SOC 1001-501 - EXAM 2

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symbolic interactionism

"Gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives. Gender is something we 'do' on a daily basis." This statement most likely comes from which perspective?

culture of poverty

"It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes while ignoring the structural causes of inequality." This statement is a critique of the ______________

anomie

"Normlessness"; term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change (page 128)

The upper class makes up just 1 percent of the total U.S. population, but its total net worth is greater than that of ________ percent of the rest of the population?

leader

A ______ who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions explains how groupthink can be avoided.

blue collar

A description characterizing workers who perform manual labor (page 191)

rationalization

A high school decides that its band needs to wear uniforms. In order to be more efficient, the school only buys uniforms in three sizes and forces students to pick the size that comes closest to fitting. What process described in Chapter 5 is this an example of?

upper class

A largely self-sustaining group of the wealthiest people in a class system; in the United States, they constitute about 1 percent of the population and possess most of the wealth of the country (page 190)

According to Talcott Parsons's understanding of the different roles that family members play, which of the following examples could be associated with the expressive role?

A mother providing love, care, and affection to her husband and children

horizontal social mobility

A reporter, who covers the police beat at a newspaper, changes careers. She becomes an editor of nonfiction books and is paid the same salary as she was at the newspaper. What has she experienced? structural mobility intragenerational mobility relative deprivation horizontal social mobility vertical social mobility

closed system

A social system with very little opportunity to move from one class to another (page 203)

part of the simplicity movement

A young doctor fresh out of medical school, who looks for a position where he can work about twenty hours a week and make much less money than other doctors, might be:

a group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to the dominant group

According to sociologists, what is a minority group?

deal with bureaucracies

Activists sometimes advocate living "off the grid," which, in its simplest form, means living without buying electricity and water from utility companies. However they also admit that living off the grid is harder and harder, as there simply isn't enough affordable land in places where it would be feasible to do so, which means that most of America has to:

chronic disease

Albert has had a recurring illness since 1994. The illness requires him to periodically visit his doctor for treatment. He likely has

domestic violence

Alexander insists on maintaining control of the checking account in his family. He allots his wife the same amount of money every week, searches through her purse every night, and insists on seeing the receipts for even the smallest purchases she makes. A sociologists who studies the family would probably consider his behavior a form of

category

authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader

charismatic authority

Emile Durkheim social structure that maintains society

clarifies moral boundaries, promotes social cohesion, promotes social change

A college professor has a large collection of controversial counterculture T-shirts but makes sure to never wear these shirts to class. What is this kind of conformity called?

compliance

a type of conformity undertaken to gain rewards or avoid punishments

compliance

Which theory suggests crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes because laws represent the interests of those in power?

conflict theory

individuals who accept society's approved goals and society's approved means to achieve them

conformists

behaviors that help others to save face or avoid embarrassment, often referred to as civility or tact

cooling the mark out

face-to-face interaction or being in the presence of other

copresence

cash register honesty

copy machine to make personal copies, and makes long-distance phone calls on the store's line. However, he would never consider stealing money from the cash register, even if he knew that he could get away with it. What is this attitude called?

a collection of social institutions, such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons, that create and enforce laws

criminal justice system

What are the tastes, habits, and expectations called that children "inherit" or learn from their parents and that help to achieve material success in life?

cultural capital

some people utilize social media as an enhances form of condescending attacks known as

cyber bullying

the use of electronic media to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone

cyberbullying

an agreement with others about "what is going on" in a given circumstance. This consensus allows us to coordinate our actions with those of others and realize goals.

definition of the situation

a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction

deviance

the process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates his/her own labeling process

deviance avowal

how can deviance be explained from the functionalist perspective

deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms

EDWIN SUTHERLAND'S hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers

differential association theory

In 2015, tech giant google announced a $150 million plan to get more women and minorities into the tech field. What program did google likely use to accomplish the school

diversity training

the belief that we experience the self as both subject and object, the "I" and the "me"

dual nature of the self

the realistic aspect of the mind that balances the forces of the id and the superego

ego

group

embers of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together while also interacting with each other?

a status generated by physical characteristics

embodied status

the process of evoking, suppressing, or otherwise managing feelings to create a publicly observable display of emotion

emotion work (emotional labor)

how does the FBI's Uniform Crime Report measure crime

every crime reported by over 17,000 law enforcement agencies in the US are tabulated

small actions such as an eye roll or head nod that serve as an interactional tool to help project our definition of the situation to others

expressions of behavior

socially constructed norms regarding the expression and display of emotions; expectations about the acceptable or desirable feelings in a given situation

feeling rules

the perspectives and expectations of a network of others (or of society in general) that a child learns and then takes into account when shaping his/her own behavior

generalized other

in what aspects of stigma are symbolic interaction it's interested

how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday bias

There are several ways in which gays and lesbians in the United States have chosen to manage their stigma. When gay rights activists chant the slogan, "We're here, we're queer, get used to it," what strategy are they using?

in-group orientation

among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgements or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity

in-group orientation

there are several ways in which gays and lesbians in the United States have chosen to manage their stigma. When gay rights activists chant the slogan "we're here we're queer get used to it" what strategy are they using

in-group orientation

an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them

incapacitation

When customers have low credit scores, banks often offer them subprime loans that have higher than normal interest rates. If a bank gives three times as many subprime loans to black Americans than to white Americans, even when they have the same credit scores, the bank is guilty of

institutional discrimination

What sort of jobs can support a middle-class lifestyle in America today?

jobs in the service, information, and technology sectors

make split-second judgments about who people are and what social statuses they occupy based on their appearances

a status that is always relevant and affects all other statuses we possess

master status

although they make very little money, priests, ministers, rabbis, and clergy are often prestigious members of their communities. Which social theorist first suggested that this is an important element of class status

max weber

In the "On The Job: Female Athletes and the Battle for Equal Pay" box feature, what primary reason is given for the gender pay gap in virtually all occupations?

occupational segregation

any group that an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward

out-group

according to HOWARD BECKER, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society

outsiders

stealing minor items in small amounts, often again and again

pilfering

the second stage in MEAD'S theory of the development of the self wherein children pretend to play the role of the particular or significant other

play stage

the first stage in MEAD'S theory of the development of the self wherein children mimic or imitate others

preparatory stage

behaviors approved of and by a particular social group

prescriptions

in labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant

primary deviance

the people who are most important to our sense of self; members' relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belonging

primary groups

cultural assimilation

racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting their culture permissive- at the pace of individuals forced- punishment if not done

An argument that both genes and the environment have something to do with racial differences, those who disagreed, said it seemed like a familiar argument because

racist beliefs are often rooted in the assumption that differences between groups are genetic

A young man is told by his friends that in bars he should drink beer while buying women shots in the hopes of getting the women very drunk and increasing his chance of having sex with them. He tells his friends that they are encouraging

rape culture

individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means

ritualists

the set of behaviors expected of someone because of his/her status

role

the process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy

role exit

the tension experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role

role strain

emotions like sympathy, embarrassment, or shame that require we assume the perspective of another person or many other people and respond from that person or group's point of view

role-taking emotions

a postmodern idea that the self is now developed by multiple influences chose from a wide range of media sources

saturated self

in labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant

secondary deviance

the individual's conscious, reflexive experience of a personal identity separate and distinct from other individuals

self

an inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true

self-fulfilling prophecy

the process by which a concept or practice is created and maintained by participants who collectively agree that it exists

social construction

the formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion

social control

a theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging

social identity theory

connections between individuals

social ties

1. There is an assumption that men can lift more weight than women. Due to this assumption, doctors will focus on enriching a male nurse's skills opposed to those of a female nurse. This eventually leads to most male nurses performing better in the field due to the extra attention and skill development. This is an example for:

stereotype promis

judging others based on preconceived generalizations about groups or categories of people

stereotyping

what is the relationship between the American dream in the social class system by which the US is stratified

the American dream legitimizes inequality by reinforcing the idea that everyone has the same chance to get ahead

According to a study, black defendants on trial for murder in Pennsylvania or 40% more likely to receive the death penalty than whites convicted of similar crimes. This indicates that

the criminal justice system has a racial bias

some people worry about maintaining a tan. Sometimes, if they do not have the time to tan naturally, they go to a tanning salon or use chemicals to stimulate a tan. This might seem bizarre in some cultures, which can help us realize that

the line between beauty and deviance is fluid and changes across time and place

racial assimilation

the process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage

According to twine, what changes occur in the lives of white women that have families with black men

they lose some racial privilege through their relationships with their husbands

an institution in which individuals are cut off from the rest of society so that their lives can be controlled and regulated for the purpose of systematically stripping away previous roles and identities in order to create new ones

total institution

authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right

traditional authority

a three-person social group

triad

Many workers at auto plants in Michigan lost their jobs when plants closed. What has this resulted in for the vast majority of these workers?

vertical social mobility

Which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance?

violations of social norms

crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery

violent crime

social groups whose interactions are mediated through information technologies, particularly the internet

virtual communities

group of five

which kind of group is most likely to have written rules? Answer Correct Answer: groups of five

crime committed by a high-status individual in the course of his/her occupation

white collar crime

Tax evasion is an example of which of the following types of crimes, as defined by sociologists?

white-collar crimes

primary group

" Primary groups never try to sanction members or otherwise affect their behavior." is NOT a true statement about a __________

aggregate

A collection of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations (page 124)

white collar

A description characterizing workers and skilled laborers in technical and lower-management jobs (page 191)

groupthink

A leader who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions is best suited to avoid ______

Sometimes social change is necessary to maintain equilibrium and order in society is an idea that comes from which theoretical perspective?

Functionalism

The term sex refers to the biological differences between males and females, whereas the term gender refers to the socially constructed behavior of men and women.

How are the terms gender and sex different?

How is institutional discrimination different from individual discrimination?

Institutional discrimination is more systematic and widespread.

middle class lifestyle

Jobs in the service, information, and technology sectors support a _____________ in the U.S. today

curative or crisis medicine

Nash broke his arm on the playground. His parents will most likely seek

sociologisits

Norms are universal and always identified as deviant across cultures and times is NOT a topic examined by _______.

symbolic ethnicity

On St. Patrick's Day, Aiden, who is Irish, goes to have drinks with friends wearing his green shirt and ordering a green beer. Aiden is displaying _________________.

She is a "consequential stranger" who bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups.

One of the baristas at José's local coffee shop always greets him by name. She often asks how school is going and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize José relationship with the barista?

How is prejudice different from discrimination?

Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is an action.

pilfering

Stealing minor items in small amounts, often again and again (page 174)

social identity theory

The _________ suggests that in teamwork, the most efficient teams have members with strong social identities.

intergenerational mobility

The difference between a person's ascribed status and his achieved status is measured in terms of his

intergenerational mobility

The difference between a person's ascribed status and his achieved status is measured in terms of his:

intragenerational mobility

The difference between a person's ascribed status and his achieved status is measured in terms of his:

social control

The formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion (page 159)

compliance

The mildest type of conformity, undertaken to gain rewards or avoid punishments (page 137)

social identity theories

The most efficient teams have members with strong social identities is a strong suggestion by social identity theory when considering teamwork.

slavery

The most extreme form of social stratification, based on the legal ownership of people (page 187)

vertical social mobility

The movement between different class statuses, often called either upward mobility or downward mobility (page 203)

intragenerational mobility

The movement between social classes that occurs during the course of an individual's lifetime (page 203)

What is intergenerational mobility?

The movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next.

What is horizontal social mobility

The movement of individuals or groups within

homogamy

The tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership is called

"Welfare queen" is an insulting term for a woman who is accused of cheating the government by collecting welfare payments. There is no "welfare king" insult. What nugget of sociological truth is contained in the phrase "welfare queen"?

The use of the word "queen" reminds us that women are more likely than men to live in poverty.

social network

The web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people who may also affect the individual (page 125)

Why don't girls, who tend to get better grades than boys, translate their advantage into material success after graduation?

