Smartbook urinary
The kidney is shaped like a(n) ______. A. bean B. perfect sphere C. multilobed structure D. elongated tubule
A. bean
The renal artery brings blood to which structure? A. bladder B. kidney C. spleen D. liver
B. kidney
An increase in urine volume is called?
diuresis
The process by which the glomerular capillaries filter plasma is called _________ ________.
glomerular filtration
Water is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule by the process of ________.
osmosis
Consider the order of segments of the renal tubule. What is the first part of the renal tubule called? distal tubule proximal tubule collecting duct nephron loop
proximal tubule
The byproduct of amino acid catabolism in the liver that is excreted in urine is ______. urea ammonia uric acid
urea
Regulating the volume and composition of body fluids is the primary function of the ______. A. kidneys B. liver C. bladder D. blood
A. kidneys
Which prefix means "pertaining to the kidney"? A. nephr- B. calyc- C. glom- D. mict- E. cort-
A. nephr-
Which are the two major components of a nephron? A. renal tubule B. collecting duct C. renal pyramid D. renal column E. renal corpuscle
A. renal tubule E. renal corpuscle
What is a glomerulus? A. long tubes that filtrate flows through in the nephron B. a tangled cluster of blood capillaries C. thin-walled, sac-like structure that surrounds a capillary network D. the functional unit of the kidney that performs the functions of the kidney
B. a tangled cluster of blood capillaries
Which is the term for the functional units of the kidneys, responsible for urine production? A. loops B. nephrons C. corpuscles D. capsules
B. nephrons
Where are the kidneys located in the human body? A. on the anterior abdominal wall B. on either side of the vertebral column C. on the surface of the iliacus muscle
B. on either side of the vertebral column
What is the primary function of the kidneys? A. control the functioning of the liver, pancreas, and spleen B. regulate composition and volume of extracellular fluid C. produce red bloods cells D. eliminate proteins
B. regulate composition and volume of extracellular fluid
Urine produced in the nephron will pass through all of the following structures. Place them in the correct order, with the structure closest to the nephron at the top. A. Urinary bladder, urethra, ureter, calyces, renal pelvis, B. Calyces, renal pelvis, urinary bladder, urethra, ureter C. Calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
C. Calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
The word element "nephr-," as in the term nephron, means ______. A. small cup B. to pass urine C. pertaining to the kidney D. little ball
C. Pertaining to the kidney
From the glomerular capsule, the order for the tubules of the nephron is ______. A. distal tubule, nephron loop, proximal tubule B. nephron loop, distal tubule, proximal tubule C. proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule D. proximal tubule, distal tubule, nephron loop
C. proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule
The organs that function to regulate the removal of excess water, electrolytes, and metabolic wastes from body fluids are called the _________.
Kidney
The bean-shaped organs that are reddish-brown in color and have a smooth surface are the ________.
Kidneys
In the kidney, describe the movement of substances during tubular reabsorption. Substances move from the tubular fluid to the blood. Substances move from the blood to the tubular fluid.
Substances move from the tubular fluid to the blood.
What determines the composition of urine? Urine composition is always the same The ratio of water and solutes eliminated to maintain internal environment. The amount of exercise and stress the body is under.
The ratio of water and solutes eliminated to maintain internal environment.
The composition of glomerular filtrate is most like that of which body fluid? Urine Tissue fluid
Tissue fluid
The system that removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes is the ________ system.
Urinary
The system that removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes is the _________ system.
Urinary
The excreted fluid that contains wastes, along with excess water and electrolytes is called?
Urine
The kidneys lie on either side of the _____ column in a depression high on the _______wall of the abdominal cavity.
Vertebral Posterior
Name the posterior pituitary hormone that has the direct effect of increasing water reabsorption from distal tubules and collecting ducts. aldosterone atrial natriuretic factor antidiuretic hormone
antidiuretic hormone
The ability of the kidney to maintain a relatively constant glomerular filtration rate is called ______. autoregulation tubular secretion tubular reabsorption net filtration pressure
autoregulation
The rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from plasma is called renal _______.
