen. What is the relationship between words "flour" and "flower" and between "ground" and "ground"?

homonymy

presupposition

is not related to the meaning of a specific word, but refers to an implicit assumption that is required to make a sentence meaningful or relevant. Sarah quit smoking. Implies that Sarah used to smoke.

Auxiliary verbs (helping verbs)

modal: will, could, may, should, Can, be able to, might, Shall, should, Must have to, would, cannot, can't, couldn't, will, won't, wouldn't, shall, shall not, shan't, mustn't, need, need not, needn't, used to, didn't use to, ought to, dare, dare not nonmodal: Do, does, did, doing, is, am, are, was, were, being, been, doesn't, didn't, don't, haven't, hadn't, got, done, be, have, do,

example of reflexive pronoun

myself herself himself

JESSICA'S SISTER really enjoys linguistics. What phrasal category does the underlined portion belong to?

noun phrase

The cat was stuck IN A TREE. What phrasal category does the underlined portion belong to?

prepositional phrase

deictic words include

prepositions, pronouns, demonstratives

homographs

same spelling, different pronuniciation, different meanings ex: bow= you wear on your head bow= to bend down

contradiction

situation where the truth of one sentence guarantees the falseness of another sentence ("Mia is single." contradicts "Mia is married.")

entailment

situation where the truth of one sentence guarantees the truth of another ("Tom's daughter is two years old." entails "Tom is a dad.")

what do complementizer phrases consist of?

sometimes a vp contains an embedded sentence. Preceded by a complementizer (that, whether, if) C is a functional category like tense & determiner. Also used when demonstrating a question structure.

Constituency Tests

stand alone: can stand alone as the answer to a question substitution: can be replaced by an element movement: (move-as-a-unit): can be moved to another position within the sentence coordination: can be joined to another group with a conjunction don't have to pass all tests to be constituent, just has to pass 1

"naked" homonyms

target: bare homonym: bear

"small edible fruit from a bush" homonyms

target: berry homonym: bury

"wild pig" homonyms

target: boar homonym: bore

"Orange root vegetable" homonyms

target: carrot Homonym: karat

"to reference something, especially in writing" homonyms

target: cite homonym: site

"commuter boat" homonyms

target: ferry homonym: fairy

"A horse's coiffure" homonyms

target: mane homonym: main

"to be wedded" homonyms

target: marry homonym: merry

"two of a kind" homonyms

target: pair homonym: pear

"vehicle for air travel" homonyms

target: plane homonym: plain

"An animal that is hunted & killed by another for food" homonyms

target: prey homonym: pray

"the portion of income that is given to the government" homonyms

target: tax homonym: tacks

"another way to ask "what place"?" homonyms

target: where homonym: wear

polysemy

the ability of a word to posses several meanings or lexicosemantic variants ex: bright means shining & intelligent

truth conditions

the circumstances under which a sentence is true or false

denotation

the meaning of a word, what the word represents or refers to Two words may denote the same thing, president and commander-in-chief, but they may evoke different connotations. Commander-in-chief just "feels" more powerful of an expression.

Recursion

the repeated application of a recursive procedure or definition, repeated application of the same rule, allowing you to embed 1 component into another of the same type ("I like that she knows that he that they prefer that....)

structural ambiguity

the same sequence of words has 2 or more meanings accounted for by different phrase structure analyses. ex: He saw a boy with a telescope. 1. the boy saw someone by looking through a telescope 2. the boy saw someone who had a telescope

Determiner (det) examples

the, a, these, that, every, this, those, my, your, his, her, its, our, their (a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough ?)

paraphrase

to restate a sentence's meaning using different words (like synonyms, some linguists say paraphrased sentences can't have identical meanings since they could have different emphasis, etc)

degree word (Deg)

too, so, very, more, quite

"Lift" vs. "Elevator" and "Lorry" vs. "Truck" are examples of dialectical differences

true

"Lift" vs. "Elevator" and "Lorry" vs. "Truck" are examples of dialectical differences. T or F

true

The sentence "I knew that you knew that I knew" contains recursion. T or F

true

Traditionally, parts of speech/lexical categories were defined based on their meaning. For example, nouns were described as words referring to objects, persons, and/or places. If we use this approach, the word "a cough" cannot be classified as a noun. T or F

true

one phrasal category can be contained within another phrasal category. T or F?

