Soc 134 Exam 1 Inquizitive

What lands did the US acquire during the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California

Homogenizing headings examples

Asian American, Native American

Example of tokenistic fallacy

Barak Obama won the presidency twice, so racism must be over

What groups were terrorized by the KKK?

Blacks, Catholics, Native Americans

What country had the largest number of enslaved Africans transported between 1501 and 1867?

Brazil (4.72 million)

What best illustrates how race and ethnicity are typically perceived in the US context?

ethnicity reflects differences within racial groups (e.g. in white, there is Irish, Italian, English, etc.)

As long as someone's intentions are good, and they do not mean to be racist, their actions will not be racist.

false

Martin Luther King, Jr. famously said, "I look to a day when people will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character." Based on this quote, we would expect that Dr. King would want us to be color-blind in today's society.

false

Example of Legalistic fallacy

"De jure" segregation was ended in the 1960s, thus ending racism

The infamous 1994 book that claims, among other things, that whites have higher IQs than blacks, and for the most part, these differences are genetic is called ____________.

"The Bell Curve" (Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray)

Between 1850 and 1882, the Chinese population in the US grew to 100,000. Identify the ways this growth in Chinese immigration helped american capitalists.

- Chinese immigrants helped develop the railroads -Chinese immigrants provided an expendable labor force -Whites' wages were kept lower

When someone commits the __________ fallacy, it is best to respond by showing the complex ways in which racism has developed and changed over time.

fixed

Example of Individualistic fallacy

some people might still believe "Most welfare recipients are black", but that doesn't mean society is racist

According to the authors, which of the following best describe what it is like to "think like a sociologist" about race and ethnicity?

- avoid relying on commonsense explanations of the social world -to comprehend everyday life through the broader historical forces that structure and direct it - to not get hung up on racial labels

Identify the ways European immigrants in the late 1800s eventually come to be considered white as they are today.

- by leveraging white employers' racial prejudices -organizing through unions -the conceptual differentiation of race and ethnicity -socially attacking nonwhites

What is significant about focusing on role of whiteness and its various privileges?

- it reminds us that for each group's disadvantage, there is a corresponding privilege - it emphasizes the racial reality of whiteness, which is often the unnamed race

When scholars or activists adopt an intersectional perspective of race, they think about race in which of the following ways?

- one form of inequality relies on other forms of inequality for their reproduction -poor white Americans experience the world differently than middle-class white americans

Aliya Saperstein and Andrew Penner used longitudinal survey data that followed 12,000 Americans for 19 years, beginning when they were teenagers. What did they find?

- one in five people "changed races" -"Interviewers were more likely to see someone as black when the respondents' situations fit the stereotype of black people"

Many people still assume that racial differences are dictated by nature and point to "obvious physical differences" that define so-called racial groups. When looking at these physical differences, the authors come to which of the following conclusions?

- there are physical differences between people in general -no racial group has members that share the exact same physical characteristics

Why did slaves resist (sang songs about the fall of slavery, made jokes at their masters' expense, purposefully left out tools in the rain, released their masters' livestock, etc.)?

- they wanted to demonstrate that they did not believe the things that their white masters told them to believe -they wanted to maintain their dignity and honor

Examples of White privilege

- white people can choose to talk about race and racism or choose to ignore the topic -white people do not have to worry about whether racism has played a role in negative interactions in their everyday lives -white people are far less likely to be exposed to toxic chemicals and pollutants than are Latinos or African Americans -white people are free to think of themselves as individuals, not as white persons

What was essential for the invention of whiteness and blackness?

-Europeans perceived they had something in common -tribal and ethnic differences among blacks were erased -white indentured servants viewed themselves differently from black slaves

Charles Lawerence's observations about unconscious racism:

-due to the history they all share, all americans hold some racist beliefs about nonwhites -most americans are unaware of our racism -racism has played and still plays a dominant role in American culture

Place the events in America's immigration policy in chronological order.

1. Black people were granted the right to naturalize as US citizens 2. The Johnson-Reed Act, a strict immigration policy, was passed 3. Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act, which reorganized US naturalization law and forbade denying citizenship on the basis of race

"Illiterate, docile, lacking in self-reliance and initiative and not possessing Anglo-Teutonic conceptions of law, order and government, their coming has served to dilute tremendously our national stock, and to corrupt our civic life."

southern and eastern Europeans

Place the items for development and use of IQ testing in order from first to last.