clearance
Contributing to homeostasis, the kidney functions to maintain which of the following within normal ranges? A. metabolic rate B. body temperature C. composition of body fluids D. oxygen perfusion of tissues E. pH of body fluids F. volume of body fluids
composition of body fluids pH of body fluids volume of body fluids
Any condition that reduces glomerular capillary surface area will cause a(n) ______ in glomerular filtration. increase decrease
decrease
Renin secretion increases when blood pressure is ______. decreased increased
decreased
Name the final segment of the renal tubule of a nephron. distal tubule nephron loop proximal tubule
distal tubule
Tubular fluid flows from which renal tubular segment into the collecting duct? nephron loop proximal tubule distal tubule
distal tubule
Which tubule is shorter and less coiled than others? distal tubule proximal tubule nephron loop
distal tubule
Which term refers to an increase in urine volume? diuresis nephritis nephrotic syndrome cystitis
diuresis
What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure of blood on filtration? favors filtration opposes filtration has no effect on fluid movement
favors filtration
Pores, called ______, are located in the walls of glomerular capillaries and are important in allowing glomerular filtration. podocytes fenestrae slit pores
fenestrae
During the first step of urine formation, the material that enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular ______. extract residue filtrate secretion
filtrate
The fluid called glomerular ______ is produced by the process of glomerular filtration. fluid urine filtrate
filtrate
Glomerular ______ involves the movement of water and other small dissolved molecules and ions from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule. reabsorption secretion filtration
filtration
In which direction do substances move during tubular reabsorption? from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule. from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid
from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries
Pores, called fenestrae, are found in the walls of the ______ and are important in allowing glomerular filtration. collecting duct afferent arteriole glomerular capillaries glomerular capsule
glomerular capillaries
Within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what? peritubular capillaries renal capsule renal tubule glomerular capillaries
glomerular capillaries
If someone's renal clearance is abnormally low, it might indicate which type of condition? lower-than-normal ADH secretion glomerular damage higher-than-normal aldosterone secretion
glomerular damage
The amount of fluid per minute entering the nephrons of both kidneys is the ________ __________ rate (GFR).
glomerular filtration
Urine formation begins with a process called ______, in which water and other small dissolved molecules and ions are moved from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule. tubular reabsorption glomerular filtration glomerular secretion glomerular reabsorption tubular secretion
glomerular filtration
What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called? renal clearance glomerular filtration rate minute urine volume
glomerular filtration rate
Renal autoregulation is the ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively stable ______ in spite of changes in arterial blood pressure. glomerular filtration rate (GFR) plasma pH volume of extracellular fluid
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
What is the most important factor in determining GFR? glomerular capillary osmotic pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure capsular osmotic pressure
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
What is the most important factor in determining GFR? glomerular hydrostatic pressure capsular osmotic pressure glomerular capillary osmotic pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
In glomerular filtration, substances move from the ______ into the ______. nephron; peritubular capillaries peritubular capillaries; nephron nephron; glomerulus glomerulus; nephron
glomerulus; nephron
The greater the filtration pressure within a glomerulus, the ______ the rate of filtration will be. higher lower
higher
What is the main driving force behind glomerular filtration? colloid osmotic pressure of blood colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular filtrate hydrostatic pressure of glomerular filtrate hydrostatic pressure of blood
hydrostatic pressure of blood
What are the two main variables that affect the filtration rate? the amount of sodium in the blood hydrostatic pressure of blood the surface area available for filtration the level of hydration
hydrostatic pressure of blood the surface area available for filtration
Like filtration in the systemic capillaries, the main force that moves substances through the glomerular capillary wall is the ______ pressure of the ______ inside. osmotic; salts colloid osmotic; blood hydrostatic; blood hydrostatic; oxygen
hydrostatic; blood
If net filtration pressure increases, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will ______. remain unchanged increase decrease
increase
Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole will result in a(n) ______ in the net filtration pressure. increase decrease
increase
Define diuresis. increase in urine volume presence of urinary tract infection inflammation of glomerulus
increase in urine volume
Water excretion in the urine is ______ solute excretion. independent of dependent upon
independent of
Within the renal corpuscle, is colloid osmotic pressure an inward pressure drawing fluid into the capillaries or an outward pressure forcing fluid out of the capillaries to the glomerular capsule? inward outward
inward
The renal artery brings blood to which structure? kidney bladder spleen liver
kidney
Each ureter carries urine from a(n) ______ to the ______. nephron; renal pelvis urinary bladder; outside of the body minor calyx; renal pelvis kidney; urinary bladder
kidney; urinary bladder
The urinary bladders lies posteriorly against the rectum in ______. females only both males and females males only
males only
As tubular fluid flows through the renal tubules, ______ of the fluid is reabsorbed. some very little most
most
The volume of glomerular filtrate is ______ the volume of urine formed and excreted. much less than much greater than about the same as
much greater than
The functional units of the kidneys, responsible for filtration of the blood, are the _________
nephron
The structure that consists of a renal corpuscle and its associated renal tubule is called a(n) _________.
