Smartbook Chapter 24: Urinary Stystem
Which of the following substances have regulated reabsorption?
- Water - Ca2+ - Na+ - K+
Besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the urinary system performs many other functions, including which of the following?
- acid-base balance - erythropoietin production - urine storage
During urine formation, which substances escape into the filtrate?
- amino acids - glucose - ions - water
What are the chronic problems that account for the majority of progressive renal failure?
- autoimmune conditions - high blood pressure - diabetes
Place the following in order of the micturition reflex starting with the first event that occurs. Instructions - The detrusor muscle contracts and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes. - Visceral sensory neurons stimulate the micturition reflex center within the pons. - Baroreceptors in the urinary bladder are activated. - arasympathetic impulses travel to the internal urethral sphincter and the detrusor muscle.
- baroreceptors in the urinary bladder are activated - visceral sensory neurons stimulate the micturition reflex center within the pons - parasympathetic impulses travel to the internal urethral sphincter and the detrusor muscle - the detrusor muscle contracts and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes
The kidneys aid in acid-base balance by altering the rate of reabsorption of which of the following?
- bicarbonate - hydrogen
The renal tubule consists of which of the following?
- distal convoluted tubule - nephron loop - proximal convoluted tubule
The sympathetic axons extend to which blood vessels of the kidney?
- efferent arteriole - afferent arteriole - juxtaglomerular apparatus
Which are the most accurate descriptions of the structures that make up the filtration membrane?
- filtration slits - glomerular endothelium
The renal corpuscle is composed of which of the following?
- glomerular capsule - glomerulus
Some substances are not normal components of urine because they are completely reabsorbed. Choose the substances that satisfy this requirement under healthy conditions.
- glucose - amino acids - lactate - filtered plasma proteins
Most proteins are not freely filtered in the glomerulus. Select the proteins that are freely filtered there.
- insulin - angiotensin
Which substances are not filtered through the kidneys?
- leukocytes - erythrocytes - platelets
The male urethra is partitioned into three segments. Which are these segments?
- membranous - spongy - prostatic
Place the four tunics that form the wall of the urinary bladder in order from innermost, next to the urine in the lumen, to outermost. - mucosa - submucosa - muscularis - adventitia
- mucosa - subucosa - muscularis - adventitia
The wall of the ureter is composed of a series of tunics. Which are these tunics?
- muscularis - adventitia - mucosa
Which form the wall of the urinary bladder?
- muscularis - submucosa - adventitia - mucosa
The hilum of the kidney is where connects to the kidney?
- nerves - blood vessels - ureter
The male urethra has two functions. Which are they?
- passage for urine - passage for sperm
The fibrous or renal capsule has which of the following function(s)?
- protects it from trauma - protects it from pathogens - maintains the kidney's shape
The kidneys help control the blood's inorganic ion balance. Which of the following ions are controlled primarily by the kidneys?
- sodium - potassium - calcium - phosphate
Which will increase due to an increased net filtration pressure in the kidney?
- substances in urine - GFR
Which of the following are the processes by which urine is formed?
- tubular secretion - filtration - tubular reabsorption
The body's main nitrogenous waste products are which of the following?
- urea - uric acid - creatinine
The amount of Na+ that is excreted in urine ranges from ______ of the total filtered Na+.
0-2%
A minimum of about ______ L of urine per day is required to eliminate the wastes from the body.
0.5
The average daily urine volume is normally ______ liters.
1-2
Put the following structures in order. The first one should be closest to the nephron and the last one should be closest to the urinary bladder. - major calyx - papillary duct - minor calyx - collecting duct - renal pelvis
1. collecting duct 2. papillary duct 3. minor calyx 4. major calyx 5. renal pelvis
The renal plasma clearance of glucose is normally 0 mL/min because in a healthy individual ______ of the glucose is reabsorbed.
100%
Which represents a normal, healthy level for a GFR?
125 mL/min
Each kidney usually contains ______ major calyces.
2 to 3
The normal pH for urine ranges between ______ with an average value of ______.
4.5 and 8; 6
When the bladder is filled with between _____ mL and 600 mL, urination occurs without conscious control in a healthy, average person.
500
The renal plasma clearance of urea is 70 mL/min, so ______ is reabsorbed.
55 mL/min
Approximately ________ % of the water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
65
If the MAP decreases below ______ mm Hg, no further arteriole dilation can bring a decrease in glomerular blood pressure.
