Smartbook Chapter 24: Urinary Stystem

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Which of the following substances have regulated reabsorption?

- Water - Ca2+ - Na+ - K+

Besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the urinary system performs many other functions, including which of the following?

- acid-base balance - erythropoietin production - urine storage

During urine formation, which substances escape into the filtrate?

- amino acids - glucose - ions - water

What are the chronic problems that account for the majority of progressive renal failure?

- autoimmune conditions - high blood pressure - diabetes

Place the following in order of the micturition reflex starting with the first event that occurs. Instructions - The detrusor muscle contracts and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes. - Visceral sensory neurons stimulate the micturition reflex center within the pons. - Baroreceptors in the urinary bladder are activated. - arasympathetic impulses travel to the internal urethral sphincter and the detrusor muscle.

- baroreceptors in the urinary bladder are activated - visceral sensory neurons stimulate the micturition reflex center within the pons - parasympathetic impulses travel to the internal urethral sphincter and the detrusor muscle - the detrusor muscle contracts and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes

The kidneys aid in acid-base balance by altering the rate of reabsorption of which of the following?

- bicarbonate - hydrogen

The renal tubule consists of which of the following?

- distal convoluted tubule - nephron loop - proximal convoluted tubule

The sympathetic axons extend to which blood vessels of the kidney?

- efferent arteriole - afferent arteriole - juxtaglomerular apparatus

Which are the most accurate descriptions of the structures that make up the filtration membrane?

- filtration slits - glomerular endothelium

The renal corpuscle is composed of which of the following?

- glomerular capsule - glomerulus

Some substances are not normal components of urine because they are completely reabsorbed. Choose the substances that satisfy this requirement under healthy conditions.

- glucose - amino acids - lactate - filtered plasma proteins

Most proteins are not freely filtered in the glomerulus. Select the proteins that are freely filtered there.

- insulin - angiotensin

Which substances are not filtered through the kidneys?

- leukocytes - erythrocytes - platelets

The male urethra is partitioned into three segments. Which are these segments?

- membranous - spongy - prostatic

Place the four tunics that form the wall of the urinary bladder in order from innermost, next to the urine in the lumen, to outermost. - mucosa - submucosa - muscularis - adventitia

- mucosa - subucosa - muscularis - adventitia

The wall of the ureter is composed of a series of tunics. Which are these tunics?

- muscularis - adventitia - mucosa

Which form the wall of the urinary bladder?

- muscularis - submucosa - adventitia - mucosa

The hilum of the kidney is where connects to the kidney?

- nerves - blood vessels - ureter

The male urethra has two functions. Which are they?

- passage for urine - passage for sperm

The fibrous or renal capsule has which of the following function(s)?

- protects it from trauma - protects it from pathogens - maintains the kidney's shape

The kidneys help control the blood's inorganic ion balance. Which of the following ions are controlled primarily by the kidneys?

- sodium - potassium - calcium - phosphate

Which will increase due to an increased net filtration pressure in the kidney?

- substances in urine - GFR

Which of the following are the processes by which urine is formed?

- tubular secretion - filtration - tubular reabsorption

The body's main nitrogenous waste products are which of the following?

- urea - uric acid - creatinine

The amount of Na+ that is excreted in urine ranges from ______ of the total filtered Na+.

0-2%

A minimum of about ______ L of urine per day is required to eliminate the wastes from the body.

0.5

The average daily urine volume is normally ______ liters.

1-2

Put the following structures in order. The first one should be closest to the nephron and the last one should be closest to the urinary bladder. - major calyx - papillary duct - minor calyx - collecting duct - renal pelvis

1. collecting duct 2. papillary duct 3. minor calyx 4. major calyx 5. renal pelvis

The renal plasma clearance of glucose is normally 0 mL/min because in a healthy individual ______ of the glucose is reabsorbed.

100%

Which represents a normal, healthy level for a GFR?

125 mL/min

Each kidney usually contains ______ major calyces.

2 to 3

The normal pH for urine ranges between ______ with an average value of ______.

4.5 and 8; 6

When the bladder is filled with between _____ mL and 600 mL, urination occurs without conscious control in a healthy, average person.

500

The renal plasma clearance of urea is 70 mL/min, so ______ is reabsorbed.

55 mL/min

Approximately ________ % of the water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

65

If the MAP decreases below ______ mm Hg, no further arteriole dilation can bring a decrease in glomerular blood pressure.