They are typically credited for hard work rather than intellectual ability

How have social networking websites affected social groups?

They help people make the most of both their primary and secondary groups.

not a serious norm violation to provoke a sanction

Today using the wrong fork to eat a salad at a dinner party would not usually qualify as deviance. Why not?

crime

Traditionally most of the sociological literature on deviance focuses on:

personal qualities of the leader

Unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority, charismatic authority is rooted in

upward or downward mobility

Vertical social mobility is often referred to as _____________.

reimbursement of the victim

What is NOT a justification for punishment in the United States today?

Strictly speaking, social class is determined by socioeconomic status, but there is often overlap between class and these other variables

What is the relationship between social class and race, ethnicity, gender, and age in the United States today?

power of the group

What was the Asch experiment measuring?

What is realistic about so-called Cinderella stories like the film Pretty Woman, where a low-status woman marries a wealthy, powerful man?

When class boundaries are crossed, women usually marry up while men marry down.

it is about equal across racial and ethnic groups

When considering rates of domestic violence, evidence suggests

groupthink

When group members withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus, they are engaging in

social loafing

Which of the following phenomena is a reason why group efficiency declines as groups increase in size?

group membership

Which of the following statements would be most convincing to a sociologist if you were trying to explain the shift from A- and B-mode responses on the Twenty Statements Test to C-mode responses? Answer - The accelerated pace of social change makes it increasingly difficult to think about the self in terms of _______________.

The accelerated pace of social change makes it increasingly difficult to think about the self in terms of group membership

Which of the following statements would be most convincing to a sociologist if you were trying to explain the shift from A-mode and B-mode responses to C-mode responses on the Twenty Statements Test?

finding ways to recognize individual effort

Which of the following strategies could be used as a way to minimize social loafing?

violations of social norms

Which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance?

other homeless men

Who acted kindly toward John Coleman when he went undercover as a homeless person and lived on the street for ten days?

people have more access to individuals who are like themselves

Why are people more likely to marry individuals with social and cultural backgrounds very similar to their own?

productivity

Why does actual group ------- never equal potential _______ Answer -Time is lost to coordinating and organizing group members

time

Why does actual group productivity never equal potential productivity? _______ is lost to coordinating and organizing group members.

Luxury

Why don't members of the lower class exercise more often? Answer - Exercise is a _________ accessible only to those who don't have to struggle with day-to-day existence.

class boundaries are blurry

Why should you remain cautious when using a representation of the class system in a table or graph?

sufficient resources

Why was imprisonment such a rare type of punishment before the nineteenth century? Earlier societies did not have _______ to operate prisons.

to see if a particular tie is strong or weak

Why would sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which an individual has been in contact with each member of his social network

to see if a particular tie is strong or weak

Why would sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which an individual has been in contact with each member of his social network?

Regressive or reactionary social movements are always?

Working to make sure things stay the same or even to turn them back to an earlier point in history.

Texas has never had a Hispanic governor and the percentage of Hispanic Americans in Texas state government is low. However, many Hispanic Americans live in Texas. In 2012, they made up nearly 40 percent of the state's population. Would a sociologist in Texas call Hispanic Americans a minority group?

Yes, because they are denied access to power and resources.

cash register honesty

Your professor is almost certainly an honest, upstanding employee who would never steal from her employer. Or would she? While it seems very unlikely that she would steal money from the school, it seems more likely that she might use the photocopy machine to make personal copies, a practice that could be described as:

women

_____ are most likely to do the second shift work in the family.

essentialists

_____ believe gender roles have a genetic origin and therefore cannot be changed.

constructionists

_____ believe the notions of gender are socially determined.

Mark Granovetter

___________ has argued that the people you know best are likely to possess only information that you already have, which is why he argued that, especially for finding employment, it is advantageous to have more casual acquaintances who are connected to different social networks.

status inconsistency

a situation in which there are serious differences between the different elements of an individual's socioeconomic status (page 191)

What kind of sociologist believes racial and ethnic identities bind people and help society run much more efficiently?

a structural functionalist

meritocracy

a system in which rewards are distributed based on merit (page 213)

several members of the Indian government have argued that poverty in India should be calculated according to how many calories per day people consume, not in relation to their incomes. What sort of measure of poverty would this be

absolute

a status earned through individual effort or imposed by others

achieved status

the ability of the individual to act freely and independently

agency

social groups, institutions, and individuals (esp. the family, schools, peers, and the mass media) that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place

agents of socialization

a collection of people who share a physical location but do not have any lasting social relations

aggregate

situational ethnicity

an ethnic identity that can either be displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation

symbolic ethnicity

an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life

an inborn status; usually difficult or impossible to change

ascribed status

the legitimate right to wield power

authority

ethnographic description that focuses on the feelings and reactions of the ethnographer

autoethnography

in the dramaturgical perspective, places in which we rehearse and prepare for our performances

backstage

When does gender role socialization begin?

before birth

What sorts of jobs are usually available to members of the lower-middle class?

blue collar or manual jobs

Robert Putnam's research

can be exemplified by his description in a decline in bowling leagues. Which of the following might serve as evidence that Putnam's concerns are overblown? _______the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and emotional support

the death penalty

capital punishment

The 2000 Census was the first time that Americans were allowed to ________ when identifying their race.

check more than one box

What kind of power is a football coach wielding when he threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder?

coercive power

power that is backed by the threat of force

coercive power

a violation of a norm that has been codified into law

crime

an approach to punishment that relies in the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes

deterrence

What is the justification for harsh sentencing guidelines like California's controversial "three strikes" law?

deterrence of future crimes

In The Mismeasure of Women, social psychologist Carol Tavris argues that there is nothing "universal and nonvarying . . . in the natures of men and women." If you agree with her, you would have to reject the concept of

essentualism

expressions that are intentional and usually verbal, such as utterances

expressions given

The wealth gap involves the unequal distribution of prestige or social honor that some individuals receive from being members of particular groups

false

in the US, hard work and dedication lift the majority of people out of poverty

false

throughout history, prison has been the most common means of punishment for criminals and deviants

false

children who have had little human contact and may have lived in the wild from a young age

feral children

in the dramaturgical perspective, the setting or scene of performances that helps establish the definition of the situation

front

in the dramaturgical perspective, the regions in which we deliver our public performances

frontstage

the third stage in MEAD'S theory of the development of the self wherein children play organized games and take on the perspective of the generalized other

game stage

Many expectant parents get a sonogram to find out the sex of their babies and they only start decorating the nursery after learning the sex. This is an example of

gender role socialization

Deliberate and systematic extermination of racial, ethnic, or national group is called

genocide

a collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other

group

the sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong

group cohesion

the patterns of interaction between groups and individuals

group dynamics

in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement

groupthink

the murder of a family member (usually female) who is believed to have brought dishonor to his/her family

honor killing

a type of conformity caused by a desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or group

identification

the effort to control the impressions we make on others so that they form a desired view of us and the situation; the use of self-presentation and performance tactics

impression management

power that is supported by persuasion

influential power

individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them

innovators

leadership that is task- or goal-oriented

instrumental leadership

authority based in laws, rules, and procedures, not in the heredity of any individual leader

legal-rational authority

the notion that the self develops through our perception of others' evaluations and appraisals of us

looking-glass self

the perspectives and expectations of a particular role that a child learns and internalizes

particular or significant other

presenting oneself as a member of different group than the stigmatized group one belongs to

passing

actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic

positive deviance

the ability to control the actions of others

power

crimes that did not involve violence, including burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson

property crime

behaviors a particular social group wants its members to avoid

proscriptions

four distinct stages of the development of the self between birth and adulthood, according to FREUD. Each stage is associated with a different erogenous zone.

psychosexual stages of development

Understanding that racism in the US created and maintains inequality is a characteristic of

rare consciousness

the application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns

rationalization

individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means

rebels

tertiary deviance

redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon (page 161)

the process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life

resocialization

individuals who reject society's approved goals and the means by which to achieve them

retreatists

an approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal

retribution

the roles associated with one status clashing with the roles associated with a different status

role conflict

groups whose members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary

secondary groups

the influence of one's fellow group members on individual attitudes and behaviors

social influence (peer pressure)

the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social groups, by which we become functioning members of society

socialization

What do functionalists generally believe to be true about gender?

some social roles are better suited to one gender than the other

a position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations

status

ERVING GOFFMAN'S term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction

stigma

passing (stigma)

stigmatized individuals may try to pass as if they are apart of the mainstream

structural mobility

Many people become instant millionaire is during the so-called.com boom of the late 1990s, so we usually think of social mobility as a result of individual effort. What is this an example of?

structural mobility

What do sociologists call it when large numbers of people move up or down the social class ladder as a result of changes to society as a whole?

structural mobility

ROBERT MERTON'S argument that in an unequal society the tension or strain between socially approved goals and an individual's ability to achieve those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals or the means to both

structural strain theory

the aspect if the mind that represents the internalized demands of society

superego

1. Casimir Pulaski Day is always an important holiday in Chicago, a city with more Polish people than anywhere else in the United States. Although not well remembered in the rest of the country, Pulaski was a Polish-born hero of the American Revolution and a cavalry general. What concept helps to explain why this holiday is so much more important to people who trace their ancestry to Poland?

symbolic ethnicity

What school of social thought insists that all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions?

symbolic interactionism

what school of social thought insists that all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of every day interactions

symbolic interactionism

redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon

tertiary deviance

assimilation

the minority groups are absorbed into mainstream or dominant group, making society more homegeneous

What is the real source of racism according to conflict theory?

the struggle between groups over power and control

what has an effect on making poverty "invisible"

the use of law enforcement to move the homeless away from visible locations

what is true about social mobility in a caste system

there is little or no chance of social mobility

how does social class relate to race, I've necessity, gender, and age in the US today

these multiple dimensions of status and inequality intersect to shape who we are and how we live

betsy divorce and her husband, both children of billionaires, have donated large amounts of money to many politicians. Betsy DeVeau's wrote, " i have decided to stop taking offense at the suggestion that we are buying influence. Now I simply could see to the point. They are right." What best describes the Devoes families involvement in politics

they are part of an oligarchy

Just World Hypothesis

"Most people have a strong need to believe that the world is orderly, predictable, and fair." This statement shows how _________ is appealing to most people.

structural functionalism

"One goal of the family is socialization of a new generation." This statement would most likely come from a follower of which theoretical perspective?

open system

A social system with ample opportunities to move from one class to another (page 203)

closed system

A society where social mobility is highly restricted through formal or informal rules, like those of a caste system, is called:

identification

A type of conformity stronger than compliance and weaker than internalization, caused by a desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or a group (page 138)

bioethics

Diana was in a car accident and now appears to be in a permanent comma. She is breathing as a result of machines and is fed through a tube. Much debate is occurring within her family about her situation, which doctors say will not improve. sociologist who is interested in studying this conflict would want to research:

Why are there differences in life expectancies for people of different races?

Disparities in access to health care

In 2015, tech giant Google announced a $150 million plan to get more women and minorities into the tech field. What program did Google likely utilize to accomplish this goal?

Diversity training

$21.954

In 2009, the U.S. Census Bureau defined the poverty threshold for a family of four at:

$21,954

In 2009, the U.S. Census Bureau defined the poverty threshold for a family of four at: $62,050 $52,700 $42,000 $30,500 $21,954

less likely

In terms of job leads and social networks, how are men's networks different from women's? If a woman's network has more women in it, she is __________ to hear about job openings.

antimiscegenation

In the 1950s John and Ella lived in Alabama and wanted to get married, but they were not allowed to because he was black and she was white. The prohibition of interracial marriage, interracial cohabitation, or interracial sexual interaction is called

as a retreatist

In the 1960s Timothy Leary famously advised everyone to "turn on, tune in, and drop out," and, although he insisted that it meant more, most people assumed he was telling them to "get stoned and abandon all constructive activity." How would Robert Merton's structural strain theory classify someone who took this advice?

criminal justice system

In the United States, what do legislatures, police, courts, and prisons make up?