80
Renal autoregulation is effective in maintaining a normal glomerular blood pressure only if the systemic mean arterial pressure remains between ______ and ______ mm Hg.
80; 180
The amount of Na+ reabsorbed from the tubular fluid can vary from ______ to ______%.
98; 100
Match the letter with the structure using the picture of a nephron.
A: PCT B: DCT C: nephron loop
Match the letter with the structure using the diagram showing blood flow through the kidney.
A: afferent arteriole B: efferent arteriole C: glomerulus
Correctly pair the letter with the structure using the given image of a nephron.
A: collecting tubule B: collecting duct C: renal corpuscle
Match the letter with the structure associated with the filtration membrane.
A: filtration membrane B: endothelium of glomerulus C: filtration slit
Match the letter with the structure using the picture of a nephron.
A: proximal convoluted tubule B: distal convoluted tubule C: nephron loop
Using the figure of the kidney, match the letter with the structure.
A: renal column B: renal lobe C: renal pyramid D: renal pelvis E: minor calyx
Conditions of extreme dehydration result in the subsequent high concentration of ______ in the blood.
ADH
Urine volume can be several liters per day if there is a decrease in the release of ______.
ADH
______ and ______ are secreted in response to low blood volume or low solute concentration in the tubular fluid within the kidney.
ADH ; Aldosterone
When the urine is extremely dilute and appears a light pale color, a decrease in the release of ________ is evident.
ADH or vasopressin
With the release of the hormone called _______, urine volume can be as little as about 0.5 L/day and generally appears noticeably darker yellow in color.
ADH, vasopressin, or antidiuretic
______ ions move freely across the filtration membrane of the nephron.
Bicarbonate
Because both the thick segment of the ascending limb and ______ are not permeable to urea, urea remains within the tubular fluid until it reaches the ______, where it is removed from the tubular fluid.
DCT ; collecting duct
True or false: A human kidney is divided into 20 renal lobes.
False
True or false: ADH causes the PCT to increase water reabsorption from the tubular fluid.
False
True or false: Aldosterone increases the number of Na+ pumps and channels and thus decreases both Na+ and water reabsorption.
False
True or false: In tubular reabsorption, all needed solutes and most water that formed the filtrate are reabsorbed into the nephron.
False
True or false: The glomerular filtration rate is expressed as volume per unit time (usually 1 hour).
False
True or false: The trigone moves as the urinary bladder fills and functions as a funnel to direct the stored urine into the urethra.
False
True or false: The main function of the urinary system is to remove oxygen from the bloodstream.
False: The main function is to remove waste products from the bloodstream
Type B intercalated cells secrete ______ and reabsorb ______ to lower blood pH and increase urine pH.
HCO3-; H+
______ is used to test glomerular filtration rate because it is freely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted in the kidney.
Inulin
The ______ nephrons with their long nephron loops are primarily important to the countercurrent multiplier. Listen to the complete question
Juxtamedullary
In the thick segment of the nephron loop ascending limb, approximately 10% to 20% of the ______ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed.
K+
The most powerful stimulant to cause a release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex is an elevated ______ blood level.
K+
Aldosterone stimulates secretion of ______, while ______ and ______ are reabsorbed.
K+ ; Na+ ; H2O
Many substances have regulated reabsorption. One substance plays a pivotal role in the reabsorption of these other substances. Choose this substance from the list below.
Na+
Aldosterone stimulates the protein synthesis of ______ and ______.
Na+ channels; Na+/K+ pumps
The macula densa cells continuously monitor ______ in the tubular fluid.
NaCl concentration
After filtration occurs, a majority of most other substances are either reabsorbed or secreted into the ______ .
PCT
After filtration occurs, a majority of most other substances are either reabsorbed or secreted into the ______.
PCT
In the ______, 60 to 80% of the potassium in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed.
PCT
Na+ can be reabsorbed along the entire length of the nephron tubule with the majority being reabsorbed in the ______.
PCT
When viewed under the microscope, the lumen of the ______ looks fuzzy due to the brush border formed by the microvilli.
PCT
The ______ is composed of a simple cuboidal epithelium with tall, apical microvilli for maximum surface area and reabsorption capacity.
PCT proximal convoluted tubule
Which division of the nervous system causes the detrusor muscle to contract?
Parasympathetic
The amount of Ca2+ and PO43- excreted in urine is regulated by ______.
Parathyroid hormone(PTH)
______ is a critical adjustment that allows the body to conserve fluid under stressful situations, such as extensive exertion (e.g., running a marathon) or severe hemorrhaging.