80

Renal autoregulation is effective in maintaining a normal glomerular blood pressure only if the systemic mean arterial pressure remains between ______ and ______ mm Hg.

80; 180

The amount of Na+ reabsorbed from the tubular fluid can vary from ______ to ______%.

98; 100

Match the letter with the structure using the picture of a nephron.

A: PCT B: DCT C: nephron loop

Match the letter with the structure using the diagram showing blood flow through the kidney.

A: afferent arteriole B: efferent arteriole C: glomerulus

Correctly pair the letter with the structure using the given image of a nephron.

A: collecting tubule B: collecting duct C: renal corpuscle

Match the letter with the structure associated with the filtration membrane.

A: filtration membrane B: endothelium of glomerulus C: filtration slit

Match the letter with the structure using the picture of a nephron.

A: proximal convoluted tubule B: distal convoluted tubule C: nephron loop

Using the figure of the kidney, match the letter with the structure.

A: renal column B: renal lobe C: renal pyramid D: renal pelvis E: minor calyx

Conditions of extreme dehydration result in the subsequent high concentration of ______ in the blood.

ADH

Urine volume can be several liters per day if there is a decrease in the release of ______.

ADH

______ and ______ are secreted in response to low blood volume or low solute concentration in the tubular fluid within the kidney.

ADH ; Aldosterone

When the urine is extremely dilute and appears a light pale color, a decrease in the release of ________ is evident.

ADH or vasopressin

With the release of the hormone called _______, urine volume can be as little as about 0.5 L/day and generally appears noticeably darker yellow in color.

ADH, vasopressin, or antidiuretic

______ ions move freely across the filtration membrane of the nephron.

Bicarbonate

Because both the thick segment of the ascending limb and ______ are not permeable to urea, urea remains within the tubular fluid until it reaches the ______, where it is removed from the tubular fluid.

DCT ; collecting duct

True or false: A human kidney is divided into 20 renal lobes.

False

True or false: ADH causes the PCT to increase water reabsorption from the tubular fluid.

False

True or false: Aldosterone increases the number of Na+ pumps and channels and thus decreases both Na+ and water reabsorption.

False

True or false: In tubular reabsorption, all needed solutes and most water that formed the filtrate are reabsorbed into the nephron.

False

True or false: The glomerular filtration rate is expressed as volume per unit time (usually 1 hour).

False

True or false: The trigone moves as the urinary bladder fills and functions as a funnel to direct the stored urine into the urethra.

False

True or false: The main function of the urinary system is to remove oxygen from the bloodstream.

False: The main function is to remove waste products from the bloodstream

Type B intercalated cells secrete ______ and reabsorb ______ to lower blood pH and increase urine pH.

HCO3-; H+

______ is used to test glomerular filtration rate because it is freely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted in the kidney.

Inulin

The ______ nephrons with their long nephron loops are primarily important to the countercurrent multiplier. Listen to the complete question

Juxtamedullary

In the thick segment of the nephron loop ascending limb, approximately 10% to 20% of the ______ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed.

K+

The most powerful stimulant to cause a release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex is an elevated ______ blood level.

K+

Aldosterone stimulates secretion of ______, while ______ and ______ are reabsorbed.

K+ ; Na+ ; H2O

Many substances have regulated reabsorption. One substance plays a pivotal role in the reabsorption of these other substances. Choose this substance from the list below.

Na+

Aldosterone stimulates the protein synthesis of ______ and ______.

Na+ channels; Na+/K+ pumps

The macula densa cells continuously monitor ______ in the tubular fluid.

NaCl concentration

After filtration occurs, a majority of most other substances are either reabsorbed or secreted into the ______ .

PCT

After filtration occurs, a majority of most other substances are either reabsorbed or secreted into the ______.

PCT

In the ______, 60 to 80% of the potassium in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed.

PCT

Na+ can be reabsorbed along the entire length of the nephron tubule with the majority being reabsorbed in the ______.

PCT

When viewed under the microscope, the lumen of the ______ looks fuzzy due to the brush border formed by the microvilli.

PCT

The ______ is composed of a simple cuboidal epithelium with tall, apical microvilli for maximum surface area and reabsorption capacity.

PCT proximal convoluted tubule

Which division of the nervous system causes the detrusor muscle to contract?

Parasympathetic

The amount of Ca2+ and PO43- excreted in urine is regulated by ______.

Parathyroid hormone(PTH)

______ is a critical adjustment that allows the body to conserve fluid under stressful situations, such as extensive exertion (e.g., running a marathon) or severe hemorrhaging.

