Smartbook urinary

The kidney is shaped like a(n) ______. A. bean B. perfect sphere C. multilobed structure D. elongated tubule

A. bean

The renal artery brings blood to which structure? A. bladder B. kidney C. spleen D. liver

B. kidney

An increase in urine volume is called?

diuresis

The process by which the glomerular capillaries filter plasma is called _________ ________.

glomerular filtration

Water is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule by the process of ________.

osmosis

Consider the order of segments of the renal tubule. What is the first part of the renal tubule called? distal tubule proximal tubule collecting duct nephron loop

proximal tubule

The byproduct of amino acid catabolism in the liver that is excreted in urine is ______. urea ammonia uric acid

urea

Regulating the volume and composition of body fluids is the primary function of the ______. A. kidneys B. liver C. bladder D. blood

A. kidneys

Which prefix means "pertaining to the kidney"? A. nephr- B. calyc- C. glom- D. mict- E. cort-

A. nephr-

Which are the two major components of a nephron? A. renal tubule B. collecting duct C. renal pyramid D. renal column E. renal corpuscle

A. renal tubule E. renal corpuscle

What is a glomerulus? A. long tubes that filtrate flows through in the nephron B. a tangled cluster of blood capillaries C. thin-walled, sac-like structure that surrounds a capillary network D. the functional unit of the kidney that performs the functions of the kidney

B. a tangled cluster of blood capillaries

Which is the term for the functional units of the kidneys, responsible for urine production? A. loops B. nephrons C. corpuscles D. capsules

B. nephrons

Where are the kidneys located in the human body? A. on the anterior abdominal wall B. on either side of the vertebral column C. on the surface of the iliacus muscle

B. on either side of the vertebral column

What is the primary function of the kidneys? A. control the functioning of the liver, pancreas, and spleen B. regulate composition and volume of extracellular fluid C. produce red bloods cells D. eliminate proteins

B. regulate composition and volume of extracellular fluid

Urine produced in the nephron will pass through all of the following structures. Place them in the correct order, with the structure closest to the nephron at the top. A. Urinary bladder, urethra, ureter, calyces, renal pelvis, B. Calyces, renal pelvis, urinary bladder, urethra, ureter C. Calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

C. Calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

The word element "nephr-," as in the term nephron, means ______. A. small cup B. to pass urine C. pertaining to the kidney D. little ball

C. Pertaining to the kidney

From the glomerular capsule, the order for the tubules of the nephron is ______. A. distal tubule, nephron loop, proximal tubule B. nephron loop, distal tubule, proximal tubule C. proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule D. proximal tubule, distal tubule, nephron loop

C. proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule

The organs that function to regulate the removal of excess water, electrolytes, and metabolic wastes from body fluids are called the _________.

Kidney

The bean-shaped organs that are reddish-brown in color and have a smooth surface are the ________.

Kidneys

In the kidney, describe the movement of substances during tubular reabsorption. Substances move from the tubular fluid to the blood. Substances move from the blood to the tubular fluid.

Substances move from the tubular fluid to the blood.

What determines the composition of urine? Urine composition is always the same The ratio of water and solutes eliminated to maintain internal environment. The amount of exercise and stress the body is under.

The ratio of water and solutes eliminated to maintain internal environment.

The composition of glomerular filtrate is most like that of which body fluid? Urine Tissue fluid

Tissue fluid

The system that removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes is the ________ system.

Urinary

The system that removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes is the _________ system.

Urinary

The excreted fluid that contains wastes, along with excess water and electrolytes is called?

Urine

The kidneys lie on either side of the _____ column in a depression high on the _______wall of the abdominal cavity.

Vertebral Posterior

Name the posterior pituitary hormone that has the direct effect of increasing water reabsorption from distal tubules and collecting ducts. aldosterone atrial natriuretic factor antidiuretic hormone

antidiuretic hormone

The ability of the kidney to maintain a relatively constant glomerular filtration rate is called ______. autoregulation tubular secretion tubular reabsorption net filtration pressure

autoregulation

The rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from plasma is called renal _______.