Severe vasoconstriction
The axons of the ________ nervous system inhibit micturition.
Sympathetic
______ nerves extend from the spinal cord to the blood vessels of the kidney.
Sympathetic
The pain from the ureter, as might be felt from a kidney stone, is referred to as the ______.
T11-L2 dermatomes
The kidneys are retroperitoneal. Which description below describes what this means?
The kidneys are posterior to the peritoneum.
True or false: Blood components that do not exit the glomerulus as filtrate exit the renal corpuscle through an efferent arteriole.
True
True or false: GFR can be increased with atrial natriuretic peptide stimulation.
True
True or false: If systemic blood pressure is dangerously low, filtration and the elimination of wastes in urine ceases, resulting in the accumulation of toxic metabolic wastes in the blood.
True
True or false: If the glucose concentration is too high and is excreted in the urine, the renal threshold has been exceeded.
True
True or false: The mucosa of the ureter is distensible (stretchy) and impermeable to the passage of urine.
True
True or false: The three layers of the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder have such complex orientations that it is difficult to discern individual layers under the microscope.
True
True or false: The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism acts as a 'backup' mechanism to the myogenic mechanism in response to increased systemic blood pressure.
True
______ is the active transport of solutes out of the blood into the tubular fluid.
Tubular secretion
______ cells reabsorb K+ continuously in the collecting tubule.
Type A intercalated
To calculate GFR, use the formula ______.
UV/P
An individual may choose to empty the bladder prior to the initiation of the micturition reflex by contracting the _______ muscles.
abdominal
A person with a diet that includes animal protein and wheat is generally considered in a(n) ______ state.
acidic
When we consume more proteins and wheat, the pH of the urine becomes more ______.
acidic
Tubular secretion, the movement of solutes out of the blood into the tubular fluid, usually occurs by ______.
active transport
The external layer of the ureter wall is the ________ .
adventitia
Blood enters the glomerulus by the ________ arteriole.
afferent
Renal autoregulation maintains GFR by altering the size of the ______ arteriole.
afferent
The juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the _______ arteriole located near the renal corpuscle.
afferent
The wider diameter of the __________ arteriole allows the blood to enter the glomerulus under high pressure which helps filter the plasma and solutes out of the glomerulus.
afferent
One of the factors that cause materials to be filtered from the glomerulus is that the ______ arteriole is wider in diameter than the ______ arteriole.
afferent; efferent
The ______ arteriole leads to the glomerulus and the ______ arteriole leads away from the glomerulus.
afferent; efferent
Principal cells secrete K+ at varying rates based on ______ levels.
aldosterone
The amount of Na+ excreted in the urine is controlled by _______ and natriuretic peptide hormones in the collecting tubules and collecting ducts.
aldosterone
As tubular fluid moves through the collecting tubules and ducts, water reabsorption is controlled primarily by _____ and ______ hormones.
aldosterone ; antidiuretic
A person with a diet high in fruits and vegetables and little or no animal protein is more typically in an ______ state.
alkaline
The transport maximum for glucose reabsorption is 320 mg per minute. If no more than 300 mg of glucose is passing through the renal tubule every minute, ______.
all of it will be reabsorbed
Proteins and small peptides are first degraded into _______ ______ , which are then reabsorbed into the blood.
amino acids
Urine may develop an ________ smell if allowed to stand from the breakdown of proteins, and urine may smell fruity due to the presence of ketoacids in a person with ________ mellitus.
ammonia ; diabetes
Sympathetic stimulation causes the release of renin which will result in the subsequent production of ______ which will result in a(n) ______ in the GFR.
angiotensin II; decrease
Water is reabsorbed through specific water transporter proteins called ________ .
aquaporins
When we are dehydrated, ADH binds to receptors to increase the migration of vesicles containing ______ to the membrane of the principal cells.
aquaporins
Interlobular veins merge to form ______ veins.
arcuate
The ______ arteries are parallel to the base of the medullary pyramid at the junction of the cortex and the medulla.
arcuate
The adventitia of the ureter is formed from _________ connective tissue.
areolar
The ______ limb of the nephron loop actively pumps salt out of the tubular fluid into the interstitial fluid.
ascending
Salt is retained within the tubular fluid until it moves into the ______ in the countercurrent exchange system.
ascending limb of the nephron loop
The hormone _______ _______ _______ is released from the atria in response to distension of these chambers.
atrial natriuretic peptide
Renal ________ is the intrinsic ability of the kidney to maintain constant blood pressure.