Severe vasoconstriction

The axons of the ________ nervous system inhibit micturition.

Sympathetic

______ nerves extend from the spinal cord to the blood vessels of the kidney.

Sympathetic

The pain from the ureter, as might be felt from a kidney stone, is referred to as the ______.

T11-L2 dermatomes

The kidneys are retroperitoneal. Which description below describes what this means?

The kidneys are posterior to the peritoneum.

True or false: Blood components that do not exit the glomerulus as filtrate exit the renal corpuscle through an efferent arteriole.

True

True or false: GFR can be increased with atrial natriuretic peptide stimulation.

True

True or false: If systemic blood pressure is dangerously low, filtration and the elimination of wastes in urine ceases, resulting in the accumulation of toxic metabolic wastes in the blood.

True

True or false: If the glucose concentration is too high and is excreted in the urine, the renal threshold has been exceeded.

True

True or false: The mucosa of the ureter is distensible (stretchy) and impermeable to the passage of urine.

True

True or false: The three layers of the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder have such complex orientations that it is difficult to discern individual layers under the microscope.

True

True or false: The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism acts as a 'backup' mechanism to the myogenic mechanism in response to increased systemic blood pressure.

True

______ is the active transport of solutes out of the blood into the tubular fluid.

Tubular secretion

______ cells reabsorb K+ continuously in the collecting tubule.

Type A intercalated

To calculate GFR, use the formula ______.

UV/P

An individual may choose to empty the bladder prior to the initiation of the micturition reflex by contracting the _______ muscles.

abdominal

A person with a diet that includes animal protein and wheat is generally considered in a(n) ______ state.

acidic

When we consume more proteins and wheat, the pH of the urine becomes more ______.

acidic

Tubular secretion, the movement of solutes out of the blood into the tubular fluid, usually occurs by ______.

active transport

The external layer of the ureter wall is the ________ .

adventitia

Blood enters the glomerulus by the ________ arteriole.

afferent

Renal autoregulation maintains GFR by altering the size of the ______ arteriole.

afferent

The juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the _______ arteriole located near the renal corpuscle.

afferent

The wider diameter of the __________ arteriole allows the blood to enter the glomerulus under high pressure which helps filter the plasma and solutes out of the glomerulus.

afferent

One of the factors that cause materials to be filtered from the glomerulus is that the ______ arteriole is wider in diameter than the ______ arteriole.

afferent; efferent

The ______ arteriole leads to the glomerulus and the ______ arteriole leads away from the glomerulus.

afferent; efferent

Principal cells secrete K+ at varying rates based on ______ levels.

aldosterone

The amount of Na+ excreted in the urine is controlled by _______ and natriuretic peptide hormones in the collecting tubules and collecting ducts.

aldosterone

As tubular fluid moves through the collecting tubules and ducts, water reabsorption is controlled primarily by _____ and ______ hormones.

aldosterone ; antidiuretic

A person with a diet high in fruits and vegetables and little or no animal protein is more typically in an ______ state.

alkaline

The transport maximum for glucose reabsorption is 320 mg per minute. If no more than 300 mg of glucose is passing through the renal tubule every minute, ______.

all of it will be reabsorbed

Proteins and small peptides are first degraded into _______ ______ , which are then reabsorbed into the blood.

amino acids

Urine may develop an ________ smell if allowed to stand from the breakdown of proteins, and urine may smell fruity due to the presence of ketoacids in a person with ________ mellitus.

ammonia ; diabetes

Sympathetic stimulation causes the release of renin which will result in the subsequent production of ______ which will result in a(n) ______ in the GFR.

angiotensin II; decrease

Water is reabsorbed through specific water transporter proteins called ________ .

aquaporins

When we are dehydrated, ADH binds to receptors to increase the migration of vesicles containing ______ to the membrane of the principal cells.

aquaporins

Interlobular veins merge to form ______ veins.

arcuate

The ______ arteries are parallel to the base of the medullary pyramid at the junction of the cortex and the medulla.

arcuate

The adventitia of the ureter is formed from _________ connective tissue.

areolar

The ______ limb of the nephron loop actively pumps salt out of the tubular fluid into the interstitial fluid.

ascending

Salt is retained within the tubular fluid until it moves into the ______ in the countercurrent exchange system.

ascending limb of the nephron loop

The hormone _______ _______ _______ is released from the atria in response to distension of these chambers.

atrial natriuretic peptide

Renal ________ is the intrinsic ability of the kidney to maintain constant blood pressure.

