Smartbook Ch 11
When a workforce is dissatisfied, it is more likely to exhibit which of the following characteristics?
- High absenteeism - Bad customer service - Poor mental health
Which three of the following are needs that managers in the United States care most strongly about?
Achievement Self-actualization Esteem
______ is a human needs theory postulating that people have three basic sets of needs that can operate simultaneously.
Alderfer's ERG theory
What are the key consequences that encourage or discourage one's behavior?
Extinction Punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement
Independence and discretion in making decisions at work is called valence.
False
Which motivation theory states that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward a particular end?
Goal-setting theory
To motivate high performance among employees, what should be rewarded?
Loyalty instead of turnover Risk taking instead of risk avoiding Smart work instead of busy work
According to _____, needs can be organized in a hierarchy, and people satisfy their needs in order from the bottom to the top of that hierarchy.
Maslow
Which theory organizes human needs into five major types in ascending order?
Maslow's need hierarchy
What is job rotation?
Moving workers from one task to another to alleviate boredom.
Which of the following are examples of extrinsic rewards?
Pay Large office Benefits
Mo Chou completed her latest work assignment early. If Mo Chou's boss would like her to repeat this behavior, what is the appropriate action according to the law of effect?
Praise for her efforts
What employee behaviors should NOT be rewarded, since they do not lead to high performance?
Quick fixes Mindless conformity Avoiding risk
Which three of the needs identified by McClelland are critical in motivating people?
achievement, affiliation, power
Which of the following is NOT one of the needs McClelland said motivates people?
affection
If a person believes that his or her outcome-to-input ratio is lower than that of someone else, the person typically will ______.
attempt to restore a balance
The job dimension that involves independence and discretion in making decisions is called ______.
autonomy
How a person's needs are or are not met at work will affect the person's ______.
behavior on the job
Setting a goal to learn, rather than a goal to achieve a specific performance level, is appropriate when
employees lack ability or knowledge
Sharing power with employees, and thus making them feel more confident and influential on the job, is called ______.
empowerment
People's perceived likelihood that an effort will enable them to attain their performance goals is called ______.
expectancy
What concept refers to the perceived likelihood that effort will enable the attainment of performance goals?
expectancy
What theory describes how a person's work efforts lead to a level of work performance?
expectancy
Which theory suggests that effort leads to performance, which results in an outcome?
expectancy
Increasing expectancies, identifying positively valent outcomes, and making performance instrumental toward positive outcomes are all managerial implications of
expectancy theory
For motivation to be high, which of the following must also be high?
expectancy, valence, and instrumentality
______ rewards are given to people by the organization.
extrinsic
Equity theory describes people's assessments of how
fairly they are treated
The five core job dimensions stated in the Hackman and Oldham model are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and
feedback
The job dimension of _______ is simply information about job performance.
feedback
The job dimension that involves employees receiving information about job performance is called ______.
feedback
In which theory do managers set goals for employees?
goal setting
A consequence that people receive for their actions is called a(n)
outcome
Performance results in some kind of consequence, which is referred to as a(n) ______.
outcome
Equity theory states that people assess which key factors?
outcomes/inputs
Growth need strength is the degree to which individuals want
personal and psychological development
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the most basic need that people strive to satisfy is ______.
physiological
The law of effect states that behavior will be repeated if it is followed by which kind of consequences?
positive
Juanita gives her employees the outcomes they desire when they perform organizationally functional behaviors. Juanita is using what?
positive reinforcement
People are more likely to support decisions and decision makers when they perceive _
procedural fairness
Using a fair process in decision making and making sure others know that the process was as fair as possible is called
procedural justice
Growth need strength is the degree to which individuals want ______ development.
psychological personal
A set of perceptions regarding what employees owe their employers and what the employers owe them is called a(n)
psychological contract
What set of perceptions do employees use to decide what they owe their employers and what their employers owe them?
psychological contract
The four key consequences that encourage or discourage one's behavior are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, and
punishment
When employees violate the law, ethical standards, important safety rules, or standards of interpersonal treatment, ______ is sometimes appropriate.
punishment
What type of program aims at satisfying the full range of employee needs?
quality of work life
______ programs create a workplace that enhances employee well-being and satisfaction.
quality of work life
Positive reinforcement involves applying a consequence that increases the likelihood the person will ______.
repeat the behavior that led to it
A personal statement of purpose should include which of the following?
A mid-distant goal Near-term objectives An inspiring distant vision
With job ______, workers who spend all their time in one routine task can instead move from one task to another.
rotation
Managers in Japan and Greece tend to be motivated most by ______ needs.
security
The five types of needs in Maslow's hierarchy are physiological, safety or security, social, ego or esteem, and ______.
self-actualization
To set goals for yourself, create
statement of purpose
The job dimension that involves completion of a whole, identifiable piece of work is called ______.
task identity
When workers can see that they have completed a whole, identifiable piece of work, they feel empowered because they are experiencing ______.
task identity
What refers to forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's effort?
motivation
Which of the following are characteristics of motivational goals?
Challenging Acceptable Specific Meaningful
Goals should be which of the following?
Challenging and attainable
Which of the following are ways to offer feedback to employees on their performance?
Conducting performance reviews regularly Asking customers for feedback that can be passed along to employees Giving regular, ongoing feedback
Which motivation theory identifies the kinds of needs that people want to satisfy?
Content theory
Stretch goals are targets that have which characteristics?
Demanding and novel
What theory suggests there are three universal needs (existence, relatedness, and growth) that constitute a hierarchy of needs and motivate behavior?
ERG
Which of the following are characteristic of a dissatisfied workforce?
High turnover Strikes More injuries
Which of the following are options for restoring equity when people feel they are inequitably treated?
Increasing their outcomes Decreasing others' outcomes Reducing their inputs
Which of the following is an option for people who wish to restore equity when feeling inequitably treated?
Reducing their inputs
Which one of the following is NOT a need in Maslow's hierarchy?
Self-Reliance
The five needs of Maslow's hierarchy include which of the following?
Social Self-actualization Physiological
What core job dimensions are stated in the Hackman and Oldham model?
Task identity Feedback Task significance Autonomy Skill variety
What happens when employees feel empowered?
They believe that they are influential contributors to the organization. They feel more confident that they have the ability to perform their jobs. Groups of employees can experience a culture of empowerment that enhances work performance.
Which conditions will make employees less motivated?
They believe that they can't perform well enough to achieve the positive outcomes. They believe that they can perform but that the outcome will not be forthcoming. They believe that they can perform but do not value the outcome.
Which of the following is an example of offering feedback to employees?
Weekly meetings to discuss each employee's goals and progress.
Which of the following is a situation in which punishing employees would be inappropriate?
When their poor performance isn't their fault
The expectancy theory states that increasing expectancies, making performance instrumental toward positive outcomes, and ______ are crucial to motivate employees.
identifying positively valent outcomes
Which kind of performance goal can be dysfunctional and create competition among team members?
individual
Forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's effort are referred to as
motivation
If an individual believes his or her outcome-to-input ratio is equivalent to someone else's ratio, the individual typically will ______.
to feel satisfied
Herzberg's ______ theory describes categories that affect people at work.
two-factor
The two types of stretch goals are
vertical and horizontal