GEORGE RITZER'S term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization

McDonaldization

group

Members of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together while also interacting with each other ________

What is this an example of? "Men who whistle at and catcall a woman who is walking down the street"

Microaggression

t points to a flaw in the way the government calculates the poverty line, as the standard is uniformly applied without regard to regional differences.

social inequality

The modern laborer . . . instead of rising with the process of industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class. He becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more rapidly than population and wealth. This statement represents Karl Marx's view that __________ will continue to grow and expand.

vector organisms

The mosquito population increases as rain and heat become more prevalent. Mosquitos, then, tend to spread disease more during this time. Mosquitos are an example of

social mobility

The movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes (page 203)

What is social mobility?

The movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchical system of social class.

honor killing

The murder of a family member—usually female—who is believed to have brought dishonor to her family (page 136)

The names given to positions of power and authority, like "chairman" and "policeman," often emphasize the male gender. Why does this matter?

The names imply that one gender is more suited for a particular job than another.

stigma

The poet Lucy Grealy had a series of operations as a child that eventually resulted in the removal of one-third of her jaw. As a result she experienced:

labels are not 100% deterministic

"The Saints and the Roughnecks" by William Chambliss describes two groups of boys in a small town. Both groups of boys engaged in a considerable amount of deviance, but it was the Roughnecks, even though their deviance was less dangerous to the community, who were constantly in trouble with the police. As a result, all but one of the Saints went on to college and to professional careers while only two of the Roughnecks went on to college. Given this information, which of the following statements is true?

From an interactionist perspective, what is the MOST important way that schools socialize children into their gender identities?

Through interactions between teachers and students

Most people describe themselves as belonging to the middle class, but in reality, only about 30 percent of Americans are part of the middle class.

True

the power of the group

What was the Asch experiment measuring?

Hyperactive behavior has been transformed into an illness that can be treated with medicine.

When Corrine was in school, students were often told to run laps as a means of managing overly energetic, unfocused behavior. Now, as a teacher with twenty-three years of experience, she witnesses this same behavior being medicated as opposed to managed. What has happened?

They could walk away from their assumed identities, and in so doing walk away from their labels as well.

When David Rosenhan designed the experiment that he described in "On Being Sane in Insane Places," he gave very specific instructions to his research assistants to be honest and truthful about everything except to claim they were hearing voices and to give a fake name. Why was it important that they not use their real identity?

differential association

When a parent argues that her child has simply fallen in with a bad crowd, what theory of deviance is she expressing?

George Ritzer

______ used the term McDonaldization to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?

What do sociologists call it when an African American individual is told he or she is not really "black enough"?

Identity challenge

There are a number of derogatory terms in the United States for members of minority groups whose behavior does not match the expectations relating to their skin color. What term embodies these insults?

Identity challenges

secondary group

If an individual belongs to a group whose members are mostly anonymous to one another, then that group is almost certainly a

secondary group

If an individual belongs to a group whose members are mostly anonymous to one another, then that group is almost certainly a: ________

cultural capital

If an individual takes adult education classes, attends lectures and concerts, or travels to Europe, what might he be trying to gain more of?

The rules are applied unequally, and those with power or influence are punished much less harshly

If an upper-middle-class white college student is sentenced to rehab for the same drug crime that a lower-class black man is sentenced to jail for committing, what might a conflict theorist conclude about deviance?

The rules are applied unequally, and those with power or influence are punished much less harshly.

virtual community

If group members share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person, what kind of group are they a part of?

I have more than one child

If some sociologists set out to measure group cohesion within a neighborhood, which statement would you NOT expect to find on their survey

primary deviance

In labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant (page 161)

Social ties don't just connect us to others but also influence our behavior.

In one nation's campaign to improve public health in rural areas, one key challenge was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. The only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the village and had few connections to their neighbors. What does this example demonstrate?

How do many people hope that the Internet will have a democratic influence on society?

In online interactions, there is no way to see what other people look like.

deviant

In order for a behavior, trait, or belief to be considered ___________, it must depart from a norm and generate a negative reaction.

negative reaction

In order for a behavior, trait, or belief to be considered deviant, it must depart from a norm and generate a ________.

double dipping is considered deviant when there is a negative reaction

In the United States today, many people are bothered by "double dipping," or dipping food that you have already bitten into a sauce that others are using. Recently Mythbusters examined double dipping and found that the risk of sharing germs is negligible. Is double dipping still deviant?

secular

In the United States, school and bank calendars are planned around Christian holidays and our presidents place their hands on a Bible when they are sworn into office. These are indicators that the U.S. is NOT a purely _____ society.

a measure of absolute deprivation

In the United States, the federal poverty line is calculated using food costs, based on the cheapest possible diet that can still provide basic nutrition. What sort of measure of poverty is this?

deviance avowal

In the early 1950s, many Americans became interested in riding motorcycles as a hobby. At the same time, "bikers" were beginning to develop their modern reputation as antisocial thugs, criminals, and outlaws. One official of a national motorcycle organization argued that a few bad apples shouldn't be allowed to ruin all motorcyclists' reputations, and that it was only 1 percent of motorcyclists who were really bad. After this interview was published, some bikers started wearing a "one percenter" patch on their leather jackets, a gesture that Erving Goffman would call:

rebels

Individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means (page 159)

What is it an example of when the children of working-class parents manage to attend college and get a job in a professional field?

Intergenerational mobility

Most sociological studies of deviance focus on elements of an individual's background that would predispose him or her to act in deviant ways. What is the key problem with such an approach?

It cannot explain why some people with very similar backgrounds act differently.

1. There are usually serious consequences when a politician is caught cheating on his spouse. In some cases, the politician is forced to resign from his office when his constituents loudly express their unhappiness with such behavior. According to Émile Durkheim, what function does this reaction serve?

It helps to clarify moral boundaries and reinforce the idea that marital infidelity is wrong

How does color blindness contribute to racial inequalities?

It perpetuates racial inequalities by making subtle forms of racism difficult to recognize and therefore difficult to address.

gender role socialization

Jason and his sister Sara have weekly chores. Jason helps his father mow the lawn and takes out the garbage. His sister helps their mother set the table and do the dishes. This division of household chores exemplifies

absolute deprivation

Joanie lost her job eight months ago and has not been able to find a new one. She and her children were kicked out of their apartment because they were behind on rent. With no income, Joanie and the kids are living on the street. Each meal is a significant hardship for the family because they often cannot find food, and the family is becoming malnourished. Joanie and her family are experiencing ______________.

heterogamy

Joe grew up in the Barbados. He vacationed in Russia and met Rosi, a Russian citizen. When they married, they demonstrated which concept?

primary groups

John graduates from college with a degree in business administration and gets a job with a large firm that audits small businesses that have contracts with the city. While working there, he becomes friends with Dave, who invites him to attend a weekly poker game, which becomes a meaningful part of John's social life. Some weeks the game is the only thing that he has to look forward to. This illustrate the way that secondary-group ties can lead to the close personal ties of primary groups

an instrumental role

Juan is a manager at a local clothing store. Juan is very task oriented and always wants to make sure the job is done correctly. Juan is fulfilling which role?

In 2007, hip-hop group Jason Fox and the Hood Presidents uploaded a video of its song "Aunt Jackie" to YouTube. Almost instantly, people started imitating the dance moves seen in the video. Of what is this an example?

Mass behavior

Although they make very little money, priests, ministers, rabbis, imams, and clergy are often prestigious members of their communities. Which social theorist first suggested that this is an important element of class status?

Max Weber

Barack Obama, as a presidential candidate, argued that racial prejudice is one of America's defining social problems. He was implicitly acknowledging that?

Membership in socially constructed categories of race and ethnicity can affect people's life chances.

food desert

Micah lives forty minutes from the closest grocery store. He routinely buys fast food from a chain restaurant near his job because it is difficult for him to get to the grocery store. This best exemplifies

The decline of traditional communities, the increase in individual autonomy, and a strong belief in the power of science and technology to improve the world are typical of?

Modernity

conflict theory

Monique believes that religious practices such as prohibiting women from becoming priests promote inequality. Monique understands religion through which sociological lens?

What makes the just-world hypothesis psychologically appealing to the average person?

Most people have a strong need to believe that the world is orderly, predictable, and fair.

working class or lower-middle class

Mostly "blue collar" or service industry workers who are less likely to have a college degree; they constitute about 30 percent of the U.S. population (page 191)

upper-middle class

Mostly professionals and managers who enjoy considerable financial stability, they constitute about 14 percent of the U.S. population (page 190)

social inconsistency

Mother Teresa was a person with tremendous power and prestige, yet she was very poor. Mother Teresa is an example of which of the following?

status inconsistency

Mother Teresa was a person with tremendous power and prestige, yet she was very poor. Mother Teresa is an example of which of the following?

The term "deadbeat dad" describes a man who isn't married to his children's mother and isn't helping to support his children financially. Why do we almost never talk about "deadbeat moms"?

Mothers usually remain the primary caregiver even when fathers don't take the instrumental role.

intergenerational mobility

Movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next (page 203)

In 2006, New York City announced that it was moving forward with a plan to allow transgender residents to change the sex listed on their birth certificates. This would be permitted if they had lived in their adopted gender for at least two years, but no physiological change or medical authorization would be required. How is New York City defining gender?

New York is separating gender from sex

Greg J. Duncan and a team of researchers analyzed the effect of parental income on the academic achievement of children. What do you think Duncan found given what you have read about socioeconomic status and life chances?

Parental income is strongly correlated with academic achievement, especially in low-income families.

Jeffery McCune's ethnographic study of gay black men in a Chicago nightclub details a space in which their same sex-desires could be comfortably expressed, and interactional work to present a conventionally masculine, heterosexual identity was no longer required. What sociological concept is demonstrated by the efforts to maintain a heterosexual persona?

Passing

Why are people more likely to marry individuals with social and cultural backgrounds similar to their own?

People have greater access to individuals like themselves.

Pablo lives in the United States, where most people assume that he is Arab until they learn his name and hear his accent. They are surprised when Pablo tells them that he is from Spain and identifies as white, not Hispanic. Some even tell Pablo that he isn't really white. What does this suggest about race?

Race is socially defined and the criteria used to determine a person's race varies.

criminal justice system

A collection of social institutions, such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons, that create and enforce laws (page 176)

What is status inconsistency?

A situation where an individual's social positions have both positive and negative influences on his or her social status.

A Closed System

A society where social mobility is highly restricted through formal or informal rules, like those of a caste system, is called

bureaucracy

A type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, rules and regulations, impersonality, and formal written communication (page 144)

crime

A violation of a norm that has been codified into law (page 172)

labeling theory

According to the ____________, why were none of the pseudopatients in David Rosenhan's "On Being Sane in Insane Places" discovered? - Once a person has been labeled "mentally ill," it is very hard for anyone to see past the label.

The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means to achieve that goal.

According to the structural strain theory of deviance as articulated by Robert Merton, what is one of the principal reasons that people turn to deviant behavior in the United States?

Robert Merton

According to the structural strain theory of deviance as articulated by ___________, what is one of the principal reasons that people turn to deviant behavior in the United States? The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means to achieve that goal.

their academic achievements are significantly above those of public school students.

According to the text, one of the largest studies of homeschooled students found

postmodern family

According to the text, this type of entity responds to social-structural changes in our society and makes adaptations to best fit within it.

positive deviance

Actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic (page 176)

deal with bureaucracies

out-group

All over Los Angeles, cars can be seen sporting a bumper sticker that says, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever is playing USC." This is an example of hostility toward an _____________

Racial and ethnic minorities are often portrayed in visual representations as animalistic or subhuman, many times as monkeys or chimpanzees. Why might racist imagery so often use animals?