autoregulation

During nephron transcellular transport, a substance must cross two cell membranes. One of which is the ______ membrane that is in contact with the interstitial fluid.

basolateral

In the regulation of pH of both urine and blood, bicarbonate ions move freely across the filtration membrane and only small amounts of hydrogen ions are filtered, with most remaining in the blood. The filtered ______ must be reabsorbed to ensure blood pH does not become too acidic.

bicarbonate

The kidneys affect the blood volume and thus indirectly affect _______ ______ .

blood pressure

Erythropoietin acts on the ______ to increase erythrocyte production.

bone marrow

Calcium and phosphate are two substances generally considered together because 99% of the body's calcium is stored in ______ and the majority is stored as ______.

bone; calcium phosphate

Creatinine has a renal clearance of 140 mL/min which indicates that the substance is ______.

both filtered and secreted

Between the visceral and parietal layers of the glomerular capsule is a _______ ______ ,

capsular or Bowman's space

At least 20- 25% of the resting ______ normally flows through the kidney via the renal artery.

cardiac output

Once the tubular fluid leaves the ______, it is called urine.

collecting duct

Urea is "cycled" between the ______ and the ______, contributing to its concentration gradient.

collecting duct; nephron loop

The pH of urine, and consequently the pH of blood, are regulated in the ______.

collecting tubules

When the tubular fluid leaves the distal convoluted tubules, it must travel through a series of small ______ that empty into ______.

collecting tubules; collecting ducts

Blood ______ ________ pressure opposes filtration because it tends to pull or draw fluids into the glomerulus from the capsular space.

colloid osmotic

Extensions of the cortex, called renal _______ , project into the medulla and subdivide the medulla into renal _______.

columns ; pyramids

The kidney has a ______ border called the hilum.

concave medial

The wide base of a renal pyramid lies next to the ______.

cortex

A renal lobe consists of a medullary pyramid and the adjacent renal columns as well as the renal ______ .

cortex or papilla

When a kidney is sectioned along a coronal plane, there is an outer renal ______ and an inner renal ______.

cortex; medulla

The nephron loop originates in the ______ and descends down into the ______ and then ascends back into the ______.

cortex; medulla; cortex

The _______ nephrons make up approximately 85% of the nephrons in a human kidney.

cortical

Which type of nephron has relatively short nephron loops that barely extend into the medulla?

cortical

A positive feedback mechanism called the ______ _______ involves the nephron loop and is partially responsible for establishing the salt concentration gradient within the interstitial fluid.

countercurrent multiplier

The nitrogenous waste produced from the metabolism of creatine in muscle tissue is ______.

creatinine

______ is only secreted.

creatinine

The epithelial cells of the collecting tubules are ______ but are ______ cells in the collecting ducts near the renal papilla.

cuboidal; columnar

Sympathetic stimulation can result in a(n) ______ in GFR through vasoconstriction.

decrease

Parathyroid hormone, PTH, is released from the parathyroid gland in response to ______.

decreased blood Ca2+

As the net filtration pressure decreases, the GFR ________ .

decreases

Sympathetic stimulation can result in a decrease in GFR by ______ the surface area of the glomerulus.

decreasing

A specific gravity value of urine above 1.020 indicates relative ______.

dehydration

The submucosa of the urinary bladder is formed by ______ connective tissue.

dense irregular

Each nephron loop has two limbs, a(n) _________ limb that extends from the cortex to the medulla and a(n) ______ limb that returns back into the renal cortex.

descending ; ascending

Countercurrent in the countercurrent multiplier refers to the tubular fluid's reversing its relative direction as it moves first through the ______ and then through the ______.

descending limb; ascending limb of the loop

The muscularis of the bladder consists of three layers of the smooth muscle collectively called the _______ muscle.

detrusor

The internal urethral sphincter is a circular thickening of the ______ and is controlled by the ______.

detrusor muscle; ANS

Glomerular filtration is influenced by changing the ______.

diameter of the afferent arteriole

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is due to the ______ _______ it contains.

dissolved solutes

The ascending limb of the nephron loop returns to the renal cortex and terminates at the ______ _______ tubule.

distal convoluted

The ascending limb of the nephron loop returns to the renal cortex and terminates at the _______ ________ tubule.

distal convoluted

The ______ epithelial lining cells are smaller and have only sparse, short, apical microvilli.

distal convoluted tubule

Normally urine ______ contains red blood cells.

does not

Energy from Na+ moving _____ its concentration gradient into the _________ cell is used to move glucose against its concentration gradient into the same cell.

