Smartbook Chapter 1

Which of the following research designs is used to detect if a relationship exists between two or more variables, although it cannot determine causation?

Correlational research

What is a research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages known as?

Cross-sectional

What does a higher correlation coefficient (whether positive or negative) mean?

The association between the two variables is stronger.

In Bronfenbrenner's theory, what is the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances?

The chronosystem

In Bronfenbrenner's theory what are links between a social setting in which the person does not have an active role and the person's immediate environment?

The exosystem

Jason's mother was promoted at work and this requires her to travel more extensively. Her new work responsibilities have affected the amount of time she can spend with Jason. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, what is this an example of?

The exosystem

When does Erikson's first stage of psychosocial theory occur?

The first year of life

What is the culture in which adolescents live known as according to Bronfenbrenner's theory?

The macrosystem

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development?

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Piaget's developmental theory Information-processing theory

What happens if two events are strongly correlated?

We can make more effective predictions.

Which of the following are physical biological processes related to development?

Weight gain, Advances in motor skills, Brain Development

The dependent variable is measured and can change while the independent variable is ______.

manipulated

According to Bronfenbrenner, the environmental system that includes the setting in which the person lives is the ______.

microsystem

Home, school, neighborhood, what are these examples of?

microsystem

Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?

microsystem mesosystem exosystem macrosystem chronosystem

Examples of chronosystem include _______.

moving to a new state parents getting divorced

In a good survey, the questions are _______.

unbiased clear

What is Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development?

Formal operational

According to Erikson at what stage do children encounter a wider social world and face new challenges that require active, purposeful behavior?

Initiative vs. guilt

What have behavioral and social cognitive theories been criticized for?

Insufficient attention to developmental changes

What is Erikson's final developmental stage called?

Integrity vs. despair

According to Erikson, what should the focus of children be during their elementary school years?

Intellectual skills

What is Erikson's sixth developmental stage, in which individuals form intimate relationships?

Intimacy vs. isolation

What type of research involves studying the same people over a period of time, usually several years or more?

Longitudinal

Place the steps of the scientific method in order, with the first step at the top.

1. Conceptualize a problem or process that needs to by solved. 2. Collect Data 3. Analyze Data 4. Draw conclusions

How many stages does Erikson's psychosocial theory of development have?

8

What type of process do the hormonal changes of puberty represent?

A biological process

Dr. Phillips, a clinical psychologist, has a client who exhibits some very unusual behaviors. She writes a report on the patient so that her colleagues can benefit from her observations. What type of research is Dr. Phillips conducting?

A case study

What is the type of research that is an in-depth look at a single individual?

A case study

In Erikson's theory, what are individuals confronted with at each stage of development?

A crisis

What is functional magnetic resonance imaging?

A physiological measure

what is gender bias

A preconceived notion about the abilities of females and males

What is a method of data collection that has uniform procedures for administrations and scoring?

A standardized test

Which of the following characterize G. Stanley Hall's concept of adolescence?

A time of oscillating thoughts and feelings A turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings

When does Erikson's fifth development stage occur?

Adolescence

What do behaviors that reflect socioemotional processes include?

Aggression toward peers Talking back to parents Gender-role orientation

Which of the following are contributions of psychoanalytic theories?

An emphasis on the unconscious A focus on family relationships A developmentally oriented framework

Which of the following types of research design cannot provide causal reasons for the relationship between variables?

Correlational Descriptive

When does the first Piagetian stage occur?

Birth to 2 years of age

Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?

Bronfenbrenner

Which of the following are physiological measures used to collect data?

Checking blood levels of hormones Functional magnetic resonance imaging

What are processes that involve changes in an individual's thinking and intelligence?

Cognitive processes

Unlike psychoanalytic theories, what do cognitive theories of development emphasize?

Conscious thoughts

are the settings in which development occurs.

Contexts

What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize?

Continuity in development

Which of the following types of research designs aims to observe and record behavior?

Descriptive

What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume?

Development does not occur in a stage-like fashion.

What perspective does not rigidly endorse any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each?

Eclectic theoretical orientation

Which of these developmental theories is criticized for placing an inadequate emphasis on both the biological and the cognitive areas of development?

Ecological

What are some key factors in development according to social cognitive theory?

Environment Behavior Cognition

Which psychoanalytic theorist said humans develop in psychosocial stages, rather than in psychosexual stages?