clearance

Contributing to homeostasis, the kidney functions to maintain which of the following within normal ranges? A. metabolic rate B. body temperature C. composition of body fluids D. oxygen perfusion of tissues E. pH of body fluids F. volume of body fluids

composition of body fluids pH of body fluids volume of body fluids

Any condition that reduces glomerular capillary surface area will cause a(n) ______ in glomerular filtration. increase decrease

decrease

Renin secretion increases when blood pressure is ______. decreased increased

decreased

Name the final segment of the renal tubule of a nephron. distal tubule nephron loop proximal tubule

distal tubule

Tubular fluid flows from which renal tubular segment into the collecting duct? nephron loop proximal tubule distal tubule

distal tubule

Which tubule is shorter and less coiled than others? distal tubule proximal tubule nephron loop

distal tubule

Which term refers to an increase in urine volume? diuresis nephritis nephrotic syndrome cystitis

diuresis

What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure of blood on filtration? favors filtration opposes filtration has no effect on fluid movement

favors filtration

Pores, called ______, are located in the walls of glomerular capillaries and are important in allowing glomerular filtration. podocytes fenestrae slit pores

fenestrae

During the first step of urine formation, the material that enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular ______. extract residue filtrate secretion

filtrate

The fluid called glomerular ______ is produced by the process of glomerular filtration. fluid urine filtrate

filtrate

Glomerular ______ involves the movement of water and other small dissolved molecules and ions from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule. reabsorption secretion filtration

filtration

In which direction do substances move during tubular reabsorption? from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule. from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid

from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries

Pores, called fenestrae, are found in the walls of the ______ and are important in allowing glomerular filtration. collecting duct afferent arteriole glomerular capillaries glomerular capsule

glomerular capillaries

Within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what? peritubular capillaries renal capsule renal tubule glomerular capillaries

glomerular capillaries

If someone's renal clearance is abnormally low, it might indicate which type of condition? lower-than-normal ADH secretion glomerular damage higher-than-normal aldosterone secretion

glomerular damage

The amount of fluid per minute entering the nephrons of both kidneys is the ________ __________ rate (GFR).

glomerular filtration

Urine formation begins with a process called ______, in which water and other small dissolved molecules and ions are moved from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule. tubular reabsorption glomerular filtration glomerular secretion glomerular reabsorption tubular secretion

glomerular filtration

What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called? renal clearance glomerular filtration rate minute urine volume

glomerular filtration rate

Renal autoregulation is the ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively stable ______ in spite of changes in arterial blood pressure. glomerular filtration rate (GFR) plasma pH volume of extracellular fluid

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

What is the most important factor in determining GFR? glomerular capillary osmotic pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure capsular osmotic pressure

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

What is the most important factor in determining GFR? glomerular hydrostatic pressure capsular osmotic pressure glomerular capillary osmotic pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

In glomerular filtration, substances move from the ______ into the ______. nephron; peritubular capillaries peritubular capillaries; nephron nephron; glomerulus glomerulus; nephron

glomerulus; nephron

The greater the filtration pressure within a glomerulus, the ______ the rate of filtration will be. higher lower

higher

What is the main driving force behind glomerular filtration? colloid osmotic pressure of blood colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular filtrate hydrostatic pressure of glomerular filtrate hydrostatic pressure of blood

hydrostatic pressure of blood

What are the two main variables that affect the filtration rate? the amount of sodium in the blood hydrostatic pressure of blood the surface area available for filtration the level of hydration

hydrostatic pressure of blood the surface area available for filtration

Like filtration in the systemic capillaries, the main force that moves substances through the glomerular capillary wall is the ______ pressure of the ______ inside. osmotic; salts colloid osmotic; blood hydrostatic; blood hydrostatic; oxygen

hydrostatic; blood

If net filtration pressure increases, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will ______. remain unchanged increase decrease

increase

Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole will result in a(n) ______ in the net filtration pressure. increase decrease

increase

Define diuresis. increase in urine volume presence of urinary tract infection inflammation of glomerulus

increase in urine volume

Water excretion in the urine is ______ solute excretion. independent of dependent upon

independent of

Within the renal corpuscle, is colloid osmotic pressure an inward pressure drawing fluid into the capillaries or an outward pressure forcing fluid out of the capillaries to the glomerular capsule? inward outward

inward

The renal artery brings blood to which structure? kidney bladder spleen liver

kidney

Each ureter carries urine from a(n) ______ to the ______. nephron; renal pelvis urinary bladder; outside of the body minor calyx; renal pelvis kidney; urinary bladder

kidney; urinary bladder

The urinary bladders lies posteriorly against the rectum in ______. females only both males and females males only

males only

As tubular fluid flows through the renal tubules, ______ of the fluid is reabsorbed. some very little most

most

The volume of glomerular filtrate is ______ the volume of urine formed and excreted. much less than much greater than about the same as

much greater than

The functional units of the kidneys, responsible for filtration of the blood, are the _________

nephron

The structure that consists of a renal corpuscle and its associated renal tubule is called a(n) _________.