down ; tubule

Blood leaves the glomerulus by way of the ________ arteriole.

efferent

When blood leaves the glomerulus, it enters the _______ arteriole.

efferent

The ______ allows plasma and its dissolved substances to be filtered while restricting the passage of large structures, such as formed elements.

endothelium of glomerulus

The ______ is fenestrated.

endothelium of glomerulus

If a substance is neither reabsorbed nor filtered, like inulin, the renal plasma clearance is ______ the GFR.

equal to

If blood oxygen levels are reduced, cells in the kidney secrete a hormone called ______.

erythropoietin

Tubular reabsorption in response to ADH is referred to as ______.

facultative water reabsorption

True or false: The DCT is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium but the cells are larger than those of the PCT and the microvilli are denser.

false

The ______ _______ is composed of dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outside of the kidney.

fibrous capsule or renal fascia

The capsular space receives the , which is then modified to form urine.

filtrate

The fluid that is formed when blood flows through the glomerulus and some components of the plasma enter the capsular space is called _______ .

filtrate

When the blood plasma moves out of the glomerulus and into the glomerular capsule, it is now called ______.

filtrate

The pedicels are separated by thin spaces called ________ slits, which allow materials from the plasma to pass into the capsular space.

filtration

The process by which water and some dissolved solutes in the blood plasma passively move out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space of the renal corpuscle is called ________ .

filtration

Which of the following happens first?

filtration

The ______ is defined as the rate at which the volume of filtrate is formed.

glomerular filtration rate

The ______ is designed to be "leaky" to allow some plasma and solutes to be filtered.

glomerulus

The renal corpuscle has a thick tangle of capillaries called the ______.

glomerulus

The renal corpuscle has an epithelial capsule surrounding the ______ called the glomerular capsule.

glomerulus

The renal threshold for glucose is 300 mg/dL. Above this concentration, ______.

glucose will be excreted in the urine

One component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is which of the following?

granular cells

The average specific gravity of urine is slightly ______ than the specific gravity of water.

higher

Substances that are filtered and secreted have renal plasma clearance values ______ the GFR.

higher than

The kidneys control blood volume with help from ___________ .

hormones

A specific gravity value of urine below 1.010 indicates relative ________.

hydration

Filtrate is produced due to the difference between ______ pressure of the blood in the glomerulus and the opposing pressures of the osmotic blood pressure and fluid pressure in the capsular space.

hydrostatic

An increase in systemic blood pressure causes a(n) ______ in the volume of blood that enters the afferent arteriole.

increase

An increased glomerular hydrostatic blood pressure will lead to a(n)______ in net filtration pressure and a(n) ______ in GFR.

increase; increase

The consequence of the salt loss from the tubular fluid in the ascending limb is ______ solute concentration in the interstitial fluid surrounding the tubules.

increased

Aldosterone results in the ______ reabsorption of Na+ and therefore also ______.

increased; water

As net filtration pressure increases, the GFR ______.

increases

Atrial natriuretic peptide ______ GFR to eliminate fluid when there is a(n) ______ in blood volume and/or blood pressure.

increases; increase

Water reabsorption regulated by ADH near the end of the tubule is ________ of Na+ reabsorption.

independent

The external urethral sphincter is ______ to the internal urethral sphincter.

inferior

The segmental arteries branch to form the ______ arteries that travel through the renal columns.

interlobar

The arcuate arteries give off branches called ______ arteries that project peripherally into the cortex.

interlobular

The peritubular capillaries and vasa recta drain into the smallest of veins called the ______ veins.

interlobular

The interlobular veins are parallel and travel alongside the ______.

interlobular arteries

The sphincter that is the involuntary, superior sphincter surrounding the neck of the urinary bladder is the ________ ________ sphincter.

internal urethral

Salt moves from the ascending limb of the nephron loop into the ______ and then into the ______ in the countercurrent exchange system.

interstitial fluid; blood

Tubular reabsorption moves substances ______ the blood.

into

GFR=UV/P where U equals the concentration of ______ in urine.

inulin

To conduct a measurement of filtration rate, an individual is injected with ______ .

inulin

Renal failure that often affects the glomerulus and the other small blood vessels is ______.

irreversible, as there is no chance they can regenerate

Only about 15% of our nephrons are _______ nephrons.

juxtamedullary

There are two types of nephrons, cortical nephrons, and ________ nephrons.

