Soc 101 - Ch. 15

Stages of Demographic Transition Theory

1. High birth and death rates tend to balance each other over time 2. Death rates decline bc of health care improvements--population growth rate is high 3. Populations begin to level off (bc of contraception, increased education and wages, and urbanization) 4. Birth and death rates are both low 5. (predicted) total population will begin to decline for the first time (Germany and Japan are headed this way soon)

3 phases of population evolution:

1. Humans competed satisfactorily in the animal kingdom to survive 2. With the agricultural revolution (~10,000 years ago), mortality declined and population grew 3. The biggest increase in population came with the Industrial Revolution (300 years ago) and medical/sanitation brought death rate down

Worldwide rate of population growth peaked in...

1960s

Gesellschaft

A large, impersonal urban area

Poverty is one factor that contributes to overpopulation. A.True B.False

A. True

Populations

All permanent societies, states, communities, adherents of a common religious faith, racial/ethnic groups, kinship/clan groups, professions, and other identifiable categories of people

As neighborhoods become gentrified, poor residents are able to obtain safer, more affordable housing. A.True B.False

B. False

The last stage of the demographic transition involves high birth rates but low death rates. A.True B.False

B. False

Amish communities are held together by organic solidarity. A.True B.False

B. False--theirs is mechanical solidarity bc they share belief systems

Gemeinschaft

German word meaning a small traditional community

Most ______________ countries have a high percentage of dependent people over age 64

Global North

Gentrification

Members of the middle and upper classes, mostly young/white professionals, buying and renovating rundown properties in central-city locations and displacing poor residents

A primary criticism of demographic transition theory is that:

Modernization will lead to rational choices about family sizes

Antinatalist policies

Policies that discourage fertility (Ex: Singaporean families with more than 2 kids were penalized)

Environmental determinism

The idea that we can do little about the environment bc it controls our lives

Demography

The study of human populations

Which of the following is a criticism of Malthusian theory? A. Malthus was too eager in advocating condom use and birth control pills. B. Malthus ignored the possibility of new agricultural techniques. C. Malthus put too much blame on consumption and capitalists. D. Malthus failed to put any individual blame on those in poverty.

B. Malthus ignored the possibility of new agricultural techniques

There are 4 million people living in Country Y. Most are young, Hispanic Protestants. The vast majority live in small urban areas. In this example, "4 million people" describes the ________, "young, Hispanic Protestants" describes the ____________, and "vast majority live in small, urban areas" describes the ___________ of Country Y. A. size; density; composition B. distribution; composition; size C. size; composition; distribution D. composition; distribution; density

C. size; composition; distribution

Megacities

Cities and their surrounding metropolitan areas with 10 million or more residents (Ex: NYC metropolitan area)

Monica is investigating the ways poverty is dealt with in socialist and capitalist societies. She predicts that socialist societies will be more likely than capitalist societies to expand to find jobs for poor citizens. Which of the following theories is Monica likely using?

Conflict Theory

Which of the following types of migration is most common in the United States? A. rural to urban B. push migration C. pull migration D. both A and C

D. both A and C--rural to urban migration and pull migration

"This theory assumes that individuals make rational choices about family size as countries modernize" is most likely a criticism of which theory? A. urbanization B. Malthusian C. wealth flow D. demographic transition

D. demographic transition

Many European countries have __________ birth rates and a(n) ___________ population. A. high; younger B. stable; aging C. high; aging D. low; aging

D. low; aging

Malthus's solution for decreasing population is:

Delaying marriage and sex until one can afford a family

Mechanical solidarity

Durkheim's term for "the glue that holds a society together through shared beliefs, values, and traditions typical of rural/simple societies"

Pronatalist policies

Policies that encourage fertility (Ex: giving workers a day off to have sex)

Country X has outlawed the use of contraceptives by married couples. Country X's policy is:

Pronatalist

In Country Z, both birth rates and death rates are high. Country Z is most likely in __________ of the demographic transition.

Stage 1

Organic solidarity

The social glue based on a division of labor with each member playing a highly specialized role in the society and each person being dependent on others due to interrelated, interdependent tasks

Wealth flow theory

When wealth flows child-->parent, parents have larger families (think farm life, kids=cheap labor). When wealth flows parent-->child, parents have fewer children

Russia has a National Day of Procreation each year that allows workers to take the day off from work to procreate. This is an example of a(n) __________________ policy.

Pronatalist

Population pyramids

Pyramid shaped diagrams that illustrate sex ratios and dependency ratios over time

In Country X, 2 million people die every year and 1.5 million new babies are born. Country X is experiencing: A. below population replacement levels. B. population growth. C. Malthusian growth. D. a baby dearth.

A. Below population replacement levels

Key demographic processes

Fertility (birthrate), mortality (death rate), and migration

Malthus's Theory of Population

Humans are driven to reproduce and will multiply excessively without checks imposed to slow growth

Demographic transition theory

Links trends in birth and death rates with patterns of economic and technological development

Sex ratio

Ratio of males to females in a population

Youth dependency ratio

The number of children under 15 divided by the number between 15 and 64

Age dependency ratio

The number of people older than 64 divided by those between 15 and 64

Life expectancy

The number of years a person in a particular society can expect to live

Urbanization

The pattern of movement from rural areas to cities

Which of the following is NOT an assumption that Thomas Malthus makes in his theory of population?

The poor are not responsible for their situations

Dependency ratio

The ratio of both the young and aged groups compared with the the number of people in productive age range (15-64)

Tia is interested in studying the way farm families decide how many children to have. She feels that the number of workers needed to sustain the farm will relate to the number of children families have, with those needing more workers having more children. Which of the following theories is Tia likely using?

Wealth Flow Theory