nephron
Identify the three main parts of a renal tubule. collecting duct nephron loop ureter distal tubule proximal tubule
nephron loop distal tubule proximal tubule
Each kidney has about one million ________ , the functional unit responsible for urine formation.
nephrons
The functional units of the kidneys, responsible for filtration of the blood, are the ________.
nephrons
What is the term for the OVERALL pressure moving fluid into and out of the glomerulus? colloid osmotic pressure net filtration pressure (NFP) hydrostatic pressure
net filtration pressure (NFP)
Which transport mechanism is used for water reabsorption from the proximal tubule? simple diffusion osmosis active transport
osmosis
When considering all of the pressures occurring within the renal corpuscle, does the NET PRESSURE move fluid into or out of the glomerular capillaries? out of the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capillaries
out of the glomerular capillaries
When considering the balance of inward and outward forces that determine net filtration, glomerular hydrostatic pressure within a glomerulus (i.e., blood pressure) acts as an ______ force. inward outward
outward
The segment of renal tubule that receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule is the _______ tubule
proximal
Leading away from the capsular space, glomerular filtrate first enters the ______. distal tubule nephron loop proximal tubule collecting duct
proximal tubule
In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes are moved from the tubular fluid to the blood is called tubular _______
reabsorption
Movement of materials from the renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries is called tubular ______?
reabsorption
Where does glomerular filtration occur? peritubular capillaries renal corpuscle renal tubule ureter
renal corpuscle
The two major components of a nephron are the ______. renal column and glomerulus renal pyramid and renal tubule renal corpuscle and renal tubule renal corpuscle and glomerulus
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Which of the following stimulates the release of renin? sympathetic stimulation parasympathetic stimulation decrease in blood pressure increase in blood pressure decreased amount of sodium sensed by the macula densa increased amount of sodium sensed by the macula densa
sympathetic stimulation decrease in blood pressure decreased amount of sodium sensed by the macula densa
What are the two main variables that affect the filtration rate? the level of hydration the surface area available for filtration the amount of sodium in the blood hydrostatic pressure of blood
the surface area available for filtration hydrostatic pressure of blood
During tubular reabsorption, materials that are useful to the body are moved from the ______ into the ______. blood; tubular fluid tubular fluid; blood
tubular fluid; blood
Hydrogen ions move from the plasma of the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal tubule by the process of ______. glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion
tubular secretion
What is the process by which substances move out of the peritubular capillary and move into the renal tubule? tubular secretion tubular reabsorption tubular excretion
tubular secretion
The waste product produced by amino acid catabolism, and excreted from the body through urine, is ________.
urea
As urine leaves the kidney, which structure will it enter first? bladder ureter urethra
ureter
The tube conveying urine from one of the kidneys to the urinary bladder is a(n) ________.
ureter
The tubular organ carrying urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is the ______. urethra ureter collecting duct distal tubule
ureter
List three substances typically found in glomerular filtrate. uric acid blood cells amino acids glucose proteins
uric acid amino acids glucose
What is the hollow muscular organ that lies just posterior to the symphysis pubis? urinary bladder ureter glomerular capsule nephron
urinary bladder
Define the term micturition. peristalsis urine formation tubular reabsorption urination
urination
The fluid formed by the kidneys and excreted from the body is called ________.
urine
The fluid formed by the kidneys and excreted from the body is called?
urine
Which change in the efferent arteriole will lead to an increased net filtration pressure within the glomerulus? vasodilation vasoconstriction
vasoconstriction
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases the reabsorption of _______ in the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
water
Antidiuretic hormone increases the permeability of cells in the last portion of the distal tubule and in the collecting duct to ______. amino acids water sodium ions chloride ions
water
The composition of urine reflects the ratio of solutes to ______ being eliminated by the kidneys. blood uric acid salt water
water