nephron

Identify the three main parts of a renal tubule. collecting duct nephron loop ureter distal tubule proximal tubule

nephron loop distal tubule proximal tubule

Each kidney has about one million ________ , the functional unit responsible for urine formation.

nephrons

The functional units of the kidneys, responsible for filtration of the blood, are the ________.

nephrons

What is the term for the OVERALL pressure moving fluid into and out of the glomerulus? colloid osmotic pressure net filtration pressure (NFP) hydrostatic pressure

net filtration pressure (NFP)

Which transport mechanism is used for water reabsorption from the proximal tubule? simple diffusion osmosis active transport

osmosis

When considering all of the pressures occurring within the renal corpuscle, does the NET PRESSURE move fluid into or out of the glomerular capillaries? out of the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capillaries

out of the glomerular capillaries

When considering the balance of inward and outward forces that determine net filtration, glomerular hydrostatic pressure within a glomerulus (i.e., blood pressure) acts as an ______ force. inward outward

outward

The segment of renal tubule that receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule is the _______ tubule

proximal

Leading away from the capsular space, glomerular filtrate first enters the ______. distal tubule nephron loop proximal tubule collecting duct

proximal tubule

In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes are moved from the tubular fluid to the blood is called tubular _______

reabsorption

Movement of materials from the renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries is called tubular ______?

reabsorption

Where does glomerular filtration occur? peritubular capillaries renal corpuscle renal tubule ureter

renal corpuscle

The two major components of a nephron are the ______. renal column and glomerulus renal pyramid and renal tubule renal corpuscle and renal tubule renal corpuscle and glomerulus

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Which of the following stimulates the release of renin? sympathetic stimulation parasympathetic stimulation decrease in blood pressure increase in blood pressure decreased amount of sodium sensed by the macula densa increased amount of sodium sensed by the macula densa

sympathetic stimulation decrease in blood pressure decreased amount of sodium sensed by the macula densa

What are the two main variables that affect the filtration rate? the level of hydration the surface area available for filtration the amount of sodium in the blood hydrostatic pressure of blood

the surface area available for filtration hydrostatic pressure of blood

During tubular reabsorption, materials that are useful to the body are moved from the ______ into the ______. blood; tubular fluid tubular fluid; blood

tubular fluid; blood

Hydrogen ions move from the plasma of the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal tubule by the process of ______. glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion

tubular secretion

What is the process by which substances move out of the peritubular capillary and move into the renal tubule? tubular secretion tubular reabsorption tubular excretion

tubular secretion

The waste product produced by amino acid catabolism, and excreted from the body through urine, is ________.

urea

As urine leaves the kidney, which structure will it enter first? bladder ureter urethra

ureter

The tube conveying urine from one of the kidneys to the urinary bladder is a(n) ________.

ureter

The tubular organ carrying urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is the ______. urethra ureter collecting duct distal tubule

ureter

List three substances typically found in glomerular filtrate. uric acid blood cells amino acids glucose proteins

uric acid amino acids glucose

What is the hollow muscular organ that lies just posterior to the symphysis pubis? urinary bladder ureter glomerular capsule nephron

urinary bladder

Define the term micturition. peristalsis urine formation tubular reabsorption urination

urination

The fluid formed by the kidneys and excreted from the body is called ________.

urine

The fluid formed by the kidneys and excreted from the body is called?

urine

Which change in the efferent arteriole will lead to an increased net filtration pressure within the glomerulus? vasodilation vasoconstriction

vasoconstriction

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases the reabsorption of _______ in the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

water

Antidiuretic hormone increases the permeability of cells in the last portion of the distal tubule and in the collecting duct to ______. amino acids water sodium ions chloride ions

water

The composition of urine reflects the ratio of solutes to ______ being eliminated by the kidneys. blood uric acid salt water

water