autoregulation
During nephron transcellular transport, a substance must cross two cell membranes. One of which is the ______ membrane that is in contact with the interstitial fluid.
basolateral
In the regulation of pH of both urine and blood, bicarbonate ions move freely across the filtration membrane and only small amounts of hydrogen ions are filtered, with most remaining in the blood. The filtered ______ must be reabsorbed to ensure blood pH does not become too acidic.
bicarbonate
The kidneys affect the blood volume and thus indirectly affect _______ ______ .
blood pressure
Erythropoietin acts on the ______ to increase erythrocyte production.
bone marrow
Calcium and phosphate are two substances generally considered together because 99% of the body's calcium is stored in ______ and the majority is stored as ______.
bone; calcium phosphate
Creatinine has a renal clearance of 140 mL/min which indicates that the substance is ______.
both filtered and secreted
Between the visceral and parietal layers of the glomerular capsule is a _______ ______ ,
capsular or Bowman's space
At least 20- 25% of the resting ______ normally flows through the kidney via the renal artery.
cardiac output
Once the tubular fluid leaves the ______, it is called urine.
collecting duct
Urea is "cycled" between the ______ and the ______, contributing to its concentration gradient.
collecting duct; nephron loop
The pH of urine, and consequently the pH of blood, are regulated in the ______.
collecting tubules
When the tubular fluid leaves the distal convoluted tubules, it must travel through a series of small ______ that empty into ______.
collecting tubules; collecting ducts
Blood ______ ________ pressure opposes filtration because it tends to pull or draw fluids into the glomerulus from the capsular space.
colloid osmotic
Extensions of the cortex, called renal _______ , project into the medulla and subdivide the medulla into renal _______.
columns ; pyramids
The kidney has a ______ border called the hilum.
concave medial
The wide base of a renal pyramid lies next to the ______.
cortex
A renal lobe consists of a medullary pyramid and the adjacent renal columns as well as the renal ______ .
cortex or papilla
When a kidney is sectioned along a coronal plane, there is an outer renal ______ and an inner renal ______.
cortex; medulla
The nephron loop originates in the ______ and descends down into the ______ and then ascends back into the ______.
cortex; medulla; cortex
The _______ nephrons make up approximately 85% of the nephrons in a human kidney.
cortical
Which type of nephron has relatively short nephron loops that barely extend into the medulla?
cortical
A positive feedback mechanism called the ______ _______ involves the nephron loop and is partially responsible for establishing the salt concentration gradient within the interstitial fluid.
countercurrent multiplier
The nitrogenous waste produced from the metabolism of creatine in muscle tissue is ______.
creatinine
______ is only secreted.
creatinine
The epithelial cells of the collecting tubules are ______ but are ______ cells in the collecting ducts near the renal papilla.
cuboidal; columnar
Sympathetic stimulation can result in a(n) ______ in GFR through vasoconstriction.
decrease
Parathyroid hormone, PTH, is released from the parathyroid gland in response to ______.
decreased blood Ca2+
As the net filtration pressure decreases, the GFR ________ .
decreases
Sympathetic stimulation can result in a decrease in GFR by ______ the surface area of the glomerulus.
decreasing
A specific gravity value of urine above 1.020 indicates relative ______.
dehydration
The submucosa of the urinary bladder is formed by ______ connective tissue.
dense irregular
Each nephron loop has two limbs, a(n) _________ limb that extends from the cortex to the medulla and a(n) ______ limb that returns back into the renal cortex.
descending ; ascending
Countercurrent in the countercurrent multiplier refers to the tubular fluid's reversing its relative direction as it moves first through the ______ and then through the ______.
descending limb; ascending limb of the loop
The muscularis of the bladder consists of three layers of the smooth muscle collectively called the _______ muscle.
detrusor
The internal urethral sphincter is a circular thickening of the ______ and is controlled by the ______.
detrusor muscle; ANS
Glomerular filtration is influenced by changing the ______.
diameter of the afferent arteriole
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is due to the ______ _______ it contains.
dissolved solutes
The ascending limb of the nephron loop returns to the renal cortex and terminates at the ______ _______ tubule.
distal convoluted
The ascending limb of the nephron loop returns to the renal cortex and terminates at the _______ ________ tubule.
distal convoluted
The ______ epithelial lining cells are smaller and have only sparse, short, apical microvilli.
distal convoluted tubule
Normally urine ______ contains red blood cells.
does not
Energy from Na+ moving _____ its concentration gradient into the _________ cell is used to move glucose against its concentration gradient into the same cell.