juxtamedullary

Which type of nephron has a renal corpuscle that lies close to the corticomedullary junction with a long nephron loop that extends deep into the medulla?

juxtamedullary

Which type of nephron plays the more important role in establishing a salt concentration gradient?

juxtamedullary

Within the trigone region of the urinary bladder, the mucosa is smooth, thick, and ______ rugae.

lacks

When looking at the distal convoluted tubule under the microscope the lumen appears ______ than the proximal convoluted tubule.

less fuzzy

The spongy urethra is the ______ part of the male urethra and is located in the ______.

longest; penis

The middle muscularis of the ureter consists of an inner ________ layer and an outer circular layer.

longitudinal

Na+ concentration is relatively _______ inside the tubule cell and relatively _______ within both the tubule lumen and interstitial fluid.

lower ; higher

If a substance is reabsorbed in the kidney, its renal plasma clearance is ______ the GFR.

lower than

During nephron transcellular transport, a substance must cross two cell membranes. One of which is the ______ membrane that is in contact with the tubular fluid.

luminal

The _______ ________ is a group of modified epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule that touch the granular or juxtaglomerular cells.

macula densa

Which is a component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

macula densa

The innermost portion of a kidney is called the ______.

medulla

The renal ______ tends to be a darker shade than the renal ______.

medulla ; cortex

The ______ urethra is the shortest segment of the male urethra.

membranous

Several ______ calyces merge to form larger spaces called ______ calyces.

minor; major

The layer that lines the urinary bladder lumen is called the _______ .

mucosa

The submucosa of the urinary bladder lies immediately external to the ______.

mucosa

The layer of the ureter called the _________ consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle.

muscularis

Renal autoregulation functions by two mechanisms, the ________ mechanism, and the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism.

myogenic

The constricted ______ of the urinary bladder is connected to the urethra.

neck

In the _______ loop, only about 10% of the remaining water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed.

nephron

The functional filtration unit in a kidney is the ______.

nephron

After filtration, the majority of substances are reabsorbed or secreted into the PCT, additional substances are reabsorbed as tubular fluid moves through the ______.

nephron loop

Approximately 10 to 20% of the K+ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the ______.

nephron loop ascending limb

The ______ and the ______ are the structures responsible for establishing the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid.

nephron loop; vasa recta

The difference between the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the glomerulus and the opposing pressures of the osmotic blood pressure and fluid pressure in the capsular space is termed the ________ __________ pressure.

net filtration

A lower than normal GFR can be an indication that ______ and other unwanted substances are accumulating in the blood.

nitrogenous waste

The movement of water out of the proximal convoluted tubule follows Na+ by osmosis and is referred to as _______ _______ _______ .

obligatory water reabsorption

The female urethra has ______ function(s) and is about ______ centimeters long.

one; 4

In the kidneys, water movement occurs by ______.

osmosis

The apex of the renal pyramid is called the renal _______ and it projects toward the renal sinus.

papilla

The process in which substances pass between the epithelial cells of the kidney tubular wall is called ________ transport.

paracellular

The ______ axons stimulate micturition.

parasympathetic

The glomerular capsule has two layers, a visceral layer, and a _______ layer.

parietal

Kidneys are ______ protected by the rib cage.

partially

Podocytes are octopus-like cells that have long foot-like processes called _______ .

pedicels

The podocytes have long processes called ________ or feet that wrap around the glomerular capillaries.

pedicels

The filtration slits between the ________ permit the ready passage of filtered material into the capsule space.

pedicels, podocytes, or pedicles

The major calyces merge to form a large funnel-shaped renal ______.

pelvis

The anterior surface of the kidneys is covered with ______ and the posterior surface lies directly against the posterior abdominal wall.

peritoneum

The ______ are associated with the convoluted tubules and primarily reside in the cortex of the kidney.

peritubular capillaries

Filtration slits of the filtration membrane are formed by ______.

podocytes

The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of specialized cells called ______.

podocytes

"Multiplier" of the countercurrent multiplier refers to the ______ feedback loop that increases the concentration of salts within the interstitial fluid.

positive

The kidneys are located along the ______ abdominal wall.

posterior

ADH is released from the ______.

posterior pituitary gland

A substance that is unlike other substances because it is both reabsorbed and secreted is ________ .

potassium, K, K+, urea, or water

The main cells that regulate the amount of specific substances excreted in the urine are the ______ cells and ______ cells.

principal; intercalated

The prostatic urethra extends through the ________ gland.

prostate

Which part of the male urethra is immediately inferior to the urinary bladder?