1. IQ testing is used as a technique to identify children with special needs 2. Scholars begin arguing that IQ is hereditary 3. Arthur Jensen argues that innate differences in IQ levels exist between whites and blacks 4. Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray argue that innate IQ differences could explain various social inequalities

Events of the "Indian Problem"

1. Indian Removal Act 2. Indian Intercourse Act 3. Trail of Tears 4. General Allotment Act

They "Are a detriment and a curse to our country...They have supplanted white labor and taken the brea out of the mouths of white men and their families."

Chinese people

Many Irish people were forcibly taken to North America, where they worked for three or four years before being granted their freedom. Identify the concepts that reflect this example.

Indentured servitude

What is the fundamental difference between interpersonal racism and institutional racism?

Institutional racism is connected to various forms of power

Identify the examples of institutional racism and interpersonal racism.

Institutional: -individuals within a corporation hire white candidates over more qualified Hispanic candidates -white police officers in an integrated neighborhood disproportionately target black residents -the Social Security Act did not provide payments for occupations that were primarily held by African Americans Interpersonal: -a white man crosses the street to avoid a black man who is approaching him -white passengers in a car yell a racial slur at a group of Hispanic men on the street

Which of the following best explains the relationship between race, ethnicity, citizenship, and national origin?

Race, ethnicity, citizenship, and national origin are all intimately connected and have informed one another

What statement best characterizes the relationship between racism of the past and racism today?

Racial inequalities and privileges accumulate over generations

Which of the following characteristics describe racism today and racism in the 1950s?

Today: covert racism, "race-neutral" laws 1950s: widespread racial violence, racial segregation enforced by law

Phenotype

a person's physical characteristics

Arguments supposing that social and economic differences between races are the result of immutable, inherited, and inborn distinctions are called ___________.

biological determinism

Identify the policies implemented to improve the conditions of freed blacks in the years right after the Civil War (1865-1875).

citizenship rights for black men and women and voting rights for black men (no family reuniting or monetary compensation)

The racial categories that exist in America are nonexistent in other parts of the globe. In South Africa, racial groups are organized around three dominant categories: white, black, and _____. In Brazil, five racial categories are employed in the official census: _______(white), pardo (_______), preto (black), amarelo (Asian), and indigena (indigenous).

coloured; branco; brown

Historically speaking, identify who decided which racial groups could become citizens and which individuals belonged to particular groups.

congress and the courts

What was the context in which the concept of ethnicity was invented?

it was created by Americans to make sense of the new immigration from southern and eastern Europe

According to the authors, which of the following are appropriate actions in responding to racism today?

people should be conscious of race

race symbolic category

race does not exist objectively

race constructed according to specific contexts

race in Brazil is defined differently than in US

POC often internalize prejudice aimed at their own racial group, and in turn unintentionally contribute to this racial domination. Which of the following apply to this process?

symbolic violence, internalized racism, internalized oppression

race based on phenotype of ancestry (US)

the "one thirty-second" rule

Biological determinism

the belief that social differences between races are natural

In the United States, the degree to which people have the power to choose, emphasize, or alter their multiple ethnic identities depends mostly on _____________.

the degree to which those identities are stigmatized

Miscegenation

the intermarriage and sexual intercourse between people with different skin tones

Intersectionality

the overlapping systems of advantages and disadvantages that affect people differently positioned in society

Institutional racism

the systematic white domination of POC

The case of Tiger Woods, who is often perceived as African American or black, illustrates which of the following?

the tension between phenotype and ancestry in racial identity

A starving slave was caught stealing food from the plantation and as a punishment, the slave owner gave the slave 39 lashes - the slave died as a result. Under the slave laws, which of the following crimes were committed, and which were not?

theft (murder was ok if result of punishment)

Less than one year after the policy of Forty Acres and a Mule was implemented, it was overturned and the land was returned to plantation owners.

true

There is more genetic variation within traditionally defined racial groups than between racial groups.

true

Symbolic violence

when POC unknowingly support their own oppression

Examples of whiteness reflected as a racial normality

whiteness is treated as standard -white novelists found in "Literature" section at bookstore, but other novelists not -flesh-colored band-aids match color of white people's skin tone