Smartbook Chapter 1
Which of the following research designs is used to detect if a relationship exists between two or more variables, although it cannot determine causation?
Correlational research
What is a research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages known as?
Cross-sectional
What does a higher correlation coefficient (whether positive or negative) mean?
The association between the two variables is stronger.
In Bronfenbrenner's theory, what is the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances?
The chronosystem
In Bronfenbrenner's theory what are links between a social setting in which the person does not have an active role and the person's immediate environment?
The exosystem
Jason's mother was promoted at work and this requires her to travel more extensively. Her new work responsibilities have affected the amount of time she can spend with Jason. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, what is this an example of?
The exosystem
When does Erikson's first stage of psychosocial theory occur?
The first year of life
What is the culture in which adolescents live known as according to Bronfenbrenner's theory?
The macrosystem
Which of the following are cognitive theories of development?
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Piaget's developmental theory Information-processing theory
What happens if two events are strongly correlated?
We can make more effective predictions.
Which of the following are physical biological processes related to development?
Weight gain, Advances in motor skills, Brain Development
The dependent variable is measured and can change while the independent variable is ______.
manipulated
According to Bronfenbrenner, the environmental system that includes the setting in which the person lives is the ______.
microsystem
Home, school, neighborhood, what are these examples of?
microsystem
Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?
microsystem mesosystem exosystem macrosystem chronosystem
Examples of chronosystem include _______.
moving to a new state parents getting divorced
In a good survey, the questions are _______.
unbiased clear
What is Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development?
Formal operational
According to Erikson at what stage do children encounter a wider social world and face new challenges that require active, purposeful behavior?
Initiative vs. guilt
What have behavioral and social cognitive theories been criticized for?
Insufficient attention to developmental changes
What is Erikson's final developmental stage called?
Integrity vs. despair
According to Erikson, what should the focus of children be during their elementary school years?
Intellectual skills
What is Erikson's sixth developmental stage, in which individuals form intimate relationships?
Intimacy vs. isolation
What type of research involves studying the same people over a period of time, usually several years or more?
Longitudinal
Place the steps of the scientific method in order, with the first step at the top.
1. Conceptualize a problem or process that needs to by solved. 2. Collect Data 3. Analyze Data 4. Draw conclusions
How many stages does Erikson's psychosocial theory of development have?
8
What type of process do the hormonal changes of puberty represent?
A biological process
Dr. Phillips, a clinical psychologist, has a client who exhibits some very unusual behaviors. She writes a report on the patient so that her colleagues can benefit from her observations. What type of research is Dr. Phillips conducting?
A case study
What is the type of research that is an in-depth look at a single individual?
A case study
In Erikson's theory, what are individuals confronted with at each stage of development?
A crisis
What is functional magnetic resonance imaging?
A physiological measure
what is gender bias
A preconceived notion about the abilities of females and males
What is a method of data collection that has uniform procedures for administrations and scoring?
A standardized test
Which of the following characterize G. Stanley Hall's concept of adolescence?
A time of oscillating thoughts and feelings A turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings
When does Erikson's fifth development stage occur?
Adolescence
What do behaviors that reflect socioemotional processes include?
Aggression toward peers Talking back to parents Gender-role orientation
Which of the following are contributions of psychoanalytic theories?
An emphasis on the unconscious A focus on family relationships A developmentally oriented framework
Which of the following types of research design cannot provide causal reasons for the relationship between variables?
Correlational Descriptive
When does the first Piagetian stage occur?
Birth to 2 years of age
Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?
Bronfenbrenner
Which of the following are physiological measures used to collect data?
Checking blood levels of hormones Functional magnetic resonance imaging
What are processes that involve changes in an individual's thinking and intelligence?
Cognitive processes
Unlike psychoanalytic theories, what do cognitive theories of development emphasize?
Conscious thoughts
are the settings in which development occurs.
Contexts
What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize?
Continuity in development
Which of the following types of research designs aims to observe and record behavior?
Descriptive
What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume?
Development does not occur in a stage-like fashion.
What perspective does not rigidly endorse any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each?
Eclectic theoretical orientation
Which of these developmental theories is criticized for placing an inadequate emphasis on both the biological and the cognitive areas of development?
Ecological
What are some key factors in development according to social cognitive theory?
Environment Behavior Cognition
Which psychoanalytic theorist said humans develop in psychosocial stages, rather than in psychosexual stages?