Erik Erikson

Which kind of research is the only type in which a researcher can establish cause and effect?

Experimental research

What term does Erikson use for a concern for helping the younger generation to develop?

Generativity

Social contexts are influenced by which factors?

Historical, Cultural, Social, Economical

According to Erikson, when humans explore who they are and where they're going in life, what stage are they in?

Identity vs. Identity confusion

According to Erikson, when humans explore who they are and where they're going in life, what stage are they in?

Identity vs. identity confusion

In Piaget's second stage of development, what do children begin to represent the world with?

Images Drawings Words

What is Erikson's fourth developmental stage called?

Industry vs. Inferiority

What is Erikson's fourth developmental stage called?

Industry vs. inferiority

What theory of development emphasizes individuals manipulating, monitoring, and strategizing about information?

Information-processing theory

In Erikson's sixth developmental stage, what will occur if young adults don't form intimate relationships?

Isolation

Which of the following are criticisms of the ecological theory of development?

It does not place enough emphasis on cognitive factors. It does not place enough emphasis on biological factors.

Why can't concrete operational thinkers imagine the steps to complete an algebraic equation?

It is too abstract

Which of the following is considered to be a contribution of the cognitive perspective?

It places an emphasis on the construction of understanding.

Which of the following are true of the correlation coefficient?

It ranges from +1.00 to -1.00. Whether a correlation is simply positive or negative does not indicate strength. A correlation of 0 means there is no relationship between variables

Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

It states that adolescents organize their experiences. It consists of four stages.

According to Bronfenbrenner, parents who are involved in their children's education and attend parent-teacher conferences are engaged in which environmental system?

Mesosystem

What does social cognitive theory stress that people acquire a wide range of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings through?

Observing others' behavior

Match each of Freud's stages of psychosexual development with its description.

Oral Stage - Infant pleasure centers on mouth Anal Stage - Child pleasure centers on aus Phallic Stage - Child pleasure focuses on genitals Latency Stage - Sexual interest is repressed Genital Stage - Sexual interest is reawakened

What are the five stages of psychosexual development, according to Freud?

Oral, Anal, Genital, Phallic, Latency

Which of the following are criticisms of psychoanalytic theory?

Overemphasis on sexual underpinnings A lack of scientific support An image of people that is too negative

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development?

Piaget's developmental theory

At about 2 to 7 years of age children reach what stage of Piaget's cognitive development?

Preoperational

During Erikson's final stage of development, what do individuals do?

Reflect on the past

What, according to Freud, is the primary motivation for human behavior?

Sex

Who is the behaviorist best known for his theory of operant conditioning?

Skinner

What are processes that involve changes in an individual's personality and relationships with others?

Socioemotional

Which of the following are examples of cognitive processes?

Solving a math problem Memorizing a poem Imagining what being a movie star is like

In Erikson's seventh developmental stage, what term does he use for the feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation?

Stagnation

What was G. Stanley Hall's proposed view of adolescents called?

The "storm-and-stress" view

In Bronfenbrenner's theory, the relation of family experiences to school experiences forms part of which system?

The mesosystem

When does Erikson's third stage of development occur?

The preschool years

What are behavioral and social cognitive theories evaluated positively for?

Their emphasis on scientific research

Which of the following is a criticism of cognitive theories of development?

There is too little attention to individual variations.

What is one criticism of standardized tests?

They assume a person's behavior is consistent.

How do researchers manipulate the independent variable in an experiment?

They give different experiences to experimental and control groups.

What do individuals do during Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development?

Think abstractly Develop ideal images Develop hypotheses Think about the future

True or false: Through operant conditioning, a behavior followed by a reward is more likely to recur.

True

What is Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development called?

Trust vs. Mistrust

Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns of different-age children at the same time. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example of

a cross-sectional study.

What would relying on a single theory to explain adolescent development probably be?

a mistake

A carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant is called ______.

an experiment

According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, the macrosystem involves ______.

behavior patterns and beliefs

What is the third stage of Piaget's cognitive development called?

concrete operational

In a research study, what is a group whose experience is not manipulated called?

control group

What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

organization and adaptation

The consists of the following steps: conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect research data, analyze the data, and draw conclusions.

scientific method

In the sensorimotor stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by connecting physical actions with ______.

sensory information

One problem with surveys and interviews is the tendency of participants to answer in a way they think is ______.

socially acceptable

Like Vygotsky's theory, information-processing theory is not ______.

stage-like