Animal imagery supports the assumption that differences between groups are innate or biologically based.

culture of poverty

Antrenched attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve their lot (page 209)

out-group

Any group an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward (page 133)

just-world hypothesis

Argues that people have a deep need to see the world as orderly, predictable, and fair, which creates a tendency to view victims of social injustice as deserving of their fates (page 210)

extrinsic religiosity

Arthur does not leave his house each morning until after he puts on his chain with the Star of David on it. This exemplifies his

According to conflict theory, why are women's contributions to family life devalued?

As a social group, men benefit from maintaining their dominant status.

white collar

Crime crime committed by a high-status individual in the course of his occupation (page 172)

violent crime

Crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery (page 172)

property crime

Crimes that did not involve violence, including burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson (page 172)

transsexual

Cris was born a man but always identified as a woman. After college, she opted to have surgery so her body would fit her self-image. Cris most likely considers herself a

In House of Yes, a play by Wendy MacLeod, the character Marty brings his fiancée Lesly to meet his family. She comes from a different social class, which leads to miscommunication and difficult interactions among Lesly, Marty, and Marty's two siblings. According to Pierre Bourdieu, Lesly not having enough ________ could cause the strained relations.

Cultural capital

differential association theory

Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers (page 160)

T/F: Sociology has developed a single comprehensive theory about how the self develops.

T/F: There are many members of social groups who are not influenced by peer pressure.

T/F: the size of a group does not affect how it operates or what sorts of relationships are possible within it because group dynamics are the same regardless of group size.

Robert Merton suggested that some white Americans who praise Abraham Lincoln for being frugal and thrifty might describe an Asian American with the same qualities as being stingy and penny pinching. What explains this double standard?

For these white Americans, Lincoln was a member of their racial in-group, whereas an Asian American would be a member of an out-group.

cultural capital

Francisco has highly educated parents. Throughout his school years, each parent took turns ensuring he understood his coursework. They put much effort into conveying the value and importance of education to Francisco as he went through school. Francisco has higher than a 4.0 high school grade point average and is now applying to the top private colleges in the nation. According to Bourdieu, Francisco acquired ____________ from his parents.

alternative medicine

Henry gets frequent migraine headaches. Although his doctor prescribed prescription pain mediation, he decided to instead seek acupuncture treatment and take herbal supplements. These practices are considered

When asked about how they met, the newlyweds explain that they were friendly as children because their families attended the same church, but they did not start dating until much later, when they ended up at the same university. This couple is an example of?

Homogamy.

A reporter who covers the police beat at a newspaper changes careers. She becomes an editor of nonfiction books and is paid the same salary as she was at the newspaper. What has she experienced?

Horizontal social mobility

moving the homeless out of high profile locations

How do law enforcement policies make the poor less visible?

their speech and gestures

How do observers determine someone's socio?economic status when meeting them for the first time?

Individuals associated with a group feel a shared identity.

How do sociologists distinguish a group from a crowd?

shared identity

How do sociologists distinguish a group from a crowd? Answer - A crowd doesn't necessarily feel a _________.

shared identity

How do sociologists distinguish a group from a crowd? Answer: A crowd doesn't necessarily feel a ___________

17,000

How does the FBI's Uniform Crime Report measure crime? Answer: Every crime reported by over ______ law enforcement agencies in the United States is tabulated.

primary and secondary groups

How have social networking websites affected social groups? They help people make the most of both their _____________

social class

How is Max Weber's idea of social class different from Karl Marx's? Weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige could all affect a person's __________.

labeling theory

Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, that modify the individual's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person (page 161)

"Stereotype promise" is the promise of being viewed through the lens of a positive stereotype that leads one to perform in such a way that confirms the positive stereotype, thereby enhancing performance.

TRUE

manufacturing

The Great Recession has had more of an impact on male-dominated jobs than others. This has led some people to label the phenomenon a"mancession." Which types of jobs have been more highly impacted by the recession?

groups have great power to induce conformity.

The Solomon Asch experiment, in which groups of participants were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that

residential segregation

The geographical separation of the poor from the rest of the population (page 210)

1. What is one of the principal reasons people turn to deviant behavior in the United States according to the structural strain theory of deviance as articulated by Robert Merton?

The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means for achieving that goal.

social loafing

The phenomenon in which as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less; a source of inefficiency when working in teams (page 141)

One reason women are more likely than men to live in poverty is the expense of child care. How do sociologists explain the relationship between poverty rates and child care costs?

There are more single women who have sole financial responsibility for their children than single men.

Whites are now less than half of the population of California . Despite demographic shifts, how can you tell that whites are still the dominant group in California?

They have more power, resources, and representation in social institutions.

According to Twine (2011), what changes occur in the lives of white women that have families with black men?

They lose some racial privilege through their relationships with their husbands.

According to Jack Katz in Seductions of Crime, why might teenagers shoplift?

They want the thrill of getting away with breaking the rules.

curative medicine

This approach to illness treats symptoms once they become evident.

They have many valuable skills that are lost to the U.S. economy when they are deported.

This is NOT one of the reasons why it is particularly problematic that the United States deports gang members who immigrated here as children.

conflict perspective

This perspective explores the conflict that occurs within families as members compete for time, energy, and pursuit of recreational activities.

classic formulation of the way individuals define situations, whereby "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"

Thomas theorem

1. W.E.B. DuBois considered the question of whether one could be black and, at the same time, claim one's rights as an American to devise the concept of double-consciousness.

True

Peggy MacInstosh's statement "Whether I use checks, credit cards or cash, I can count on my skin color not to work against the appearance of financial reliability" is an example for the concept white privilege.

True

Culture is a source of shared norms and values, but cultural capital can never generate profits like economic capital can

false

values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling because of the educational system and the teaching methods used

hidden curriculum

What do sociologists call it when an individual changes his or her career but remains within the same social class?

horizontal social mobility

What does sociologists call it when an individual changes his or her career but remains within the same social class

horizontal social mobility

the basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy

segregation

Veronique, a teenager living in the early 1960s in Greensboro, North Carolina, saw a door that directed only Whites to enter the building there, while African Americans were directed to enter via a different door. She was told that this rule was enforced by a law. This is called ______________.

a group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward

in-group

Some immigrants have a hard time assimilating to a new culture. If their children assimilate and have a higher standard of living than their parents, the children are experiencing ________ mobility.

intergenerational

What is it an example of when the children of working-class parents manage to attend college and get a job in a professional field?

intergenerational mobility

what is it an example of when children of working class parents manage to attend college and get a job in a professional field

intergenerational mobility

a type of conformity occurring when an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them his/her own

internalization

homophobia

is fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or individuals who display purportedly gender inappropriate behavior.

there are usually serious consequences when a politician is caught cheating on his spouse. In some cases, the politician is forced to resign from his office when his constituents loudly express their unhappiness with such behavior. According to Emile Durkheim, what function does this reaction serve

it helps to clarify moral boundaries and reinforce the idea that marital infidelity is wrong

Today using the wrong fork to eat a salad at a dinner party would not usually qualify as deviance because

it is not a serious enough norm violation to provoke sanctions

what sort of jobs can support a middle-class lifestyle in America today

jobs in the service, information, and technology sectors

HOWARD BECKER'S idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgements, or labels, that modify the individual's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person

labeling theory

White privilege is the idea that one group in society enjoys certain unearned privileges and that group members are

largely unaware of the unequal benefits they possess.

How do you law enforcement policy is make the poor less visible

moving the homeless out of high-profile locations

structural functionalist perspective

Virginia has a severe head cold. Instead of making dinner as usual for her family, she opts to go to bed early on Thursday evening. Virginia's family understands that she is not fulfilling her typical responsibilities because she is ill. This is known as the sick role. Consider the major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which approach to health does this exemplify?

How do we decide when to display situational ethnicity?

We do a cost-benefit analysis.

How do self-fulfilling prophecies work?

We respond not only to the objective features of a situation but also to its meaning. Once meaning has been assigned to our behavior, the consequences of that behavior are determined by the meaning.

how do self fulfilling prophecies work?

We respond not only to the objective features of a situation, but also to its meaning. Once meaning has been assigned to our behavior, the consequences of that behavior are determined by the meaning.

How is Max Weber's idea of social class different from Karl Marx's?

Weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige could all affect a person's social class.

stigma

What aspects of ________ are symbolic interactionists interested in? Answer: how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis

stigmatized

What aspects of stigma are symbolic interactionists interested in? Answer - how people manage their ________ identities on an everyday basis

Rates of violent crime fell dramatically near the end of the 1990s and into the new century.

What can you conclude from looking at Figure 6.2, showing crime rates in the United States from 1986 to 2005?

Rates of violent crime fell dramatically near the end of the 1990s and into the new century.

What can you conclude from looking at the data showing crime rates in the United States from 1986 to 2005?

wealth, property, power, prestige

What criteria does a social class system use to stratify its members?

wealth, property, power, and prestige

What criteria does a social class system use to stratify its members? heredity and employment status occupational attainment and gender wealth, property, power, and prestige income race

they are middle class

What do most Americans claim about their class status?

horizontal social mobility

What do sociologists call it when an individual changes her career but remains within the same social class?

group dynamics

What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals?

sandwhich generation

What do sociologists call the situation when adults are called on to care for their elderly parents as well as their own children?

crimes

What do we call norm violations that are codified into law?

outsiders

What does Howard Becker call individuals who specifically choose to embrace a deviant identity?

social class

What does Paul Fussell's living room scale attempt to measure?

social reproduction

What does Pierre Bourdieu call the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the next and consequently remain relatively stable over time?

local organizations

What does recent research show about the aftermath of natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina? That new types of _______ emerge in response to the emergency.

female arrest

What evidence shows that the number of women who commit crimes is related to social structure? Answer - As women have gained greater power in the labor market, ___________ rates have increased.

increased

What evidence shows that the number of women who commit crimes is related to social structure? As women have gained greater power in the labor market, female arrest rates have ___________

political disenfranchisement

n a six-to-three vote, the Supreme Court upheld an Indiana law that required voters to present photo identification when voting. Advocates of the law believe that it will help to prevent voter fraud. Opponents believe that it is targeting the poor, who are less likely to have photo identification. As justice David Souter put it, "The onus of the Indiana law is illegitimate just because it correlates with no state interest so well as it does with the object of deterring poorer residents from exercising the franchise." What would a sociologist call this?

secondary groups

_______ are characterized by A. Secondary groups are larger and more anonymous than primary groups. B. Secondary groups are often formal or impersonal. C. Secondary groups tend to be based on specific roles or activities. D. Secondary groups sometimes break down into primary groups.

primary groups

_______ are not considered aggregates.

Contagion

_______ means When people are connected to a social network, what happens in that network is more likely to affect them

the ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socialization in determining individual behaviors and traits

nature vs. nurture debate

the expressive equipment we consciously or unconsciously use as we present ourselves to others, including appearance and manner, to help establish the definition of the situation

personal front

Robert Putnam

_________'s research can be exemplified by his description in a decline in bowling leagues. It suggests that the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and emotional support.

your parents

__________ are authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources.

Emile Durkheim

___________ worried that, in an increasingly fragmented modern world, individuals would feel less and less connected to groups, which would lead to anomie, or normlessness.

Robert Merton

______________'s structural strain theory sees deviance as the result of a person's position in a social structure. What do you think that Jack Katz, author of Seductions of Crime, would say about structural strain theory? Answer - A focus on social position misses the emotional appeal that a deviant act has for an individual.