down ; tubule
Blood leaves the glomerulus by way of the ________ arteriole.
efferent
When blood leaves the glomerulus, it enters the _______ arteriole.
efferent
The ______ allows plasma and its dissolved substances to be filtered while restricting the passage of large structures, such as formed elements.
endothelium of glomerulus
The ______ is fenestrated.
endothelium of glomerulus
If a substance is neither reabsorbed nor filtered, like inulin, the renal plasma clearance is ______ the GFR.
equal to
If blood oxygen levels are reduced, cells in the kidney secrete a hormone called ______.
erythropoietin
Tubular reabsorption in response to ADH is referred to as ______.
facultative water reabsorption
True or false: The DCT is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium but the cells are larger than those of the PCT and the microvilli are denser.
false
The ______ _______ is composed of dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outside of the kidney.
fibrous capsule or renal fascia
The capsular space receives the , which is then modified to form urine.
filtrate
The fluid that is formed when blood flows through the glomerulus and some components of the plasma enter the capsular space is called _______ .
filtrate
When the blood plasma moves out of the glomerulus and into the glomerular capsule, it is now called ______.
filtrate
The pedicels are separated by thin spaces called ________ slits, which allow materials from the plasma to pass into the capsular space.
filtration
The process by which water and some dissolved solutes in the blood plasma passively move out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space of the renal corpuscle is called ________ .
filtration
Which of the following happens first?
filtration
The ______ is defined as the rate at which the volume of filtrate is formed.
glomerular filtration rate
The ______ is designed to be "leaky" to allow some plasma and solutes to be filtered.
glomerulus
The renal corpuscle has a thick tangle of capillaries called the ______.
glomerulus
The renal corpuscle has an epithelial capsule surrounding the ______ called the glomerular capsule.
glomerulus
The renal threshold for glucose is 300 mg/dL. Above this concentration, ______.
glucose will be excreted in the urine
One component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is which of the following?
granular cells
The average specific gravity of urine is slightly ______ than the specific gravity of water.
higher
Substances that are filtered and secreted have renal plasma clearance values ______ the GFR.
higher than
The kidneys control blood volume with help from ___________ .
hormones
A specific gravity value of urine below 1.010 indicates relative ________.
hydration
Filtrate is produced due to the difference between ______ pressure of the blood in the glomerulus and the opposing pressures of the osmotic blood pressure and fluid pressure in the capsular space.
hydrostatic
An increase in systemic blood pressure causes a(n) ______ in the volume of blood that enters the afferent arteriole.
increase
An increased glomerular hydrostatic blood pressure will lead to a(n)______ in net filtration pressure and a(n) ______ in GFR.
increase; increase
The consequence of the salt loss from the tubular fluid in the ascending limb is ______ solute concentration in the interstitial fluid surrounding the tubules.
increased
Aldosterone results in the ______ reabsorption of Na+ and therefore also ______.
increased; water
As net filtration pressure increases, the GFR ______.
increases
Atrial natriuretic peptide ______ GFR to eliminate fluid when there is a(n) ______ in blood volume and/or blood pressure.
increases; increase
Water reabsorption regulated by ADH near the end of the tubule is ________ of Na+ reabsorption.
independent
The external urethral sphincter is ______ to the internal urethral sphincter.
inferior
The segmental arteries branch to form the ______ arteries that travel through the renal columns.
interlobar
The arcuate arteries give off branches called ______ arteries that project peripherally into the cortex.
interlobular
The peritubular capillaries and vasa recta drain into the smallest of veins called the ______ veins.
interlobular
The interlobular veins are parallel and travel alongside the ______.
interlobular arteries
The sphincter that is the involuntary, superior sphincter surrounding the neck of the urinary bladder is the ________ ________ sphincter.
internal urethral
Salt moves from the ascending limb of the nephron loop into the ______ and then into the ______ in the countercurrent exchange system.
interstitial fluid; blood
Tubular reabsorption moves substances ______ the blood.
into
GFR=UV/P where U equals the concentration of ______ in urine.
inulin
To conduct a measurement of filtration rate, an individual is injected with ______ .
inulin
Renal failure that often affects the glomerulus and the other small blood vessels is ______.
irreversible, as there is no chance they can regenerate
Only about 15% of our nephrons are _______ nephrons.
juxtamedullary
There are two types of nephrons, cortical nephrons, and ________ nephrons.