true

person deixis

using words such as him or them as a way of "pointing" to a person with language, depends on who is present or currently being discussed (I, you, she, that man, those girls)

In the sentence "Can he can me for kicking the can?" the second instance of "can" belongs to which lexical category?

verb

The boy SMILED AT HIS REFLECTION. What phrasal category does the underlined portion belong to?

verb phrase

What is not apart of dietetic words?

verbs

deictic words do not include

verbs

lexical ambiguity

when a word can have more than one meaning ex: bank 1. a river bank 2. a money bank

Homonyms

word spelled the same with multiple meaning words

homophones

words that sound alike but spelled differently

deixis

words/expressions whose meaning relies entirely on the situational context (without common frame of reference between speakers, phrase would be too vague to be understood), includes person, time, and place deixis

Can a sentence be meaningful without being grammatical?

yes

three different types of antonyms

- complementary - gradable - relational

the different types of semantic relations involving sentences

- tautologies - paraphrase - contradiction - entailment

deictic includes what type of words

-pronouns -demonstratives -adverbs -prepositions -complex expressions

entail(ed)

1 sentence entails another if the truth of the 1st necessarily implies the truth of the second ex: the sun melted the ice, entails, the ice melted. because if the 1st is true, 2nd must be true

For the examples below, choose the constituency test which is being demonstrated: 1 (a) Billy blew out the candle. _______ (b)*Out the candle Billy blew. 2 (a) The teacher saw the student. _________ (b) Who did the teacher see? "The student"

1. Move-as-a-unit test 2. stand alone test

Find one homograph in each of the following sentences: 1. Mary was wearing a red bow. 2. John liked to lead reading groups. 3. The dove flew over the house. 4. Ben was a big sports fan.

1. bow 2. lead 3. dove 4. fan

Classify the following pairs of words as complementary antonyms, gradable antonyms, or relational antonyms. 1. innocent/ guilty 2. light/dark 3. teacher/student 4. near/far 5. dead/alive 6. employer/ employee 7. wide/narrow 8. wife/husband

1. complementary 2. gradable 3. relational 4. gradable 5. complementary 6. relational 7. gradable 8. relational

Choose the lexical category of each of the bolded words below. The categories that you may use are as follows: Noun, Determiner, Verb, Adverb. Adjective, Preposition, Auxiliary Very, and Conjunction. 1. I would go for a walk, BUT i think it might rain. 2. Hannah MUST tell everyone the truth. 3. You MAY start the test now. 4. Immigrants often FACE difficulties they has never thought of. 5. Your hat fell on THE floor! 6. Lilly put the textbooks IN her backpack. 7. Could you help me clean up THESE tables? 8. Food prices have increased DRAMATICALLY. 9. I was born in MAY. 10. The audience was outrages by his OBNOXIOUS speech.

1. conjunction 2. Auxiliary verb 3. auxiliary verb 4. verb 5. determiner 6. preposition 7. determiner 8. adverb 9. Noun 10. Adjective

Match the words in the following sentence to their grammatical category: My dog is exceptionally smart. 1. my 2.dog 3.is 4. exceptionally 5. smart

1. determiner 2. noun 3. verb 4. adverb 5. adjective

Identify the thematic roles of the underlined items: 1. One of the men unlocked all the doors with A PAPER CLIP. 2. THE CHILDREN ran from the playground to the wading pool. 3. The children ran from the playground to THE WADING POOL. 4. THE ICE CREAM melted. 5. ONE OF THE MEN unlocked all the doors with a paper clip. 6. ELLEN looked for a bird. 7. One of the men unlocked ALL THE DOORS with a paper clip. 8. Ellen listened to the music while sitting BY THE SPEAKER. 9. ELLEN listened to the music while sitting by the speaker. 10. Ellen looked for A BIRD. 11. Ellen heard the music coming out of THE SPEAKER. 12. ELLEN saw a bird. 13. Ellen saw A BIRD. 14. ELLEN heard the music coming out of the speaker. 15. The children ran from THE PLAYGROUND to the wading pool.