Robert Merton

_______developed structural strain theory to explain why deviance happens. What sort of strain does the theory's name refer to? Answer - the strain between socially approved goals and the means that an individual has for realizing them

Plantation owners in America often argue the enslaved Africans were better off because they did not have the mental capacity to run their own lives. Today, this seems both racist and idiotic. How could such racist beliefs flourish

such beliefs justify social arrangements between dominant and minority groups that benefit those who accept them

what racial issue does functionalism help to explain

the assimilation of European ethnic groups into larger society

deviance avowal (stigma)

the process by which an individual self identified as deviant and initiates own labeling process

With what issue is first-wave feminism MOST strongly associated?

womens suffrage

a temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact

crowd

in house of yes, a play by Wendy MacLeod, the character madi brings his fiancée lesley to meet his family. She comes from a different social class, which leads to miscommunication in difficult interactions among lesley, madi, and madi's two siblings. According to Pierre Bourdieu, lesley not having enough—————-could cause the strained relations

cultural capital

the tendency of individuals to age out of crime over the life course

desistance

After a woman's teenage son engages in deviant behavior, she says the reason for her son's behavior is that "he fell in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation MOST closely resemble?

differential association

an approach pioneered by ERVING GOFFMAN in which social life is analyzed in terms of its similarities to theatrical performance

dramaturgy

a two-person social group

dyad

The belief that the lived experiences of women and men differ as a result of biological differences is called

essentialism

observable expressions that can be either intended or unintended and are usually nonverbal

expressions given off

leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group

expressive leadership

virtual community

f group members share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person, what kind of group are they a part of?

T/F: Socialization usually ends at the beginning of adulthood.

T/F: Men and women are about equally likely to commit crimes.

secondary deviance

"The Saints and the Roughnecks" by William Chambliss followed two groups of boys over the course of several years. Both groups did many deviant things. The Saints, eight young men from "white upper-middle-class families" potentially presented the greater danger to their community by driving drunk and vandalizing stop signs. However it was the Roughnecks, six "lower-class white boys" who were "constantly in trouble with the police." Very different backgrounds and very similar actions produced very different expectations. Those expectations, or prophecies, had real consequences. All but one of the Saints went on to college and then to professional positions. Only two of the Roughnecks went on to college, both on athletic scholarships, while several of the rest adopted deviant lifestyles and careers, also known as:

upper class

"They are a largely self-sustaining group and rarely add new members." This statement is true of the _________ in the U.S.

what set of characteristics can be categorized as the average minimum wage worker

36 year old female, white, working full time

bureaucracy

A _______ has the following characteristics: A. formal organization B. a division of labor C. written rules

danger

A ________ of too much group cohesion is that it can lead to groupthink, where dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged.

consequential stranger

A barista at Jose's local coffee shop always greets him by name, and usually notices his mood. Once when he was troubled by school, he confided in her. She now asks how school is going, and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize her relationship with Jose? Answer: She is a "_____________," and bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups.

consequential stranger

A barista at Jose's local coffee shop always greets him by name, and usually notices his mood. Once when he was troubled by school, he confided in her. She now asks how school is going, and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize her relationship with Jose? She is a "_____________," and bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups.

deviance

A behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction (page 154)

group

A collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other (page 124)

caste system

A form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's family history and background and cannot be changed (page 188)

in-group

A group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward (page 132)

reference group

A group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves (page 133)

simplicity movement

A loosely knit movement that opposes consumerism and encourages people to work less, earn less, and spend less, in accordance with nonmaterialistic values (page 215)

socioeconomic status (SES)

A measure of an individual's place within a social class system; often used interchangeably with "class" (page 189)

wealth

A measure of net worth that includes income, property, and other assets (page 194)

the just-world hypothesis

A recent news story reported that when a newly engaged woman gave some change to a homeless man, her ring fell into his coin jar. After he proceeded to return it, he received a large sum of money in donations from people touched by the story. This is an example of _______________.

relative deprivation

A relative measure of poverty based on the standard of living in a particular society (page 204)

horizontal social mobility

A reporter, who covers the police beat at a newspaper, changes careers. She becomes an editor of nonfiction books and is paid the same salary as she was at the newspaper. What has she experienced?

cost of living

A serious flaw in the way that the federal government defines poverty is that it doesn't take into account regional differences in the _________.

feudal system

A system of social stratification based on a hereditary nobility who were responsible for and served by a lower stratum of forced laborers called serfs (page 194)

social class

A system of stratification based on access to such resources as wealth, property, power, and prestige (page 189)

crowd

A temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact (page 124)

social identity theory

A theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging (page 141)

triad

A three-person social group (page 132)

dyad

A two-person social group (page 132)

Why do members of the lower class exercise less often?

Exercise is a luxury often accessible only to those who do not have to struggle with day-to-day existence.

status inconsistency

A woman has her Ph.D. in child development, yet she continues to work as a low-paid preschool aide. This is an example of _____________.

what quality of education she will receive

According to Chapter 7, what general predictions can sociologists make about a person's life prospects if all that is known is the person's social class? what quality of education she will receive her college major if she will be a good mother if she'll be a "dog person" or a "cat person" her favorite color

outsiders

According to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society (page 165)

the thrill of getting away with breaking rules

According to Jack Katz in Seductions of Crime, why might teenagers shoplift?

economic relations

According to Karl Marx, what social relations matter in a capitalist system?

economic relations

According to Karl Marx, what social relations matter most in a capitalist system? family and kin community bonds economic relations nationalistic bonds racial and ethnic loyalties

traditional authority

According to Max Weber's typology of power, what type of authority does a king wield?

traditional authority

According to Max Weber's typology of power, what type of authority is wielded by a king?

LEAST likely to be a deviant

According to Robert Merton's structural strain theory, which of the following individuals would be ---------? Answer - a white college student from a middle-class family who's experimenting with drugs while in college and is interested in sports

a white college student from a middle-class family who's experimenting with drugs while in college and is interested in sports

According to Robert Merton's structural strain theory, which of the following individuals would be LEAST likely to be a deviant?

Robert Leidner

According to _______ in Fast Food, Fast Talk, what have fast food restaurants done in order to rationalize the process of providing food to customers? Answer - developed standardized scripts for employees to use when dealing with customers

Robert Putnam

According to _______, the decline in bowling leagues indicate the increasing anomie and a decline in collective bonds

Robert Putnam

According to ____________, what does the decline in bowling leagues indicate? there is an increasing anomie and a decline in collective bonds.

Robert Leidner

According to _______in Fast Food, Fast Talk, what have fast food restaurants done in order to rationalize the process of providing food to customers? Answer - developed standardized scripts for employees to use when dealing with customers

convince themselves that nothing bad has happened

According to social psychologists, when people encounter a situation that seems to be unfair, and they cannot or will not act to make things right, what do they tend to do?

convince themselves nothing bad has happened

According to social psychologists, when people encounter a situation that seems to be unfair, and they cannot or will not act to make things right, what do they tend to do? dedicate themselves to bringing about change try to find an authority figure who can take over the responsibility try to use other resources, especially financial, to rectify the problem accept that the world is not a very fair place and become resigned to injustice convince themselves nothing bad has happened

a friend or relative

According to the Uniform Crime Report, murder is most likely to be committed by:

in-group orientation

Among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity (page 165)

self-fulfilling prophecy

An inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true (page 164)

intersexed

An individual who has an abnormal chromosomal makeup and mixed or indeterminate male and female sex characteristics is called

absolute deprivation

An objective measure of poverty, defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care (page 204)

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

An official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 17,000 law enforcement agencies (page 172)

T/F: Deviance is an objective or unchanging phenomenon that transcends culture, history, and situational context.

ilegal- rational authority

Authority based in laws, rules, and procedures, not in the heredity or personality of any individual leader (page 142)

prescriptions

Behaviors approved of by a particular social group (page 137)

What has modern science determined about racial categories?

Biologically there is no such thing as a pure race.

In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Kinsey surveyed Americans to find out about their sexual behavior. His findings were important because they?

Challenged the view that Americans were either exclusively heterosexual or homosexual.

The 2000 Census was the first time that Americans were allowed to ________ when identifying their race.

Check more than one box

Social Change is the inevitable result of social inequality between groups is the belief of which theoretical perspective?

Conflict Theory

conflict theory

Consider the major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which theoretical perspective might explore the ways laws regarding drug use tend to be created by the powerful in society so that they benefit some while harming others?

structural functionalism

Consider the major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which theoretical perspective might note that the main role of the family is to socialize children?

structural functionalist

Consider the major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which theorist might explore racial inequality in terms of the creation of social cohesion within different social groups?

conflict theorist

Consider the major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which theorist might explore the social patterns perpetuating overrepresentation of African American and Hispanic males in prisons?

conflict theorist

Consider the major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which type of theorist might explore the idea that occupations traditionally held by men earn more money than those held by women and thus, men tend to be more financially successful and powerful?

structural functionalist

Consider the three major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which theorist explores the ways in which poverty serves a purpose in our society by providing jobs to many people in the social service sector?

structural functionalism

Consider the three major theoretical perspectives we've routinely explored throughout our text. This perspective is likely to explore the ways in which poverty serves a purpose in society by ensuring that even the "ugly" jobs get done.

T/F: Our social networks consist of just our closest friends and family.

passing

Dan Savage, a nationally syndicated sex advice columnist, has repeatedly expressed his frustration with gay men who describe themselves in personal ads as "straight-acting, straight-appearing." He believes that these men need to be open about who they are, rather than attempting to manage their stigmatized identity by:

self fulfilling prophecy

David Rosenhan argues that misdiagnosis is particularly a problem for psychologists, as a diagnosis of a mental illness is as influential on the patient as it is on her relatives and friends. It should not surprise anyone that the diagnosis acts as a(n):

instrumental tasks

Doing the dishes and fixing the car are examples of

Just World Hypothesis

Drew Westen, in "The Political Brain: The Role of Emotion in Deciding the Fate of the Nation," argues that, when advocates of health care reform talk about universal health care as a way to help "the uninsured" or "the underinsured," they turn many people against universal health care because there is an underlying assumption that poor people are getting what they deserve. What do sociologists call this assumption?

social class

Each of the following predictions can be made about a person's life chances if all that is known is her ________. a. what sort of education she will receive b. what sort of job she will work in c. what sort of person she will marry d. how long she will live

According to William Julius Wilson, racism has created a black underclass, but this underclass is perpetuated by?

Economic factors.

upper middle class

Elizabeth has a graduate degree and works as the program director for a local nonprofit organization. She owns her home and enjoys traveling during her yearly two-week vacation. She is most likely a member of which social class in the United States?

anomie or norm-less-ness

Emile Durkheim worried that, in an increasingly fragmented modern world, individuals would feel less and less connected to groups, which would lead to:

anomie or normlessness

Emile Durkheim worried that, in an increasingly fragmented modern world, individuals would feel less and less connected to groups, which would lead to:

stigma

Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction (page 164)

The belief that the lived experiences of women and men differ as a result of biological differences is called?

Essentialism

They advocate a radical alternative to the existing social order and are trying to break free from everyone else.

Examine the graphic depiction above of Robert Merton's typology of deviance. Why do you think that those who embrace both new means and new goals are depicted as being just barely connected to the other types that Merton described?

According to Karl Marx, the traditional source of wealth, owning the means of production, is not the only factor in determining social status.

False

Cultural appropriation benefits the minority group by taking that group's symbols and turning them into a commodity for profit.

False

Sociologists are making both a social and a moral judgment when they use the term

False

The working class is the most disadvantaged class, generally earning $15,000 or less per year, counting on charity or welfare, and often suffering bouts of homelessness.

False

Low-income women of all ethnicities may be LESS likely to marry because they?

Feel marriage won't offer advantages that make marriage worth the risk.

In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention to address the issue of equal rights for women. The convention produced a Declaration of Sentiments, which laid out a list of injustices done to women by men. Given your knowledge of the first wave of the women's movement, which of the following do you think was first on their list?

First Wave = political rights "he has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise."

deviance avowal

For alcoholics, ______________ may be a very useful step because the first step to recovery from alcoholism is admitting that you have a problem.

not

Gang mambers have many valuable skills that are lost to the U.S. economy when they are deported. But this is __________ a reason why it is particularly problematic that the United States deports gang members who immigrated here as children.

false

General predictions can often be made about a person's life chances based on their socioeconomic status. In general, people of lower socioeconomic status are less likely to encounter the criminal justice system.

