Smartbook Ch 11

When a workforce is dissatisfied, it is more likely to exhibit which of the following characteristics?

- High absenteeism - Bad customer service - Poor mental health

Which three of the following are needs that managers in the United States care most strongly about?

Achievement Self-actualization Esteem

______ is a human needs theory postulating that people have three basic sets of needs that can operate simultaneously.

Alderfer's ERG theory

What are the key consequences that encourage or discourage one's behavior?

Extinction Punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement

Independence and discretion in making decisions at work is called valence.

False

Which motivation theory states that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward a particular end?

Goal-setting theory

To motivate high performance among employees, what should be rewarded?

Loyalty instead of turnover Risk taking instead of risk avoiding Smart work instead of busy work

According to _____, needs can be organized in a hierarchy, and people satisfy their needs in order from the bottom to the top of that hierarchy.

Maslow

Which theory organizes human needs into five major types in ascending order?

Maslow's need hierarchy

What is job rotation?

Moving workers from one task to another to alleviate boredom.

Which of the following are examples of extrinsic rewards?

Pay Large office Benefits

Mo Chou completed her latest work assignment early. If Mo Chou's boss would like her to repeat this behavior, what is the appropriate action according to the law of effect?

Praise for her efforts

What employee behaviors should NOT be rewarded, since they do not lead to high performance?

Quick fixes Mindless conformity Avoiding risk

Which three of the needs identified by McClelland are critical in motivating people?

achievement, affiliation, power

Which of the following is NOT one of the needs McClelland said motivates people?

affection

If a person believes that his or her outcome-to-input ratio is lower than that of someone else, the person typically will ______.

attempt to restore a balance

The job dimension that involves independence and discretion in making decisions is called ______.

autonomy

How a person's needs are or are not met at work will affect the person's ______.

behavior on the job

Setting a goal to learn, rather than a goal to achieve a specific performance level, is appropriate when

employees lack ability or knowledge

Sharing power with employees, and thus making them feel more confident and influential on the job, is called ______.

empowerment

People's perceived likelihood that an effort will enable them to attain their performance goals is called ______.

expectancy

What concept refers to the perceived likelihood that effort will enable the attainment of performance goals?

expectancy

What theory describes how a person's work efforts lead to a level of work performance?

expectancy

Which theory suggests that effort leads to performance, which results in an outcome?

expectancy

Increasing expectancies, identifying positively valent outcomes, and making performance instrumental toward positive outcomes are all managerial implications of

expectancy theory

For motivation to be high, which of the following must also be high?

expectancy, valence, and instrumentality

______ rewards are given to people by the organization.

extrinsic

Equity theory describes people's assessments of how

fairly they are treated

The five core job dimensions stated in the Hackman and Oldham model are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and

feedback

The job dimension of _______ is simply information about job performance.

feedback

The job dimension that involves employees receiving information about job performance is called ______.

feedback

In which theory do managers set goals for employees?

goal setting

A consequence that people receive for their actions is called a(n)

outcome

Performance results in some kind of consequence, which is referred to as a(n) ______.

outcome

Equity theory states that people assess which key factors?

outcomes/inputs

Growth need strength is the degree to which individuals want

personal and psychological development

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the most basic need that people strive to satisfy is ______.

physiological

The law of effect states that behavior will be repeated if it is followed by which kind of consequences?

positive

Juanita gives her employees the outcomes they desire when they perform organizationally functional behaviors. Juanita is using what?

positive reinforcement

People are more likely to support decisions and decision makers when they perceive _

procedural fairness

Using a fair process in decision making and making sure others know that the process was as fair as possible is called

procedural justice

Growth need strength is the degree to which individuals want ______ development.

psychological personal

A set of perceptions regarding what employees owe their employers and what the employers owe them is called a(n)

psychological contract

What set of perceptions do employees use to decide what they owe their employers and what their employers owe them?

psychological contract

The four key consequences that encourage or discourage one's behavior are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, and

punishment

When employees violate the law, ethical standards, important safety rules, or standards of interpersonal treatment, ______ is sometimes appropriate.

punishment

What type of program aims at satisfying the full range of employee needs?

quality of work life

______ programs create a workplace that enhances employee well-being and satisfaction.

quality of work life

Positive reinforcement involves applying a consequence that increases the likelihood the person will ______.

repeat the behavior that led to it

A personal statement of purpose should include which of the following?

A mid-distant goal Near-term objectives An inspiring distant vision

With job ______, workers who spend all their time in one routine task can instead move from one task to another.

rotation

Managers in Japan and Greece tend to be motivated most by ______ needs.

security

The five types of needs in Maslow's hierarchy are physiological, safety or security, social, ego or esteem, and ______.

self-actualization

To set goals for yourself, create

statement of purpose

The job dimension that involves completion of a whole, identifiable piece of work is called ______.

task identity

When workers can see that they have completed a whole, identifiable piece of work, they feel empowered because they are experiencing ______.

task identity

What refers to forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's effort?

motivation

Which of the following are characteristics of motivational goals?

Challenging Acceptable Specific Meaningful

Goals should be which of the following?

Challenging and attainable

Which of the following are ways to offer feedback to employees on their performance?

Conducting performance reviews regularly Asking customers for feedback that can be passed along to employees Giving regular, ongoing feedback

Which motivation theory identifies the kinds of needs that people want to satisfy?

Content theory

Stretch goals are targets that have which characteristics?

Demanding and novel

What theory suggests there are three universal needs (existence, relatedness, and growth) that constitute a hierarchy of needs and motivate behavior?

ERG

Which of the following are characteristic of a dissatisfied workforce?

High turnover Strikes More injuries

Which of the following are options for restoring equity when people feel they are inequitably treated?

Increasing their outcomes Decreasing others' outcomes Reducing their inputs

Which of the following is an option for people who wish to restore equity when feeling inequitably treated?

Reducing their inputs

Which one of the following is NOT a need in Maslow's hierarchy?

Self-Reliance

The five needs of Maslow's hierarchy include which of the following?

Social Self-actualization Physiological

What core job dimensions are stated in the Hackman and Oldham model?

Task identity Feedback Task significance Autonomy Skill variety

What happens when employees feel empowered?

They believe that they are influential contributors to the organization. They feel more confident that they have the ability to perform their jobs. Groups of employees can experience a culture of empowerment that enhances work performance.

Which conditions will make employees less motivated?

They believe that they can't perform well enough to achieve the positive outcomes. They believe that they can perform but that the outcome will not be forthcoming. They believe that they can perform but do not value the outcome.

Which of the following is an example of offering feedback to employees?

Weekly meetings to discuss each employee's goals and progress.

Which of the following is a situation in which punishing employees would be inappropriate?

When their poor performance isn't their fault

The expectancy theory states that increasing expectancies, making performance instrumental toward positive outcomes, and ______ are crucial to motivate employees.

identifying positively valent outcomes

Which kind of performance goal can be dysfunctional and create competition among team members?

individual

Forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's effort are referred to as

motivation

If an individual believes his or her outcome-to-input ratio is equivalent to someone else's ratio, the individual typically will ______.

to feel satisfied

Herzberg's ______ theory describes categories that affect people at work.

two-factor

The two types of stretch goals are

vertical and horizontal