juxtamedullary
Which type of nephron has a renal corpuscle that lies close to the corticomedullary junction with a long nephron loop that extends deep into the medulla?
juxtamedullary
Which type of nephron plays the more important role in establishing a salt concentration gradient?
juxtamedullary
Within the trigone region of the urinary bladder, the mucosa is smooth, thick, and ______ rugae.
lacks
When looking at the distal convoluted tubule under the microscope the lumen appears ______ than the proximal convoluted tubule.
less fuzzy
The spongy urethra is the ______ part of the male urethra and is located in the ______.
longest; penis
The middle muscularis of the ureter consists of an inner ________ layer and an outer circular layer.
longitudinal
Na+ concentration is relatively _______ inside the tubule cell and relatively _______ within both the tubule lumen and interstitial fluid.
lower ; higher
If a substance is reabsorbed in the kidney, its renal plasma clearance is ______ the GFR.
lower than
During nephron transcellular transport, a substance must cross two cell membranes. One of which is the ______ membrane that is in contact with the tubular fluid.
luminal
The _______ ________ is a group of modified epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule that touch the granular or juxtaglomerular cells.
macula densa
Which is a component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
macula densa
The innermost portion of a kidney is called the ______.
medulla
The renal ______ tends to be a darker shade than the renal ______.
medulla ; cortex
The ______ urethra is the shortest segment of the male urethra.
membranous
Several ______ calyces merge to form larger spaces called ______ calyces.
minor; major
The layer that lines the urinary bladder lumen is called the _______ .
mucosa
The submucosa of the urinary bladder lies immediately external to the ______.
mucosa
The layer of the ureter called the _________ consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle.
muscularis
Renal autoregulation functions by two mechanisms, the ________ mechanism, and the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism.
myogenic
The constricted ______ of the urinary bladder is connected to the urethra.
neck
In the _______ loop, only about 10% of the remaining water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed.
nephron
The functional filtration unit in a kidney is the ______.
nephron
After filtration, the majority of substances are reabsorbed or secreted into the PCT, additional substances are reabsorbed as tubular fluid moves through the ______.
nephron loop
Approximately 10 to 20% of the K+ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the ______.
nephron loop ascending limb
The ______ and the ______ are the structures responsible for establishing the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid.
nephron loop; vasa recta
The difference between the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the glomerulus and the opposing pressures of the osmotic blood pressure and fluid pressure in the capsular space is termed the ________ __________ pressure.
net filtration
A lower than normal GFR can be an indication that ______ and other unwanted substances are accumulating in the blood.
nitrogenous waste
The movement of water out of the proximal convoluted tubule follows Na+ by osmosis and is referred to as _______ _______ _______ .
obligatory water reabsorption
The female urethra has ______ function(s) and is about ______ centimeters long.
one; 4
In the kidneys, water movement occurs by ______.
osmosis
The apex of the renal pyramid is called the renal _______ and it projects toward the renal sinus.
papilla
The process in which substances pass between the epithelial cells of the kidney tubular wall is called ________ transport.
paracellular
The ______ axons stimulate micturition.
parasympathetic
The glomerular capsule has two layers, a visceral layer, and a _______ layer.
parietal
Kidneys are ______ protected by the rib cage.
partially
Podocytes are octopus-like cells that have long foot-like processes called _______ .
pedicels
The podocytes have long processes called ________ or feet that wrap around the glomerular capillaries.
pedicels
The filtration slits between the ________ permit the ready passage of filtered material into the capsule space.
pedicels, podocytes, or pedicles
The major calyces merge to form a large funnel-shaped renal ______.
pelvis
The anterior surface of the kidneys is covered with ______ and the posterior surface lies directly against the posterior abdominal wall.
peritoneum
The ______ are associated with the convoluted tubules and primarily reside in the cortex of the kidney.
peritubular capillaries
Filtration slits of the filtration membrane are formed by ______.
podocytes
The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of specialized cells called ______.
podocytes
"Multiplier" of the countercurrent multiplier refers to the ______ feedback loop that increases the concentration of salts within the interstitial fluid.
positive
The kidneys are located along the ______ abdominal wall.
posterior
ADH is released from the ______.
posterior pituitary gland
A substance that is unlike other substances because it is both reabsorbed and secreted is ________ .
potassium, K, K+, urea, or water
The main cells that regulate the amount of specific substances excreted in the urine are the ______ cells and ______ cells.
principal; intercalated
The prostatic urethra extends through the ________ gland.
prostate
Which part of the male urethra is immediately inferior to the urinary bladder?