McDonaldization

George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization (page 145)

red flags

George was getting ready to do his student teaching in a school district where he hopes to be employed after graduation. Over the weekend, some friends tagged George in several wild party pictures that they posted on the social networking site, Facebook. On Monday the principal of the school called George, saying that they would not be able to work George into their schedule. What grounds would the principal have for making that decision? Answer - Pictures of actions such as drinking and smoking are considered "_________" by potential employers.

poverty

Given what Chapter 7 said about defining poverty, research indicates that only looking at those who have no jobs underestimates the actual extent of __________ in the United States

taking care of their children after work

Given what you have read about socioeconomic status and life chances, what activity is most likely to take the place of a yoga class for a working-class woman?

aren't doing enough

Given what you know about poverty in America, how would you explain this relationship? Americans don't want to spend as much on welfare because they think poor people ___________.

academic achievement

Greg J. Duncan and a team of researchers analyzed the effect of parental income on the academic achievement of children. Given what you've read about socioeconomic status and life chances, what do you think that Duncan found? Parental income is strongly correlated with _________, especially in low-income families.

Greg J. Duncan

social loafing

Has your teacher ever assigned group work? One of the biggest problems associated with group assignments is that one person often ends up doing most of the work while others take it easy. What does Chapter 5 call this?

Which of the following factors makes someone MOST likely to drop out of high school?

Having a non-English-speaking background

situational ethnicity

If you are of Romanian descent, it might be easy to conceal that from people (outsiders wouldn't know it unless you told them), and usually you never mention it. However, you're at a job interview and the boss mentions that she's Romanian. Suddenly, it becomes very useful for you to mention that you are too—now you have something in common! What term best describes this scenario?

an innovator

If you decided that you could never get into a good school and so could never get a good job, you might decide to sell crack cocaine instead as a way to make a living. According to Robert Merton, what sort of deviant would you be?

secondary deviance

Iin labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant (page 161)

deviant

Imagine that a powerful and influential person decided to heavily tattoo her own face with symbols and images that told parts of her life story. Would she be treated as a ________? Yes, it would be in the United States, although there are other cultures that would consider it normal or desirable.

United States

Imagine that a powerful and influential person decided to heavily tattoo her own face with symbols and images that told parts of her life story. Would she be treated as a deviant? answer: Yes, it would be in the __________, although there are other cultures that would consider it normal or desirable.

compliance

Imagine that one of your professors has a large collection of offensive t-shirts, including one that reads "I scream, you scream, we all scream for heroin." This professor makes sure to never wear this shirt to class though, because she wishes to gain the rewards of continued employment and avoid being yelled at by her boss. What is this kind of conformity called?

the Rough necks were judged more harshly

In "The Saints and the Roughnecks," William Chambliss followed two groups of high school students. The Saints were boys from middle-class homes, while the Roughnecks were from lower-class households. What would you expect Chambliss to have found?

Mark Granovetter

In "The Strength of Weak Ties," according to _____ means that the weak ties can be strong because even weak ties can provide valuable information

peer pressure

In 1978 Jim Jones, the leader of the People's Temple, led more than 900 of his followers to commit suicide by drinking poisoned Kool-Aid. In the run up to this event, Jones had strictly enforced discipline, mocking and ridiculing anyone who expressed doubts, at times even having doubters sedated. This extreme effort to enforce conformity is an example of

network analysis

In 2003 the U.S. Army discovered Saddam Hussein hiding in a "spider hole" under a small building in his hometown, Tikrit. The Army had tracked him to that location not by looking for him directly, but rather by creating a large "map" that displayed all the members of his family and tribe, and showed their linkages to other people. Starting with just four names, the map allowed Army intelligence to zero in on a small number of people whose relationships with Hussein made it more likely that they would know where he was. The search for Saddam Hussein demonstrated the practical applications of:

expressive

In 2009 the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Michael Curry. Most sources agreed that Curry lost his job because of squabbles with players and tensions between team members and the coaching staff. This was especially upsetting since Curry's main strength was supposed to be his ability to communicate well with players and command their respect. What type of leadership was Curry lacking?

It helped her set aside her preconceived notions about Vodou in order to understand it on its own terms.

In Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn, Karen McCarthy Brown studied practitioners of the Vodou religion living in the United States. However, she went far beyond the usual role of scientific observer and became a member of the religious group that she was studying. She also gave her key informant, Mama Lola, veto power over certain elements of her work. Why would this be helpful?

conflict

In Savage Inequalities, Jonathon Kozol contends that because schools are funded via property taxes, children in low-income areas are trapped in poor schools and thus get an inferior education. Ultimately, this continually perpetuates inequality. Jonathon Kozol explored the educational system from which perspective?

authoritarian

In _____ systems, governments deny ordinary citizens representation by and control over their own government.

the social ties influence our behavior

In a Peruvian campaign to improve public health in rural areas, one key challenge was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. In a pilot study, this effort largely failed. Government case workers lectured the villagers about germ theory, but villagers associated hot foods with illness and didn't like the taste of boiled water. The only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the village and had few connections to their neighbors. What does this demonstrate?

political dis-enfranchisement

In a six-to-three vote, the Supreme Court upheld an Indiana law that required voters to present photo identification when voting. Advocates of the law believe that it will help to prevent voter fraud. Opponents believe that it is targeting the poor, who are less likely to have photo identification. As justice David Souter put it, "The onus of the Indiana law is illegitimate just because it correlates with no state interest so well as it does with the object of deterring poorer residents from exercising the franchise." What would a sociologist call this?

political disenfranchisement

specialization

In all probability, the sociology professor giving this test would be totally unable to grade a test given in the chemistry department. What aspect of bureaucracy does this illustrate?

It was considered symbolically appropriate to remove the part of the body most directly connected with the crime.

In colonial America, a pickpocket might have had a hand cut off as punishment. Why was this particular method of punishment chosen?

charismatic

In his Sermon on the Mount, in Matthew 5:27, Jesus is reported to have said, "Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not commit adultery. But I say unto you . . ." What kind of authority is inherent in this statement?

African American

In his book Streetwise, Elijah Anderson argues that young __________ men are more likely to be arrested because both police and community members perceive them as more criminal than others.

political disenfranchisement

In three months, our local community will be having a very important election for city council members. As Jorge drives through town, he notices that wealthy and middle-class areas have political signs in almost every yard while there are no signs at all in poor neighborhoods. This exemplifies which concept?

groupthink

In very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement (page 137)

NOT true

In-group membership is often temporary is ______ about in-groups?

personal characteristics

Individuals today are more likely to identify themselves through _______________than through group membership or affiliation. This is cause for concern to some sociologists because individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics might care less about the common good.

common good

Individuals today are more likely to identify themselves through personal characteristics than through group membership or affiliation. Why is this cause for concern to some sociologists? Answer - Individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics might care less about the _____________.

care less

Individuals today are more likely to identify themselves through personal characteristics than through group membership or affiliation. Why is this cause for concern to some sociologists? Individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics might _________ about the common good.

innovators

Individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them (page 159)

deviance avowal

Individuals who conceive of deviance as a role, rather than as an isolated behavior, sometimes initiate the labeling process against themselves. What is this called?

ritualists

Individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means (page 159)

retreatists

Individuals who reject both society's approved goals and the means by which to achieve them (page 159)

economic relationships

Karl Marx spent much of his life attempting to describe and understand how capitalism worked. In one particularly vivid passage, he described the turbulence that he saw as inherent in capitalism in this way: "All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real condition of life and his relations with his kind." What sort of relationships did he think that his readers had with other people?

conflict theory

Karl believes that our criminal law excuses big corporations for polluting the planet, manufacturing unsafe products, and manipulating prices. At the same time, he sees homeless people imprisoned for stealing food. Karl has taken a ____________ perspective to explain the working of society.

extrinsic religiosity

Kathy attends church on Sundays as well as Wednesday evenings. She also routinely participates in missions work. This exemplifies her

28 percent

Kendra is single and lives alone. Today, her type of household makes up _____of the households in the United States.

racial passing

Lana is a light-skinned African American teenager attending a predominantly white high school. She tells people that she is white in order to avoid the consequences of being black in a racist society. She is practicing _______________.

Authors often use the word "man" to refer to large groups that include both male and female members such as "all mankind." Sociologists and feminists argue that this is an example of the use of sexist language. What does this tell us about the relationship between language and culture?

Language shapes culture, so using gender-neutral language facilitates social change.

secondary groups

Larger and less intimate than primary groups; members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary (page 124)

instrumental

Leaders whose personal styles make them more task oriented or goal oriented and less concerned with people's feelings are called ________ leaders.

expressive leadership

Leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group (page 143)

instrumental leadership

Leadership that is task or goal oriented (page 143)

educational tracking

Leroy feared that because his son Carl completed classwork very slowly he'd be labeled as an underachiever in school and placed in remedial courses. This might ultimately cost Carl access to key courses as he progresses through school. This process exemplifies

exogamy

Margie is from an upper-class U.S. family and Jorge is from a poor Salvadoran family. They met while she was backpacking through South America after college and they are now married. This exemplifies

hypogamy

Marrying "down" in the social class hierarchy (page 205)

food desert

Martha must drive twenty miles to get to the nearest grocery store. She often buys her daily items from a convenience store near her home, where healthy options are hard to come by. A sociologist might describe her neighborhood as a

According to Armand Mauss, what happens in the second stage of a social movement's development?

Like-minded individuals organize

social stratification

Low-level groups often have access to all the rewards and privileges of higher level groups. This statement does not reflect a principle of the ______________

Make split-second judgments about who people are and what social statuses they occupy based on their appearances.

the American Dream is an ideology

Manohla Dargis called the movie The Pursuit of Happyness "a fairy tale in realist drag . . . the kind of entertainment that goes down smoothly until it gets stuck in your craw. . . . It's the same old bootstraps story, an American dream artfully told, skillfully sold. How you respond to this man's moving story may depend on whether you find Mr. Smith's and his son's performances so overwhelmingly winning that you buy the idea that poverty is a function of bad luck and bad choices, and success the result of heroic toil and dreams." What idea is being expressed here

that the American Dream is an ideology

It helps to promote social cohesion, as our society can come together in shared anger at a relatively small group of outsiders.

Many Americans are outraged by the number of illegal immigrants who enter the country every year, despite the fact that some studies show that such immigrants are, on the whole, economically beneficial. What function would this anger serve in our society?

symbolic interactionism

Many people choose to buy an expensive car though they cannot easily afford the monthly payment. Driving the car becomes an important part of performing their social class. Choose the one perspective and one concept with which this statement most closely aligns.

primary groups

Many sociologists have worried that the modern economy demands both geographic and occupational mobility, which in turn means bureaucratic organizations have become the norm. What sort of groups might become weaker or strained if people have to move frequently throughout their lives for work?

cultural capital

Many sociologists in the 1960s noticed that economic obstacles alone were not sufficient to explain disparities in the educational attainment of children from different social classes. Which concept was designed to explain these disparities?

vertical social mobility

Many workers at auto plants in Michigan have recently lost their jobs as plants close. For the vast majority of these workers, this has resulted in _________

Vertical Social Mobility

Many workers at auto plants in Michigan have recently lost their jobs as plants close. For the vast majority of these workers, this has resulted in:

vertical social mobility

Many workers at auto plants in Michigan have recently lost their jobs as plants close. For the vast majority of these workers, this has resulted in:

expressive tasks

Margarethe plans all holiday meals and sends birthday emails to family members. These are examples of

differential association

Nowhere to Grow by Les Whitbeck and Dan Hoyt explored the lives of homeless and runaway teens in the Midwest. The authors found that "associating with deviant peers" had a dramatic effect on a wide range of deviant behaviors, including increasing "the likelihood of serious substance abuse almost 32 times." What theory of deviance considers the way that such interpersonal relationships help to predict deviant behavior?

flaw

One cost of living indicator available on the Internet shows that a salary of $40,000 in Santa Barbara, California is equivalent to $14,000 in Wichita, Kansas. This is primarily because of housing, which is much less expensive in Wichita. What does this difference say about how the federal government calculates poverty? It points to a _________ in the way the government calculates the poverty line, as the standard is uniformly applied without regard to regional differences.

