Smoking

Describe how smoking can lead to emphysema

1) The mucus collects in the bronchiole tubes preventing the cilia miving. The airways become blocked and inflammed. A lot of coughing, smoker's cough damages the alveoli 2) Fewer alvioli, reduces the surface area for gas exchange. So less oxygen into blood and less Carbon dioxide out of blood by diffusion

Nicotine

An extremely addictive drug, it is the reason why smokers find it difficult to give up. It is a stimulant. It increases a smoker's heart rate and blood pressure and eventually causes heart disease. Nicotine stimulates the release of the hormone adrenaline which acts on the circulatory system diverting blood away from the extremities to the muscels and brain. Poor blood circulation may lead to amputation.

When smoking during pregnancy there is a higher risk of:

Babies born to smoking mothers, have a lower birthmass More babies are born prematurely and there is a greater risk of stillborn They are twice as likely to develop respiratory diseases such as broncitis

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide enters the blood and combines irreversibly with haemoglobin lowering the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood Capillaries containing deoxygenated blood from the heart, arrive at the lungs(alveoli) Blood leaving the lungs is not fully oxygenated due to the presence of Carbon monoxide.

Unhealthy lungs

Cilia became paralysed in smoker's and extra mucus is manufactured, the mucus becomes clogged with tar and deposits in the lower airways and alveoli

Tar (table)

Description: Brown and sticky. Contains carcinogens Short term effects: Tar will paralyse cilia; leads to bronchitis; Smoker's cough Long term effects: mouth, throat, and lung cancer; Emphysems; Pneumonia

Carbon monoxide (table)

Description: Colorless, odourless gas Short term effects: Combines irreversibly with haemoglobin, which reduces the body's capacity to carry oxygen Long term effects: Can lead to heart attack or stroke

Nicotine (table)

Description: Highly addictive and very toxic Short term effects: Affects the brain; stimulant; increases heart rate; raises blood pressure Long term effects: heart diseases

Healthy lungs

In healthy lungs, chemicals and other irritants are trapped by mucus and moved away from the alveoli by the cilia 'wafting'

Three main chemicals in cigarettes couseing health related affects in the body are

NIcotine, Tar, Carbon monoxide

Smoking and pregnancy

Smokers carry approximately 10% less oxygen than non-smokers. During pregnancy this will deprive the developing fetus of oxygen and it may not grow as well as it should.

Tar

Tar is a brown sticky substance that irritates the lining of the airways making it difficult to breath.Tar causes the paralysis of cilia. It also contains carcinogens. Cancer is a growth caused by cells which divide rapidly out of control to form a tumor. The growth is triggered by carcinogens in tobacco smoke.

Smoking-unhealthy lungs

This causes chronic bronchitis which can lead to the irreversible condition of emphysema. Emphysems results in the breakdown of alveoli which wil greatly reduce the surface area for gas exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide. Patients suffering from emphysema often have to receive oxygen

10 components of cigarette smoke

cholesterol, ammonia, acetaldehyde, hydrogen, cyanide, benzene, phenol, nicotine, butan

Smoking causes cancer of:

the mouth, throat, larynx, gullet and bladder

are low tar cigarettes 'healthier' than high tar brand

yes, because since tar paralyses the cilia, they cannot waft mucus out of respiratory system, also mucus collects - bronchitus, emphysema. Tar contains careghnogens, which can cause cancer