prostatic

Approximately 60% of the Ca2+ in the blood becomes part of the filtrate while the remainder of the Ca2+ is bound to _____ in the blood and is prevented from being filtered.

protein

Most of the substances that are reabsorbed from the tubular fluid back into the blood are reabsorbed typically from the _________ _________ tubule.

proximal convoluted

The ______ is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with tall microvilli for maximum reabsorption.

proximal convoluted tubule

Which tubules stain more darkly and appear fuzzier in a histological preparation of the renal cortex?

proximal convoluted tubules

Substances are ______ when they move from the tubular fluid back into the blood.

reabsorbed

In males, the urinary bladder is anterior to the ________ and directly superior to the _______ gland.

rectum ; prostate

The parasympathetic nerves ______ the internal urethral sphincter so that urine can pass through and stimulate ______ of the detrusor muscle.

relax ; contraction

A decrease in blood pressure, detected by the afferent arteriole, will result in vasodilation. The glomerular blood pressure and the GFR will respond by ______.

remaining normal

A mechanism that is effective in maintaining a normal glomerular blood pressure only if the systemic mean arterial pressure remains between 80 and 180 mm Hg is called _________ autoregulation.

renal

Glomerular filtration regulation involves intrinsic control which could best be described as ______.

renal autoregulation

We may infer from the ______ whether a substance is reabsorbed or secreted.

renal clearance rate

Collecting tubules and collecting ducts project through the ______ toward the ______.

renal medulla; renal papilla

The fluid leaving the collecting ducts at the _______ _______ is called urine.

renal papilla

The ______ measures the volume of plasma that can be completely cleared of substance in a given period of time.

renal plasma clearance

The maximum plasma concentration of a substance that can be carried in the blood without eventually appearing in the urine is called the ______.

renal threshold

Sympathetic stimulation causes granular cells to release ______.

renin

The granular cells of the JGA, synthesize, store and release ______.

renin

In the urinary bladder, there are mucosal folds, called _________ , that allow for even greater distension.

rugae

The term "exchange" in the countercurrent exchange system refers to the _______ being exchanged for water.

salt, salts, or sodium

The descending limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to the movement of ________ out of the tubule.

salts, salt, or ions

Glucose is moved into the tubule cell by ______ and then glucose carriers transport glucose out of the tubule cell by ______.

secondary active transport; facilitated diffusion

Blood flows from the renal artery to the ______ arteries in the area of the renal sinus.

segmental

Renal arteries branch directly into ______ arteries.

segmental

The first part of the descending limb of the nephron loop, also known as the thick descending limb, is lined with ________ _______ epithelium.

simple cuboidal

What type of tissue line the PCT?

simple cuboidal epithelium

Both collecting tubules and collecting ducts are lined by ______.

simple epithelium

The thin segment of the descending limb of the nephron loop is lined with _______ _______ epithelium.

simple squamous

Most proteins are not freely filtered in the glomerulus because of their ______ and ______.

size; negative charge

The external urethral sphincter is formed by ______ muscle and is under ______ control.

skeletal; voluntary

Granular or juxtaglomerular cells are modified ______ ________ cells.

smooth muscle

The nephron tubule keeps the sodium concentrations low in the tubules and high in the tubular lumen and interstitial fluid by the use of _________ _________ pumps.

sodium potassium

The corpus spongiosum surrounds the ________ urethra in the male penis.

spongy

The thin part of the ascending limb of the nephron loop is lined with simple ________ epithelium and the thick part, is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium

squamous

In the _______ reflex, the internal urethral sphincter is stimulated so that urine is retained within the bladder.

storage

Micturition involves the ______ reflex and the micturition reflex.

storage

If an individual does not urinate at the time of the first micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle relaxes as a consequence of the " _______ - ______ response" of smooth muscle.

stress-relaxation

Continuous _________ stimulation causes relaxation of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder wall to allow the bladder to accommodate the urine in the storage reflex.

sympathetic

Direct stimulation by the ______ nervous system decreases GFR by causing vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles.

sympathetic

GFR can be decreased with extensive ______ stimulation.

sympathetic

The ______ axons cause contraction of the internal urethral sphincter and inhibit contraction of the detrusor muscle.

sympathetic

The ______ division of the nervous system sends increased nerve signals to the kidneys during exercise or during an emergency.

sympathetic

The cells of the macula densa are easy to recognize because they are ______ and ______ than the other cells of the DCT.