T/F: According to structural functionalist theory, the function of deviance is to help clarify moral boundaries and affirm social norms.

T/F: Lines between primary and secondary groups can be very difficult to draw.

a primary group

People who associate with each other on a regular basis for no other reason than to spend time together are usually members of

primary group

People who associate with each other on a regular basis for no other reason than to spend time together are usually members of:

category

People who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging (page 124)

cultural capital

Pierre Bourdieu explained the data in research about those ging to college using the concept of ________.

working poor

Poorly educated workers who work full-time but remain below the poverty line; they constitute about 20 percent of the U.S. population (page 191)

by asking who has minimal food, shelter, clothing and medical care

Poverty can be defined in either relative or absolute terms. How does absolute deprivation measure poverty?

coercive power

Power that is backed by the threat of force (page 141)

influential power

Power that is supported by persuasion (page 141)

What is one reason that interracial relationships are still relatively uncommon even though antimiscegenation laws have been struck down?

Powerful cultural stereotypes discourage them.

What explanation does functionalism have for prejudice and discrimination today

Prejudice and discrimination help to increase group cohesion.

passing

Presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to (page 165)

passing

Presenting yourself as a member of a different racial or ethnic group than the one you were born into is known as

deviance avowal

Process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process (page 166)

What is the relationship between race and class according to sociologists like Howard Winant and Michael Omi?

Race is not a side effect of class; rather, it permeates every aspect of daily life.

T/F: Sociologists can say that deviance is relative because whether a behavior is considered deviant depends on the historical, cultural, and/or situational context in which it occurs.

For a long time, the fact that immigrants from eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America tended to be shorter than native-born Americans was taken as evidence that there were inherent racial differences between these populations. However, the immigrants had children who grew up to be as tall as anyone else. Geneticists now tell us that, although there can be considerable variation in height within a group due to genetics, height differences between groups are largely caused by diet. What does this demonstrate?

Racial differences are socially constructed and not genetic.

T/F: The human mind and the individual's sense of self are both largely created through social processes.

Predictions of the return of Haley's comet do not influence its orbit

Robert Merton once observed that the self-fulfilling prophecy is a peculiarly sociological concept. Why?

Predictions of the return of Haley's comet do not influence its orbit.

Robert Merton once observed that the self-fulfilling prophecy is a peculiarly sociological concept. Why?

structural strain theory

Robert Merton's argument that in an unequal society the tension or strain between socially approved goals and an individual's ability to achieve those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals or the means or both (page 159)

absolute

Several members of the Indian government have argued that poverty in India should be calculated according to how many calories a day people consume, not in relation to their incomes. What sort of measure of poverty would this be?

gender role socialization

Sheila watches her mother wash the dishes every night. She learns that washing dishes is a task done by women. This exemplifies

the strength of weak ties

Simon Langlois studied government employment in Quebec. He found that even though the government had made efforts to formalize recruitment, more than 40 percent of the people he surveyed found their jobs through personal contacts. In the majority of cases, the personal contacts were fairly casual acquaintances, not close friends. What principle is demonstrated here?

Sociologists have criticized scientists searching for a "gay gene" for their narrow understanding of sexual orientation. Scientists' approach does not take into account the way biology and the social environment interact to produce sexual behaviors. Which of the following theorists makes this point?

Social historian Jeffrey Weeks, who points out that even though homosexual acts have been documented throughout history, homosexual identity as we know it today didn't exist before the twentieth century

they impact our everyday interactions and our everyday interactions also impact them

Social institutions are paradoxical for sociologists because

contagion

Social networks can influence people through _________. This means that when people are connected to a social network, what happens in that network is more likely to affect them.

What does Pierre Bourdieu call the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the next and consequently remain relatively stable over time?

Social reproduction

Why do men usually make more money than women?

Socially constructed categories of employment lead to larger numbers of men than women in many lucrative jobs

race, ethnicity

Sociologists define _____ as a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people, whereas _____ is a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor.

decrease; becomes more traditional

Sociologists have found that marital satisfaction tends to _____ when there are small children in the home and that after children are born the household division of labor ________.

Bruce Springsteen

Sociologists would not consider fans of the rock musician __________ to be a group. Why not? They won't form any lasting relationships with one another.

embracing James Brown's song "I'm Black and I'm Proud"

Some light-skinned African Americans dealt with stigma by passing as white. But many African Americans couldn't pass, and others refused to do so; consequently when they attempted to deal with stigma, they were much more likely to do so via in-group orientation. Which of the following actions would be an example of in-group orientation?

residential segregation

Some municipalities in the Los Angeles area have zoning rules that prohibit multifamily dwellings and require that all homes be built on lots of a certain size. What is the effect of these policies?

How important is winning games?

Some students at a college form an intramural softball team. They play other teams from their school and from the area every Sunday in a conveniently located park. If a sociologist wanted to determine if the team was a primary or a secondary group, which question might he ask?

how important is winning games

Mother Teresa was a person with tremendous power and prestige yet she was very poor. Mother Teresa is an example of which of the following?

Status inconsistency

Stratification is a characteristic of a society rather than a reflection of individual differences.

What kind of sociologist believes racial and ethnic identities bind people and help society run much more efficiently?

Structural functionalist

Many people are optimistic that the many lost jobs in the United States in the recession of the late 2000s will be replaced with others. However, even if the optimists are right, the shift in the economy may permanently alter the class status of many. This is due to the fact that the jobs being lost are largely in manufacturing and new jobs are often in information technology. This suggests that the newly unemployed will have trouble competing for newly created jobs. If this is the case, what is it called?

Structural mobility

Many people became instant millionaires during the so-called dot-com boom of the late 1990s, though we usually think of social mobility as a result of individual effort. This is an example of?

Structural mobility.

second shift

Susan's friends describe her as a "Supermom." She works a full day outside of the home and then comes home from work and completes household tasks, child-care tasks, and other domestic responsibilities. Sociologists Arlie Hochschild and Anne Machung would call Susan's household work after her paid job the

constitutional monarchy

Sweden's government, in which there are official kings and queens who have limited official power that is checked by an elected parliament, is an example of which form of government:

What school of social thought insists that all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions?

Symbolic interactionism

Social change involves changes in the meaning of things as well as changes in laws, cultural, and social behavior is the ideology of which sociological perspective?

Symbolic interactionist

everyone has the same chance to succeed, and success or failure is completely determined by the individual person.

The American Dream legitimizes social stratification by reinforcing the idea that...

It demonstrates that the power of conformity can still lead to real-life instances of obedience such as Abu Ghraib and the telephone hoax at fast-food restaurants.

The Asch experiment yielded different results when other researchers tried to replicate it decades later, but a recent replication of Milgram's experiment had virtually the same results. What important implications does Milgram's research have for contemporary society?

Welfare Reform Act of 1996

The ________ ended the concept of entitlements by requiring recipients of welfare to find work within two years of receiving assistance. How has this changed the lives of the poor? Moving from welfare to work did not substantially increase income levels, it simply shifted the poor from welfare to low-paying jobs.

Soloman Asch

The ____________ experiment, in which a group of subjects were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that groups have great power to induce conformity.

power

The ability to control the actions of others (page 141)

power

The ability to impose one's will on others is called

rationalization

The application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns (page 145)

What racial issue does functionalism help to explain?

The assimilation of European ethnic groups into larger society

NOT a group

The audience at a Broadway show is_______ in the sociological sense.

American Dream

The belief that some people must fail so that others can succeed is NOT a component of the ___________according to sociologists.

According to a study, black defendants on trial for murder in Pennsylvania were 40 percent more likely to receive the death penalty than whites convicted of similar crimes. This indicates that?

The criminal justice system has a racial bias.

The sociologist Susan Mayer studied poverty and welfare. She concluded that character traits in parents like "diligence, honesty, good health, and reliability" led to increased achievement in children. Which theory do her conclusions support?

The culture of poverty

capital punishment

The death penalty (page 176)

group

The definition of what constitutes a _______ is being transformed as a result of new technology and the Information Revolution because of: a) electronic communities b. chat rooms c. online interaction d. "virtual" relationships

Reddit subgroups

The definition of what constitutes a group is being transformed as a result of new technology and the Digital Age. Which of the following is evidence of this

What is the uneven distribution of technology called between different parts of a society or of the world?

The digital divide

social stratification

The division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy (page 187)

social stratification

The division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy is called _____________.

According to theorists like Edna Bonacich, what is the effect of a split labor market, in which, workers belonging to one race are paid less than those of a different race?

The effects of racism are compounded by poverty.

digital divide

The experience of unequal access to computer and internet technology, both globally and within the United States (page 207)

social mobility

The folk-pop singer Jewel is famous for having lived in her van when she first moved to San Diego and started performing in a coffee shop. Soon after she was signed by Atlantic Records, her advance allowed her to rent a house and buy a new car. What class-based phenomenon is this an example of?

bureaucracies

The following is NOT true of ______________ is NOT true regarding the nature of bureaucracies? "hierarchies of management so that all members feel a sense of equality with one another."

McDonaldization

The following is an example of _______ . A worker says, "Sometimes I felt just like a robot. You push a button and you go this way. You become a mechanical nut."

McDonaldization

The following is an example of ___________, as George Ritzer used the term: A worker says, "Sometimes I felt just like a robot. You push a button and you go this way. You become a mechanical nut.

vertical mobility

The idea of the American Dream is most closely related to which of the following?

the culture of poverty

The idea that entrenched attitudes can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate is called _____________.

differential association theory

The idea that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant is called:

social influence (peer pressure)

The influence of one's fellow group members on individual attitudes and behaviors (page 137)

authority

The legitimate right to wield power (page 141)

Classical Marxist analysis often argued that everything is ultimately determined by the economy even though, sometimes, it is through many complicated steps. Can economic factors explain racism?

The link between race and class is useful and important, but it does not provide a satisfactory explanation for all forms of racism.

Symbolic interactionists stress the way we make "snap judgments" about other people's class statuses. We often pay close attention to what cues we display since we are aware that other people are judging us. Given this, why did Paul Fussell decide to measure class status with a "living room scale" rather than assessing some other part of the house?

The living room is where we receive guests.

A woman is shown in the vast majority of commercials that advertise cleaning supplies. This illustrates that?

The media portrays gender roles in highly stereotypical ways.

What is the real source of racism according to the conflict theory

The struggle between groups over power and control

A black man in the United States was convicted of a felony when he was 17. He is now 58 and has not committed any crimes since his release. However, he is still not permitted to vote. Michelle Alexander would describe this as an example of?

The new Jim Crow

religiosity

The number of times a person attends worship services yearly is a measure of his or her

horizontal social mobility

The occupational movement of individuals or groups within a social class (page 203)

differential association

The parents of a deviant child often want to find some way to excuse their offspring's behavior, and it's common to hear them say, "He just fell in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation most closely resemble?

pluralism

The pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation within a society is called ________________.

group dynamics

The patterns of interaction between groups and individuals (page 132)

primary groups

The people who are most important to our sense of self; members' relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belonging (page 124)

underclass

The poorest Americans who are chronically unemployed and may depend on public or private assistance; they constitute about 5 percent of the U.S. population (page 191)

reclining

The practice of refusing mortgages for houses in poor and minority neighborhoods is called:

Uniform Crime Report

The purpose of the ___________ was to make comparisons in crime rates between years and geographic regions

disenfranchisement

The removal of the rights of citizenship through economic, political, or legal means (page 211)

internalization

The strongest type of conformity, occurring when an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them her own (page 138)

What is the real source of racism according to conflict theory?