prostatic
Approximately 60% of the Ca2+ in the blood becomes part of the filtrate while the remainder of the Ca2+ is bound to _____ in the blood and is prevented from being filtered.
protein
Most of the substances that are reabsorbed from the tubular fluid back into the blood are reabsorbed typically from the _________ _________ tubule.
proximal convoluted
The ______ is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with tall microvilli for maximum reabsorption.
proximal convoluted tubule
Which tubules stain more darkly and appear fuzzier in a histological preparation of the renal cortex?
proximal convoluted tubules
Substances are ______ when they move from the tubular fluid back into the blood.
reabsorbed
In males, the urinary bladder is anterior to the ________ and directly superior to the _______ gland.
rectum ; prostate
The parasympathetic nerves ______ the internal urethral sphincter so that urine can pass through and stimulate ______ of the detrusor muscle.
relax ; contraction
A decrease in blood pressure, detected by the afferent arteriole, will result in vasodilation. The glomerular blood pressure and the GFR will respond by ______.
remaining normal
A mechanism that is effective in maintaining a normal glomerular blood pressure only if the systemic mean arterial pressure remains between 80 and 180 mm Hg is called _________ autoregulation.
renal
Glomerular filtration regulation involves intrinsic control which could best be described as ______.
renal autoregulation
We may infer from the ______ whether a substance is reabsorbed or secreted.
renal clearance rate
Collecting tubules and collecting ducts project through the ______ toward the ______.
renal medulla; renal papilla
The fluid leaving the collecting ducts at the _______ _______ is called urine.
renal papilla
The ______ measures the volume of plasma that can be completely cleared of substance in a given period of time.
renal plasma clearance
The maximum plasma concentration of a substance that can be carried in the blood without eventually appearing in the urine is called the ______.
renal threshold
Sympathetic stimulation causes granular cells to release ______.
renin
The granular cells of the JGA, synthesize, store and release ______.
renin
In the urinary bladder, there are mucosal folds, called _________ , that allow for even greater distension.
rugae
The term "exchange" in the countercurrent exchange system refers to the _______ being exchanged for water.
salt, salts, or sodium
The descending limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to the movement of ________ out of the tubule.
salts, salt, or ions
Glucose is moved into the tubule cell by ______ and then glucose carriers transport glucose out of the tubule cell by ______.
secondary active transport; facilitated diffusion
Blood flows from the renal artery to the ______ arteries in the area of the renal sinus.
segmental
Renal arteries branch directly into ______ arteries.
segmental
The first part of the descending limb of the nephron loop, also known as the thick descending limb, is lined with ________ _______ epithelium.
simple cuboidal
What type of tissue line the PCT?
simple cuboidal epithelium
Both collecting tubules and collecting ducts are lined by ______.
simple epithelium
The thin segment of the descending limb of the nephron loop is lined with _______ _______ epithelium.
simple squamous
Most proteins are not freely filtered in the glomerulus because of their ______ and ______.
size; negative charge
The external urethral sphincter is formed by ______ muscle and is under ______ control.
skeletal; voluntary
Granular or juxtaglomerular cells are modified ______ ________ cells.
smooth muscle
The nephron tubule keeps the sodium concentrations low in the tubules and high in the tubular lumen and interstitial fluid by the use of _________ _________ pumps.
sodium potassium
The corpus spongiosum surrounds the ________ urethra in the male penis.
spongy
The thin part of the ascending limb of the nephron loop is lined with simple ________ epithelium and the thick part, is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
squamous
In the _______ reflex, the internal urethral sphincter is stimulated so that urine is retained within the bladder.
storage
Micturition involves the ______ reflex and the micturition reflex.
storage
If an individual does not urinate at the time of the first micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle relaxes as a consequence of the " _______ - ______ response" of smooth muscle.
stress-relaxation
Continuous _________ stimulation causes relaxation of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder wall to allow the bladder to accommodate the urine in the storage reflex.
sympathetic
Direct stimulation by the ______ nervous system decreases GFR by causing vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles.
sympathetic
GFR can be decreased with extensive ______ stimulation.
sympathetic
The ______ axons cause contraction of the internal urethral sphincter and inhibit contraction of the detrusor muscle.
sympathetic
The ______ division of the nervous system sends increased nerve signals to the kidneys during exercise or during an emergency.
sympathetic
The cells of the macula densa are easy to recognize because they are ______ and ______ than the other cells of the DCT.
