SOC 108 Exam 2

The World Bank sets a "poverty threshold" at _____ a day for the least developing countries.

$1.90

world bank poverty threshold

$1.90 per day

three measures of deprivation under human poverty index

1. health -child mortality and nutrition 2. education - number of years in school 3. standard living - housing, food, etc. aka 1.Deprivation of life. 2.Deprivation of knowledge. 3.Deprivation in living standards.

top and bottom ranked countries for gender

1. northern european counrties (Iceland, Finland, Norway) US is 22nd

women earn how much less than man

19%

The United States poverty line calculates the poverty line at

3 times the minimum cost of an adequate diet.

minority group

A category of people with unequal access to positions of power, prestige, and wealth in a society who tend to be targets of prejudice and discrimination. characterisitcs: -membership through birth -treated unequally by dominant group

Female genital cutting is

A rite of passage that enhances a woman's status in some countries

Mary believes that she is poor because she feels inferior, powerless and lacks work ethic. Mary's beliefs best characterize:

A. Culture of poverty thesis

Globalization promotes poverty by

A. Employers pay their workers the least possible B. Labor surplus is maintained to keep wages low C. It leads poor countries to borrow heavily

The culture of poverty thesis is very similar to:

B. Symbolic interaction

Conflict theorists view of poverty is that:

C. It is inevitable because it is systematically maintained by those trying to preserve their class advantage

The structural functionalist view of poverty is that:

D. It is inevitable because it emerges from the social structure

race

Identity with a group of people descended from a biological ancestor

poverty

Inability to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter (varies)

One criticism of the US poverty line is that:

Low-income families today spend less than one-third of their income on food

militancy

Minority wants to reverse the status and dominate the society

Poverty thresholds in the United States differ by all of the following EXCEPT

Region of the United States.

structural strategies for action

Sustainable development goals Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

relative poverty

a deficiency in material and economic resources compared with some other population

Research suggests that women in male-dominated fields often encounter

a glass ceiling

Americans living in households with income below ______ percent of the poverty line are considered to be in "deep poverty."

a. 50

near poor

above the poverty line but not by much

Fred has been homeless for over 10 years due to a divorce and a loss of his job. He barely makes enough panhandling to eat every day. Fred is living in:

absolute poverty

immigrants change names in new society

acculturation

integration of traditional feminine and masculine characteristics refers to

androgyny

cultrual sexism

beliefs, values, about genders based on cutlures

deep poverty

below 50% of the poverty line aka severe poverty

poor

below the poverty line

sex

biological

forms of discrimination against women and men

both have labels: women are emotional, make less, different expectations men: not emotional, mental health

merits and demerits of globalization

cheap labor, unfair conditions, more jobs

interactive performance we stage

doing gender

Assimilation

dominant group absorbs the minority group

pluralism

dominant group encourgages variation, no longer a dominant group

colonialism

dominant group exploits minority group

Segregation

dominant group structures social institutions to maintain minimum contact with minority groups

Genoicde

dominant group tries to destroy the minority group

four factors that form the basis for measuring variations in gender gaps

economic participation educational attainment health and survival political empowerment

symbolic perspective on gender inequality

female and male have meanings associated with them in society and are expected to act certain way based on media, etc.

how is us poverty threshold measured?

food cost multiplied by 3

Buzz believes that males dominate females because of biological differences. Buzz's views are in line with:

functionalism

conflict perspective on gender inequality

gender inequality results primarily from capitalism and private ownership of the means of production.

structural functional perspective on gender inequality

genders have different functions in society and should work different jobs (division of labor)

Ben is an elementary school teacher and is happy with his job. The principal of his school has been encouraging him to give up teaching for a better paying position as a school administrator. Ben may be experiencing the ____ effect.

glass elevator

reasons for economic inequality in the US

government policies (tax policies, denionization, deindustrialization) inadequate funding for public education (opportuiny and achievement gap)

strucutural sexism

institutions

pink collar jobs

jobs that offer few benefits, often have low prestige, and are disproportionately held by women

absolute poverty

lack of resources that leads to hunger and physical deprivation

Acculturation

minority group adopts the culture of the dominant group

studies indicate that boys are ..

more likely to monopolize class discussions

A janitor earns less than a school principal. Functionalist sociologists might argue this difference in income:

most talented people hold jobs

amalgamation

occurs when majority and minority groups combine to form a new group

Sex is based on __________________ distinctions, whereas gender is based on _____________ distinctions.

physical, social

symbolic interactionist perspective

poor people are labeled as lazy and irresponsbile wealthy are labeled as capable and hardworking culture of poverty:poor develop norms that contriute to their situation (female centered household)

structural functionalist perspective on poverty

poverty results from institutional breakdown, inevitable and necessary for maintenance of society good bc: low paid workers are willing to do dirty, dangerous jobs and poverty industry

Which of the following is included in the official poverty calculations?

pretax income

african americans and asians defined as

racial group

Defining poverty by comparing a person to others in the same society is an example of a__________ measure of poverty.

relative

In industrialized countries, national poverty lines are sometimes based on the median household income of a country's population. According to this _____ poverty measure, members of a household are considered poor if their household income is less than 50 percent of the median household income in that country.

relative

Sarah is paid minimum wage as a fast food worker. Although she has enough money for food, clothing, and shelter, her wage is significantly below the median household income for her community. Sarah can best be labeled as living in __________ poverty.

relative

industrialized countries, poverty based on median household income

relative

conflict perspective

results from class system (rich exploits poor) corporation inequality and welfare by political influence wealthfare - laws and policies that favor the rich

female genital mutilation (views and solutions)

rite of passage for a woman, just for having children dangerous and a myth

consequences of economic inequality

segregation especially in schools

gender

social view

_________ sexism refers to the ways in which the organization of society, and specifically its institutions, subordinate individuals and groups based on their sex classification.

structural

sexism

the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other

color-blind racism

the belief that racism is no longer a problem and that we all have equal opportunities

population transfer

the dominant group expels the minority group

ethnicity

the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition.

dominant group

the group with the most power, greatest privileges, and highest social status (number of people do not matter)

glass ceiling

the mostly invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work

social construction of race

the school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable

glass elevator effect

the tendency for men seeking or working in traditionally female occupations to benefit from their minority status

Critiques of measures of poverty

underestimates poverty

Critisims of us poverty threshold

underestimates poverty (only 10% of income is spent on food), does not consider geographic location, based on pretax income

secession

wanting cultural and poltical independence, minority group seeks to separate itself and form a nation

extent of global poverty and economic inequality

wealth distribution is bad in US (1% control 40% of wealth in US)

which of the following is not associated with feminization of poverty?

women are less likely to live alone

motherhood pentalty

women feel pressured to choose professions that permit flexible hours and career paths for having kids

how is poverty measured internationally

world bank poverty threshold, calories per day, median household income World Health Organization: household is considered poor if it cannot meet 80% of calorie requirements using 80% of its income to buy food

Variations in poverty among racial groups, age groups, and family structures

younger - more likely to live in poverty because governemnt helps old people