Erik Erikson
Which kind of research is the only type in which a researcher can establish cause and effect?
Experimental research
What term does Erikson use for a concern for helping the younger generation to develop?
Generativity
Social contexts are influenced by which factors?
Historical, Cultural, Social, Economical
According to Erikson, when humans explore who they are and where they're going in life, what stage are they in?
Identity vs. Identity confusion
According to Erikson, when humans explore who they are and where they're going in life, what stage are they in?
Identity vs. identity confusion
In Piaget's second stage of development, what do children begin to represent the world with?
Images Drawings Words
What is Erikson's fourth developmental stage called?
Industry vs. Inferiority
What is Erikson's fourth developmental stage called?
Industry vs. inferiority
What theory of development emphasizes individuals manipulating, monitoring, and strategizing about information?
Information-processing theory
In Erikson's sixth developmental stage, what will occur if young adults don't form intimate relationships?
Isolation
Which of the following are criticisms of the ecological theory of development?
It does not place enough emphasis on cognitive factors. It does not place enough emphasis on biological factors.
Why can't concrete operational thinkers imagine the steps to complete an algebraic equation?
It is too abstract
Which of the following is considered to be a contribution of the cognitive perspective?
It places an emphasis on the construction of understanding.
Which of the following are true of the correlation coefficient?
It ranges from +1.00 to -1.00. Whether a correlation is simply positive or negative does not indicate strength. A correlation of 0 means there is no relationship between variables
Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
It states that adolescents organize their experiences. It consists of four stages.
According to Bronfenbrenner, parents who are involved in their children's education and attend parent-teacher conferences are engaged in which environmental system?
Mesosystem
What does social cognitive theory stress that people acquire a wide range of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings through?
Observing others' behavior
Match each of Freud's stages of psychosexual development with its description.
Oral Stage - Infant pleasure centers on mouth Anal Stage - Child pleasure centers on aus Phallic Stage - Child pleasure focuses on genitals Latency Stage - Sexual interest is repressed Genital Stage - Sexual interest is reawakened
What are the five stages of psychosexual development, according to Freud?
Oral, Anal, Genital, Phallic, Latency
Which of the following are criticisms of psychoanalytic theory?
Overemphasis on sexual underpinnings A lack of scientific support An image of people that is too negative
Which of the following are cognitive theories of development?
Piaget's developmental theory
At about 2 to 7 years of age children reach what stage of Piaget's cognitive development?
Preoperational
During Erikson's final stage of development, what do individuals do?
Reflect on the past
What, according to Freud, is the primary motivation for human behavior?
Sex
Who is the behaviorist best known for his theory of operant conditioning?
Skinner
What are processes that involve changes in an individual's personality and relationships with others?
Socioemotional
Which of the following are examples of cognitive processes?
Solving a math problem Memorizing a poem Imagining what being a movie star is like
In Erikson's seventh developmental stage, what term does he use for the feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation?
Stagnation
What was G. Stanley Hall's proposed view of adolescents called?
The "storm-and-stress" view
In Bronfenbrenner's theory, the relation of family experiences to school experiences forms part of which system?
The mesosystem
When does Erikson's third stage of development occur?
The preschool years
What are behavioral and social cognitive theories evaluated positively for?
Their emphasis on scientific research
Which of the following is a criticism of cognitive theories of development?
There is too little attention to individual variations.
What is one criticism of standardized tests?
They assume a person's behavior is consistent.
How do researchers manipulate the independent variable in an experiment?
They give different experiences to experimental and control groups.
What do individuals do during Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development?
Think abstractly Develop ideal images Develop hypotheses Think about the future
True or false: Through operant conditioning, a behavior followed by a reward is more likely to recur.
True
What is Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development called?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns of different-age children at the same time. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example of
a cross-sectional study.
What would relying on a single theory to explain adolescent development probably be?
a mistake
A carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant is called ______.
an experiment
According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, the macrosystem involves ______.
behavior patterns and beliefs
What is the third stage of Piaget's cognitive development called?
concrete operational
In a research study, what is a group whose experience is not manipulated called?
control group
What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
organization and adaptation
The consists of the following steps: conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect research data, analyze the data, and draw conclusions.
scientific method
In the sensorimotor stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by connecting physical actions with ______.
sensory information
One problem with surveys and interviews is the tendency of participants to answer in a way they think is ______.
socially acceptable
Like Vygotsky's theory, information-processing theory is not ______.
stage-like