SOC 1010 Chapter 6: Deviance

The term "deviant" refers to a moral, not a social, judgment.

False

Robert Merton

developed strain theory as a functionalist account of social deviance

What, in broad terms, is the definition of deviance?

any transgression of socially established norms that causes a negative reaction

Howard S. Becker

applied labeling theory to the question of how deviance begins

The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance is an example of what stigma-related concept?

in-group orientation

Which of the following statements about crime and gender has been supported by data from the last decade?

As women gain power in the labor market through education and income, crime rates among women rise to match those among men more closely.

Émile Durkheim

offered a functionalist theory of the causes of suicide

Deterrence

passing a law that states that anyone caught stealing an item or items valued at $1000 or more will have one hand cut off

Incapacitation

passing a law that states that anyone committing fraud will be imprisoned for a minimum of twenty years

Rehabilitation

passing a law that states that first-time offenders for any violent crime will be submitted to a psychological evaluation and given mental health treatment

In the United States, imprisonment as a method of punishment was rare until what century?

19th

Place each study of deviance in the order it was published from first to last.

-David Matza called for social scientists to understand deviant phenomena in a perspective he called "naturalism." -Alexander Liazos suggested that the sociology of deviance mostly focuses on "nuts and sluts." -Jack Katz noted that many studies of deviance focus on background rather than foreground factors. -Leila Rupp and Verta Taylor spent three years studying drag queens.

Scandinavian and Nordic countries have prisons based on what type of punishment model?

Rehabilitation

Which of the following situations is an example of deviance avowal?

A man decides to quit smoking but asks his friends and family to identify him as a smoker, not an ex-smoker, because he believes the addiction is lifelong.

Although the term often references race, which of the following is also an example of "passing"?

A man with wrist scars from an attempted suicide covers them by wearing long sleeves, even in the summer.

The opening text of this chapter suggests that William Randolph Hearst pressured politicians in early twentieth-century America to make marijuana illegal. Over many decades, social scientists have examined how the selective application of drug laws and the penalties attached to them have favored some groups while harshly penalizing others.

Conflict theory

Which of the following are examples of Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory?

Justin begins using drugs regularly after hanging out with a group of peers who pressured him to do so. Shanice finds some classmates defacing the women's bathroom with spray paint and joins in.

In labeling theory, what is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?

Secondary deviance is an eventual effect of primary deviance, which is the initial deviant behavior.

Which term, coined by Robert Merton, is based on the W. I. Thomas theorem that "if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"?

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Identify the following as either violent crime or property crime.

Violent Crime: robbery murder rape aggravated assault Property Crime: arson larceny burglary motor vehicle theft

Erving Goffman

applied social interactionist theory to the dynamics of stigma

August is a senior at a very expensive private high school. His father is a successful stock broker and his mother is a partner in a Manhattan law firm. August gets caught stealing a shirt and claims he was just seeking the thrill of stealing something. This example highlights what concept of deviance studied by Jack Katz?

foreground of deviance

A researcher examines the effects of learning communities on a college campus. In these communities, students live in a small dorm hall together, have one faculty advisor, attend a first-year seminar together, and participate in social activities together. After completing her study, the researcher finds that compared to students living in regular dorms or off-campus, students in these communities are less likely to engage in either underage drinking or cheat on assignments and tests, and have fewer disciplinary actions on their records. Which sociological perspective best explains this finding?

social control theory

Which Greek word does "stigma" come from?

tattoo

The way that the My Lai massacre ended during the Vietnam War is an example of what?

positive deviance

What term describes "actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic"?

positive deviance

A psychology experiment (Rosenhan 1973) applied labeling theory to the diagnosis of schizophrenia in a psychiatric setting. What were the results?

An initial diagnosis of schizophrenia tended to color the medical staff's interpretation of patients' later behaviors. Patients initially diagnosed with schizophrenia were kept under observation for several weeks, despite behaving normally all that time.

Maria is the school chess champion and is invited to compete at a regional tournament. An opponent tells Maria that men are naturally better at chess than women. Upon hearing this, Maria becomes upset and worried about her performance and subsequently loses her first match. What has Maria just experienced?

Stereotype threat

The latest crime statistics in the United States suggest that fifteen- to nineteen-year-olds make up about 7 percent of the population but account for 15 percent of criminal arrests while people sixty-five and older make up more than 13 percent of the population but account for less than 1 percent of arrests.

The latest crime statistics in the United States suggest that fifteen- to nineteen-year-olds make up about 7 percent of the population but account for 15 percent of criminal arrests while people sixty-five and older make up more than 13 percent of the population but account for less than 1 percent of arrests.