The struggle between groups over power and control

group cohesion

The sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong (page 135)

group cohesion.

The sense of solidarity or team spirit that an individual feels toward his or her group is called

group cohesion

The sense of solidarity, or team spirit, that an individual feels toward their group is called

group cohesion

The sense of solidarity, or team spirit, that an individual feels toward their group is called:

In the early 1900s, native-born Americans, usually Protestants, did NOT consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate?

The social construction of race

prestige

The social honor people are given because of their membership in well-regarded social groups (page 194)

netiquette

The social rules that govern a specific part of the Internet are called:

Anthony Giddens

The social theorist ____________ has argued that "social structures are both constituted by human agency, and yet at the same time are the very medium of this constitution." In other words, individual interactions produce social structures, but at the same time those social structures limit, constrain, and direct individual actions. This means that ________ believes the structural perspective and the interactionist perspective are not mutually exclusive; structure shapes interaction, and interaction generates structure.

social networks

The sociologist Duncan Watts examined the way that individuals may change their minds about who to vote for based on the opinions of friends and acquaintances. What concept was Watts studying?

social network

The sociologist Joseph Conti studied the World Trade Organization as a ___________. According to Conti, how is power measured within this sort of social network? Answer - The most powerful members are those with the most connections to other members.

The most powerful members have the most connections to other members

The sociologist Joseph Conti studied the World Trade Organization as a social network. According to Conti, how is power measured within this type of social network?

Duncan Watts

The sociologist ________ examined social networks, the way that individuals may change their minds about who to vote for based on the opinions of friends and acquaintances.

conapartheid

The system of segregation of racial and ethnic groups that was legal in South Africa between 1948 and 1991 (page 189)

cultural capital

The tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society (page 197)

What is cultural capital?

The tastes, habits, expectations,skills,knowledge, and other cultural assets that helps us gain advantages in society.

coercive power

What kind of power is a football coach wielding when he threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder?

desistance

The tendency of individuals to age out of crime over the life course (page 174)

What is social reproduction?

The tendency of social classes to remain relatively stable as a class status is passed down from one generation to the next.

social reproduction

The tendency of social classes to remain relatively stable as social class status is passed down from one generation to the next (page 196)

homogamy

The tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership is called:

the expectation that women who work fulltime job outside the home will also do the majority of the domestic tasks

The term second shift, coined by Arlie Hochschild, refers to

social inequality

The unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society (page 187)

self sustaining

The upper class in the U.S. is largely a a largely ___________ group and rarely add new members.

90%

The upper class makes up just 1 percent of the total U.S. population, but its total net worth is greater than that of ____________ of the rest of the population.

cyberbullying

The use of electronic media (web pages, social networking sites, e-mail, instant messengers, and cell phones) to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone (page 169)

Uniform Crime Report

The vast majority of crimes come to the attention of the police in response to citizen complaints. If citizens don't think a crime is serious enough or feel that nothing can be done, they don't usually bother to inform the authorities. This means that there might be serious bias in the:

differential association theory

taught children to break dance

Tuy Sobil was a member of the Crips in Long Beach, California, before he was deported to Cambodia. What did he do once he arrived?

an official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 17,000 law enforcement agencies

Uniform Crime Report

personal qualities of a leader

Unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority, charismatic authority is rooted in:

personal qualities of the leader

Unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority, charismatic authority is rooted in:

in terms of social reproduction, it is important to offer such experiences to upper class kids.

Unlike students at public schools, private school students are often offered the opportunity to learn tennis and golf. This is because

in terms of social reproduction, it is important to offer such experiences to upper class kids.

Unlike students at public schools, private school students are often offered the opportunity to learn tennis and golf. This is because...

deprivation amplification

Veronica's parents have adult onset diabetes. Her doctor suggested that she walk daily for exercise to help prevent getting the diabetes herself. Unfortunately, it's difficult for her to walk in her neighborhood because the sidewalks are in disrepair. When our individual disease risks are amplified by social factors such as income inequality, this is called

coercive power

What kind of power is a football coach wielding when he threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder

the other patients

What group of people within the hospital were able to tell that the pseudopatients in David Rosenhan's "On Being Sane in Insane Places" were not actually mentally ill?

in remission

What happened to the pseudopatients in David Rosenhan's "On Being Sane in Insane Places"? Answer - They were all finally released, but the diagnoses were that their "illnesses" were "________."

The social science literature contains only scattered evidence of what it means, feels, sounds, tastes, or looks like to commit a particular crime.

What helps explain why Jack Katz thought his book, Seductions of Crime, explained deviance in a new way?

meritocracy

What is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit

primary group

What is a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge his own accomplishments?

a primary group

What is not considered a considered an aggregate?

Cinderella stories

What is realistic about "______________" like the film Pretty Woman? Answer - When class boundaries are crossed, women usually marry up, while men marry down.

media

What is referred to as the Fourth Estate of the government?

deterrence of future crimes

What is the justification for harsh sentencing guidelines, like California's "three strikes" law?

five years

What is the maximum length of time a family can collect welfare based on the welfare reforms provided in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act?

simplicity mobility

What is the movement that encourages people to work less, consume less, and generally "downshift" their lifestyles called?

simplicity movement

What is the movement that encourages people to work less, consume less, and generally "downshift" their lifestyles called?

the simplicity movement

What is the movement that encourages people to work less, consume less, and generally "downshift" their lifestyles called? class consciousness hypogamy the just-world movement cultural capital the simplicity movement

It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes while ignoring the structural causes of inequality.

What is the principal sociological critique of the culture of poverty?

It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes while ignoring the structural causes of inequality

What is the principal sociological critique of the culture of poverty? The poor often move into the middle class The values and norms of many Americans in all class groups include attitudes of resignation and fatalism Contrary to assumptions about the culture of poverty, members of the lower class often save and take actions that might lead them to improve their situations It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes while ignoring the structural causes of inequality all of the above

internalization

What is the strongest type of conformity that can occur as a result of social influence or peer pressure?

Oprah represents the exception, rather than the rule

What is wrong with treating Oprah Winfrey as the ultimate symbol of the American Dream?

coercive power

What kind of power is exhibited by a police officer who pulls over a suspect after a high-speed pursuit?

Most people have a strong need to believe that the world is orderly, predictable, and fair

What makes the just-world hypothesis psychologically appealing to the average person? It is supported by a wealth of empirical data Most people's everyday experiences teach them that society tends to distribute rewards and punishments fairly Many people have a fear and loathing of the poor, which makes it easy to believe that the poor deserve whatever misfortune they are handed Most people have a strong need to believe that the world is orderly, predictable, and fair Many people develop skewed perceptions based on their worst experiences with the poor, which makes it hard for them to see things objectively

the police concentrate their efforts in these areas

What might make sociologists doubt that higher crime rates in urban areas, as reported by the Uniform Crime Report, actually reflect higher levels of criminal activity?

Asian Americans

What population group is NOT associated with higher rates of poverty?

symbolic interactionism

What school of social thought insists that all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions?

middle class

What social class do "white-collar" workers (workers employed in technical and lower-management positions) belong to?

the middle class

What social class do "white-collar" workers (workers employed in technical and lower-management positions) belong to?

compliance

What sort of conformity is demonstrated by an individual who dresses modestly in accordance with religious values, but does so to avoid punishment rather than because she believes it truly matters?

groupthink

What sort of group dynamic may have led officials at NASA to ignore warnings and launch the space shuttle Challenger, which exploded shortly after take-off?

expressive leadership

What sort of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society

there is no chance of social mobility

What sort of social mobility is possible in a caste system?

blue collar jobs / manual labor

What sorts of jobs are usually available to members of the lower middle class?

feudalism

What system of social stratification was in the final stages of breaking down when Karl Marx developed his ideas?

McDonaldization

What term did sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?

McDonaldization

What term did the sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?

McDonalization

What term did the sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?

conflict theory

What theory argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom?

symbolic interactionist

What type of theorist is most likely to explore the ways in which people "do" ethnicity on a daily basis?

population density and anomie

What variable has the greatest impact on crime rates?

differential association theory

When a parent argues that her child has simply fallen in with a bad crowd, what theory of deviance is she expressing?

It helps to clarify moral boundaries, reinforcing the idea that marital infidelity is wrong

When a politician is caught cheating on his spouse, there are usually serious consequences, and sometimes the politician is forced to resign from his office when his constituents loudly express their unhappiness with such behavior. According to Emile Durkheim, what function does this reaction serve?

It helps to clarify moral boundaries, reinforcing the idea that marital infidelity is wrong.

groupthink

When group members withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus, they are engaging in:

peer pressure

When individuals are members of groups, they are influenced by other members. What do sociologists call this?

false consciousness

When individuals fail to see the ways in which they are oppressed by the social system they live in, Karl Marx calls it:

relative deprivation

When poverty is measured by age groups, a graph is demonstrating ____________

internalization

When someone joins the Green Party and then starts recycling old plastic bags because she believes that it can help save the environment, this is an example of what type of conformity?

The values and norms of the powerful are left unexamined, while the deviance of the poor is scrutinized.

When studying deviance, sociologists often focus on the most obvious and extreme forms of deviant behavior. What are the consequences of this approach?

symbolic interactionist

Which type of theorist is most likely to explore the ways in which registered nurses display their gender roles on the job?

intergenerational mobility

When the children of working-class parents manage to attend college and get a job in a professional field, it is an example of:

pandemic

When the swine flu was diagnosed in 2009, the illness spread across the globe quickly. This is classified as a/an

relative deprivation

When we compare the salaries of the worst paid members of a corporation with the salary of the CEO, what sort of measure of poverty are we using?

class consciousness

When young people go away to college, it's often the first time that they make friends with people of substantially different class statuses. Sometimes this leads to tension when the wealthier member of a friendship is oblivious to his friend's class status and suggests activities that are beyond the friend's means. This tension results from a lack of _________

all of the answers are correct

Which kinds of departures from the norm can have a stigmatizing effect on an individual's identity?

primary groups

Which of the following are characterized by long-term, intimate, face-to-face relationships?

your parents

Which of the following authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources?

How does where a person lives impact his or her risk of certain health issues?

Which of the following best illustrates a question of sociological interest in regard to medicine, health, and illness?

the internet

Which of the following changes has been most transformative to the way distance learning, once known as correspondence courses, is now offered?

African American males

Which of the following groups has the shortest life expectancy?

meritocracy

Which of the following is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit?

passing

Which of the following is a strategy to negotiate everyday interactions with a stigmatized identity?

The meanings attached to race and ethnicity are created, maintained, and modified over time through social processes.

Which of the following is true concerning race and ethnicity?

Asian Americans

Which of the following population groups are NOT associated with higher rates of poverty?

They tend to be based on specific roles or activities.

Which of the following statements about secondary groups is true?

white male

Which person is likely to confer the greatest status in the United States?

feudalism

Which system of social stratification was in the final stages of breaking down when Karl Marx developed his ideas?

karl marx

Which theorist believed that economic relationships were the only social relationships that mattered?

Internalization

Which type of conformity has occurred when someone joins an animal rights group and then adopts a vegan diet?

Time is lost

Why does actual group productivity never equal potential productivity? _________ to coordinating and organizing group members.

family

_____ is a social group whose members are bound by legal, emotional, or biological ties (or a combination of all three).

homophobia

_____ is fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior.

Propinquity

_____ is the tendency to have relationships with people in close geographic proximity.

Homogamy

______ or the tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership, is very common, because we tend to have more access to people like ourselves.

a group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves

reference group

in the dramaturgical perspective, the context or setting in which the performance takes place

region

an approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as a part of their penalty

rehabilitation

in-group orientation (stigma)

rejecting of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value the group identity

the phenomenon in which as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less; a source of inefficiency when working in teams

social loafing

the web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people who may also affect the individual

social network

stratification is a characteristic of a society rather than a reflection of individual differences.

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