1. instrument 2. agent 3. goal 4. theme 5. agent 6. agent 7. theme 8. location 9. agent 10. theme 11. source 12. experiencer 13. theme 14. experiencer 15. source

Indicate if each sentence is grammatical or not, by selecting yes or no. 1. The customer requested for a cold beer. 2. He gave the Red Cross some money. 3. The pilot landed the jet. 4. The instructor told the students to study. 5. Jerome is satisfied of his job.

1. no 2. yes 3. yes 4. yes 5. no

Determine the syntactic category of the underlined words in the following sentences: 1. She sprinted across the scary FLARFLE. 2. The man blabbed and LUNKED the micker. 3. The BLOTHY toad hopped in the grass.

1. noun 2. verb 3. adjective

3 types of deixis

1. person 2. time 3. place

Match the type of constituency test to the correct example when given the following sentence and bracketed constituent phrase. My mother [baked a delicious cake]. 1. What did my mother do? Baked a delicious cake. 2. My mother baked a delicious cake AND WRAPPED THE PRESENTS. 3. BAKED A DELICIOUS CAKE, is what my mother did. 4. My mother DID SO.

1. stand alone 2. coordination 3. movement 4. substitution

What pro-word(s) can we use for the underlined phrases to show that each of them is a constituent? 1: FIVE STUDENTS were added to Mrs. White's class recently. 2. Five students were added to MRS. WHITE'S class recently. 3. MY COUSIN has moved to Indiana because the hurricane destroyed her parents' house in Florida. 4. My cousin has moved TO INDIANA because the hurricane destroyed her parent's house in Florida. 5. My cousin has moved to Indiana because THE HURRICANE destroyed her parents' house in Florida. 6. My cousin has moved to Indiana because the hurricane destroyed HER PARENTS' house in Florida.

1. they 2. her 3. she 4. there 5. it 6. their

For each pair of sentences X and Y below, indicate whether or not X entails Y. 1. X: At least 30 people will come to the party. Y: At least 20 people will come to the party. 2. X: I speak French. Y: I am from France. 3. X: Mary was seen by John near the square. Y: Mary saw John. 4. X: Jane ate dinner. Y: Jane ate a whole pizza for dinner. 5. X: My last name is Jones. Y: My father's last name was Jones. 6. X: Fifi is a poodle. Y: Fifi is a dog.

1. yes 2. no 3. no 4. no 5. no 6. yes

How many deictic expressions are there in each of the following sentences? A: They searched for it here and there. B: He remembered it yesterday. C: We never go to that neighborhood.

A: 4 B: 3 C: 2

Apply the movement test to determine if the underlined sequences represent constituents. Use True/False for each part. A: There are many squirrels IN THE LOCAL PARK. B: Saying YOUR OPINION OFTEN takes courage.

A: true B: False

Identify embedded clauses (CP) in the following sentences by writing (only) the embedded clause in the answer box. A: He couldn't decide whether he should go for a walk. B: My teacher told me that I should focus on my presentation skills. C: Holly was told that she should wear a long dress to the prom. D: The firefighter said we were lucky to escape.

A: whether he should go for a walk. B: that I should focus on my presentation skills. C: that she should wear a long dress to the prom. D: we were lucky to escape.

Themantic roles

AGENT- doer of rolling action THEME- D.O., undergoer of the action GOAL- I.O., endpoint of a change in location or possession, ends up in a position SOURCE- where action originates from INSTRUMENT- means used to accomplish the action EXPERIENCER- 1 receiving sensory input