taller; narrower
The transport maximum for glucose reabsorption is 320 mg per minute. If the tubular fluid level of glucose exceeds 320 mg/min, then ______.
the excess glucose is excreted in urine
The distal convoluted tubule originates in the renal cortex at the end of the ______.
thick ascending limb of the nephron loop
The movement of substances through the epithelial cells of the walls of nephron tubules is called ______ transport.
transcellular
Proteins are actually transported instead of reabsorbed because they undergo ______ while being reabsorbed.
transformational changes
The female urethra is lined by ______ epithelium near its junction with the bladder.
transitional
The mucosa is formed by _________ epithelium that accommodates the shape changes that occur with distension.
transitional
The mucosa of the ureter is formed from ______ epithelium.
transitional
The _________ ________ is the maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed (or secreted) across the tubule epithelium in a given period of time.
transport maximum
The transport maximum is dependent upon the number of _______ ______ in the epithelial cell membrane.
transport proteins
The structure that is formed by imaginary lines connecting the two ureter openings and the urethral opening is the ______ of the bladder.
trigone
The proximal convoluted tubule attaches to the renal corpuscle at the ______ pole.
tubular
When substances in the filtrate move back into the blood it is called ______.
tubular reabsorption
Some substances that were not initially filtered in the glomerulus, but must be eliminated from the blood, become a component of urine through ______ _______ .
tubular secretion
The nitrogenous waste product that is a small, water-soluble molecule produced from protein breakdown in the liver is ______ .
urea
The recycling of _______ between the collecting duct and the nephron loop is in part responsible for establishing the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid.
urea
______ are both reabsorbed and secreted.
urea and uric acid
Urine flows from the renal papilla through the calyces into the renal pelvis and then directly into the ________.
ureter
"Loin-to-groin" pain typically means ______.
ureter and/or kidney discomfort
Ureters enter the posterolateral wall of the urinary bladder through the _______ openings.
ureteral
The structure that is a fibromuscular tube that conducts urine outside of the body is the ______ .
urethra
The tube that extends from the urinary bladder to the urethral opening is the ______.
urethra
The nitrogenous waste produced from nucleic acid breakdown is ______ _______ .
uric acid
Ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra are components of the ________ tract.
urinary
The ureters originate at the renal pelvis and extend to the _______ _______ .
urinary bladder
The urethra and ureters are components of the ______.
urinary tract
Micturition is the expulsion of ______.
urine
The term used for the normal smell of fresh urine is _______
urinoid
The color of urine associated with the breakdown of old red blood cells is due to the concentration of ______.
urobilin
The color of urine ranges from almost clear to dark yellow, depending on the concentration of pigment from ______ .
urobilin
The membranous urethra extends through the ______.
urogenital diaphragm
In females, the urinary bladder is anteroinferior to the ______ and directly anterior to the vagina.
uterus
An individual may choose to empty the bladder prior to the initiation of the micturition reflex by contracting the abdominal muscles as part of the _________ maneuver.
valsalva
"Countercurrent" of the countercurrent exchange system refers to the blood in the _________ recta that travels in the opposite direction to the tubular fluid within the adjacent nephron loop.
vasa
The ______ are associated with the nephron loop and primarily reside in the medulla of the kidney.
vasa recta
Water moves from the descending limb of the nephron loop into the ______ _______ when it is reabsorbed.
vasa recta (interstitial fluid)
The renal corpuscle has two poles. The afferent and efferent arterioles are found at the ______ pole.
vascular
The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism will respond by increasing ______ even further If the myogenic mechanism is not sufficient to maintain normal glomerular blood pressure due to increased systemic BP.
vasoconstriction
Severe ______ of the afferent arteriole contributes to a(n) ______ in GFR and a decrease in urine production.
vasoconstriction; decrease
Sympathetic stimulation will result in ______ of the afferent arteriole which will greatly ______ glomerular blood pressure and GFR.
vasoconstriction; decrease
An increase in systemic BP will result in ______, which will result in the glomerular blood pressure ______.
vasoconstriction; remaining normal
A decrease in blood entering the afferent arteriole will result in ______.
vasodilation
The glomerular capsule has two layers. One layer, the ______ layer, lies directly over the glomerulus.
visceral
Specific gravity is the density of a substance compared to the density of ______.
water
The ascending limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to ______ .
water
The descending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to ______ .
water
Urine is mostly composed of ______.
water
The consequence of the salt loss from the tubular fluid means that even greater amounts of ______ move out of the ______ limb into the interstitial fluid.
water; descending
