SOC 108 Exam 2
The World Bank sets a "poverty threshold" at _____ a day for the least developing countries.
$1.90
world bank poverty threshold
$1.90 per day
three measures of deprivation under human poverty index
1. health -child mortality and nutrition 2. education - number of years in school 3. standard living - housing, food, etc. aka 1.Deprivation of life. 2.Deprivation of knowledge. 3.Deprivation in living standards.
top and bottom ranked countries for gender
1. northern european counrties (Iceland, Finland, Norway) US is 22nd
women earn how much less than man
19%
The United States poverty line calculates the poverty line at
3 times the minimum cost of an adequate diet.
minority group
A category of people with unequal access to positions of power, prestige, and wealth in a society who tend to be targets of prejudice and discrimination. characterisitcs: -membership through birth -treated unequally by dominant group
Female genital cutting is
A rite of passage that enhances a woman's status in some countries
Mary believes that she is poor because she feels inferior, powerless and lacks work ethic. Mary's beliefs best characterize:
A. Culture of poverty thesis
Globalization promotes poverty by
A. Employers pay their workers the least possible B. Labor surplus is maintained to keep wages low C. It leads poor countries to borrow heavily
The culture of poverty thesis is very similar to:
B. Symbolic interaction
Conflict theorists view of poverty is that:
C. It is inevitable because it is systematically maintained by those trying to preserve their class advantage
The structural functionalist view of poverty is that:
D. It is inevitable because it emerges from the social structure
race
Identity with a group of people descended from a biological ancestor
poverty
Inability to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter (varies)
One criticism of the US poverty line is that:
Low-income families today spend less than one-third of their income on food
militancy
Minority wants to reverse the status and dominate the society
Poverty thresholds in the United States differ by all of the following EXCEPT
Region of the United States.
structural strategies for action
Sustainable development goals Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
relative poverty
a deficiency in material and economic resources compared with some other population
Research suggests that women in male-dominated fields often encounter
a glass ceiling
Americans living in households with income below ______ percent of the poverty line are considered to be in "deep poverty."
a. 50
near poor
above the poverty line but not by much
Fred has been homeless for over 10 years due to a divorce and a loss of his job. He barely makes enough panhandling to eat every day. Fred is living in:
absolute poverty
immigrants change names in new society
acculturation
integration of traditional feminine and masculine characteristics refers to
androgyny
cultrual sexism
beliefs, values, about genders based on cutlures
deep poverty
below 50% of the poverty line aka severe poverty
poor
below the poverty line
sex
biological
forms of discrimination against women and men
both have labels: women are emotional, make less, different expectations men: not emotional, mental health
merits and demerits of globalization
cheap labor, unfair conditions, more jobs
interactive performance we stage
doing gender
Assimilation
dominant group absorbs the minority group
pluralism
dominant group encourgages variation, no longer a dominant group
colonialism
dominant group exploits minority group
Segregation
dominant group structures social institutions to maintain minimum contact with minority groups
Genoicde
dominant group tries to destroy the minority group
four factors that form the basis for measuring variations in gender gaps
economic participation educational attainment health and survival political empowerment
symbolic perspective on gender inequality
female and male have meanings associated with them in society and are expected to act certain way based on media, etc.
how is us poverty threshold measured?
food cost multiplied by 3
Buzz believes that males dominate females because of biological differences. Buzz's views are in line with:
functionalism
conflict perspective on gender inequality
gender inequality results primarily from capitalism and private ownership of the means of production.
structural functional perspective on gender inequality
genders have different functions in society and should work different jobs (division of labor)
Ben is an elementary school teacher and is happy with his job. The principal of his school has been encouraging him to give up teaching for a better paying position as a school administrator. Ben may be experiencing the ____ effect.
glass elevator
reasons for economic inequality in the US
government policies (tax policies, denionization, deindustrialization) inadequate funding for public education (opportuiny and achievement gap)
strucutural sexism
institutions
pink collar jobs
jobs that offer few benefits, often have low prestige, and are disproportionately held by women
absolute poverty
lack of resources that leads to hunger and physical deprivation
Acculturation
minority group adopts the culture of the dominant group
studies indicate that boys are ..
more likely to monopolize class discussions
A janitor earns less than a school principal. Functionalist sociologists might argue this difference in income:
most talented people hold jobs
amalgamation
occurs when majority and minority groups combine to form a new group
Sex is based on __________________ distinctions, whereas gender is based on _____________ distinctions.
physical, social
symbolic interactionist perspective
poor people are labeled as lazy and irresponsbile wealthy are labeled as capable and hardworking culture of poverty:poor develop norms that contriute to their situation (female centered household)
structural functionalist perspective on poverty
poverty results from institutional breakdown, inevitable and necessary for maintenance of society good bc: low paid workers are willing to do dirty, dangerous jobs and poverty industry
Which of the following is included in the official poverty calculations?
pretax income
african americans and asians defined as
racial group
Defining poverty by comparing a person to others in the same society is an example of a__________ measure of poverty.
relative
In industrialized countries, national poverty lines are sometimes based on the median household income of a country's population. According to this _____ poverty measure, members of a household are considered poor if their household income is less than 50 percent of the median household income in that country.
relative
Sarah is paid minimum wage as a fast food worker. Although she has enough money for food, clothing, and shelter, her wage is significantly below the median household income for her community. Sarah can best be labeled as living in __________ poverty.
relative
industrialized countries, poverty based on median household income
relative
conflict perspective
results from class system (rich exploits poor) corporation inequality and welfare by political influence wealthfare - laws and policies that favor the rich
female genital mutilation (views and solutions)
rite of passage for a woman, just for having children dangerous and a myth
consequences of economic inequality
segregation especially in schools
gender
social view
_________ sexism refers to the ways in which the organization of society, and specifically its institutions, subordinate individuals and groups based on their sex classification.
structural
sexism
the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other
color-blind racism
the belief that racism is no longer a problem and that we all have equal opportunities
population transfer
the dominant group expels the minority group
ethnicity
the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition.
dominant group
the group with the most power, greatest privileges, and highest social status (number of people do not matter)
glass ceiling
the mostly invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work
social construction of race
the school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable
glass elevator effect
the tendency for men seeking or working in traditionally female occupations to benefit from their minority status
Critiques of measures of poverty
underestimates poverty
Critisims of us poverty threshold
underestimates poverty (only 10% of income is spent on food), does not consider geographic location, based on pretax income
secession
wanting cultural and poltical independence, minority group seeks to separate itself and form a nation
extent of global poverty and economic inequality
wealth distribution is bad in US (1% control 40% of wealth in US)
which of the following is not associated with feminization of poverty?
women are less likely to live alone
motherhood pentalty
women feel pressured to choose professions that permit flexible hours and career paths for having kids
how is poverty measured internationally
world bank poverty threshold, calories per day, median household income World Health Organization: household is considered poor if it cannot meet 80% of calorie requirements using 80% of its income to buy food
Variations in poverty among racial groups, age groups, and family structures
younger - more likely to live in poverty because governemnt helps old people