taller; narrower

The transport maximum for glucose reabsorption is 320 mg per minute. If the tubular fluid level of glucose exceeds 320 mg/min, then ______.

the excess glucose is excreted in urine

The distal convoluted tubule originates in the renal cortex at the end of the ______.

thick ascending limb of the nephron loop

The movement of substances through the epithelial cells of the walls of nephron tubules is called ______ transport.

transcellular

Proteins are actually transported instead of reabsorbed because they undergo ______ while being reabsorbed.

transformational changes

The female urethra is lined by ______ epithelium near its junction with the bladder.

transitional

The mucosa is formed by _________ epithelium that accommodates the shape changes that occur with distension.

transitional

The mucosa of the ureter is formed from ______ epithelium.

transitional

The _________ ________ is the maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed (or secreted) across the tubule epithelium in a given period of time.

transport maximum

The transport maximum is dependent upon the number of _______ ______ in the epithelial cell membrane.

transport proteins

The structure that is formed by imaginary lines connecting the two ureter openings and the urethral opening is the ______ of the bladder.

trigone

The proximal convoluted tubule attaches to the renal corpuscle at the ______ pole.

tubular

When substances in the filtrate move back into the blood it is called ______.

tubular reabsorption

Some substances that were not initially filtered in the glomerulus, but must be eliminated from the blood, become a component of urine through ______ _______ .

tubular secretion

The nitrogenous waste product that is a small, water-soluble molecule produced from protein breakdown in the liver is ______ .

urea

The recycling of _______ between the collecting duct and the nephron loop is in part responsible for establishing the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid.

urea

______ are both reabsorbed and secreted.

urea and uric acid

Urine flows from the renal papilla through the calyces into the renal pelvis and then directly into the ________.

ureter

"Loin-to-groin" pain typically means ______.

ureter and/or kidney discomfort

Ureters enter the posterolateral wall of the urinary bladder through the _______ openings.

ureteral

The structure that is a fibromuscular tube that conducts urine outside of the body is the ______ .

urethra

The tube that extends from the urinary bladder to the urethral opening is the ______.

urethra

The nitrogenous waste produced from nucleic acid breakdown is ______ _______ .

uric acid

Ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra are components of the ________ tract.

urinary

The ureters originate at the renal pelvis and extend to the _______ _______ .

urinary bladder

The urethra and ureters are components of the ______.

urinary tract

Micturition is the expulsion of ______.

urine

The term used for the normal smell of fresh urine is _______

urinoid

The color of urine associated with the breakdown of old red blood cells is due to the concentration of ______.

urobilin

The color of urine ranges from almost clear to dark yellow, depending on the concentration of pigment from ______ .

urobilin

The membranous urethra extends through the ______.

urogenital diaphragm

In females, the urinary bladder is anteroinferior to the ______ and directly anterior to the vagina.

uterus

An individual may choose to empty the bladder prior to the initiation of the micturition reflex by contracting the abdominal muscles as part of the _________ maneuver.

valsalva

"Countercurrent" of the countercurrent exchange system refers to the blood in the _________ recta that travels in the opposite direction to the tubular fluid within the adjacent nephron loop.

vasa

The ______ are associated with the nephron loop and primarily reside in the medulla of the kidney.

vasa recta

Water moves from the descending limb of the nephron loop into the ______ _______ when it is reabsorbed.

vasa recta (interstitial fluid)

The renal corpuscle has two poles. The afferent and efferent arterioles are found at the ______ pole.

vascular

The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism will respond by increasing ______ even further If the myogenic mechanism is not sufficient to maintain normal glomerular blood pressure due to increased systemic BP.

vasoconstriction

Severe ______ of the afferent arteriole contributes to a(n) ______ in GFR and a decrease in urine production.

vasoconstriction; decrease

Sympathetic stimulation will result in ______ of the afferent arteriole which will greatly ______ glomerular blood pressure and GFR.

vasoconstriction; decrease

An increase in systemic BP will result in ______, which will result in the glomerular blood pressure ______.

vasoconstriction; remaining normal

A decrease in blood entering the afferent arteriole will result in ______.

vasodilation

The glomerular capsule has two layers. One layer, the ______ layer, lies directly over the glomerulus.

visceral

Specific gravity is the density of a substance compared to the density of ______.

water

The ascending limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to ______ .

water

The descending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to ______ .

water

Urine is mostly composed of ______.

water

The consequence of the salt loss from the tubular fluid means that even greater amounts of ______ move out of the ______ limb into the interstitial fluid.

water; descending


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