SOC 201 Exam 1

What did Harvard Medical School researchers conclude about the effects of the media on young people in Fiji, who until recently lacked widespread access to television?

Television affected young women's body images

structural functionalism

a paradigm based on the assumption that society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its separate structures

conflict theory

a paradigm that sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change, and emphasizes a materialist view of society, a critical view of the status quo, and a dynamic model of historical change

Although many people believe that expectations for personal space are inborn, members of many cultures are accustomed to noticeably less personal space than those of others. This helps demonstrate that people's expectations for personal space are

a part of our culture and, as such, are learned rather than inborn

Feminist Theory

a theoretical approach that looks at gender inequities in society and the way that gender structures the social world

churches usually teach their members rules and often codify these rules into formal commandments to be followed. Given this, churches can be considered

agents of socialization

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, signs with crudely painted skeletons holding cell phones were placed near some roadways, usually facing freeway ramps. These signs indicated disapproval of using cell phones while driving, a practice some states have since made illegal. As a result of this social movement,

an informal norm has become a law

means of production

anything that can create wealth: money, property, factories, and other types of businesses, and the infrastructure necessary to run them

Bernard McGrane suggested that individuals adopt a(n)-blank- to unlearn what we already know and better understand the social world.

beginners mind

Max Weber believed that modern industrialized societies were characterized by which of the following institutions?

bureaucracies

-blank- is the economic system that emerged during the Industrial Revolution.

capitalism

In recent years, sociologists who study deviance have learned that they can measure the quantities of narcotics consumed by a community by testing its sewage before treatment. What part of the research process would the sociologists be carrying out when they visit the sewage treatment plant to test its sewage?

collecting data

a sociologist wants to examine how the rich and poor are represented differently in children's movies. Which research method would be best suited for this study?

content analysis

it is now possible to travel all over the world, especially if you visit major metropolitan areas, without ever having to eat anything but McDonald's food. This is an example of

cultural leveling

According to Émile Durkheim, what is the basis for the bonds created through organic solidarity in industrialized societies?

difference, interdependence, and technology

the values, norms, and practices of the most powerful group within a society are called

dominant culture

A famous monologue from Shakespeare's As You Like It begins as follows: All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players; they have their exits and their entrances, and one man in his time plays many parts. which theory of social life could be seen as taking its inspiration from these lines?

dramaturgy

one of the most striking contrasts in restaurants is between the demeanor of cooks and that of servers. Servers are paid to be nice, pleasant, and courteous. On the other hand, cooks are usually not required to act this way. The part of a server's job that does not apply to a cook is called

emotional labor

what is an advantage of replicability in experiments?

experiments can be performed again and again over time in order to measure change

why does the family have such powerful impact as an agent of socialization?

family begins the socialization process before there are any other competing influences

which of the following best represents the ranking of different types of norms from least to most powerful or morally significant?

folkways, mores, taboos

-blank- occurs when the dominant culture succeeds in imposing its values and ideas on all of society

hegemony

Oftentimes, a larger number of people claim that they voted in their recent local elections than the number that actually did vote. This is perhaps because more people believed that they should have voted. This belief is an example of

ideal culture

which term describes a policy of honoring diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds?

multiculturalism

Durkheim theorized that the rapidly changing conditions of modern life lead to anomie. What is anomie?

normlessness or a loss of connections to the social world

what is a closed-ended question?

one that limits the possible responses

Bougeoisie

owners; the class of modern capitalists who own the means of production and employ wage laborers

as children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?

peers

In 2021, the richest 1 percent of the American population owned 32.1 percent of the country's wealth, and the bottom 50 percent of the population owned 2.5 percent. Karl Marx would call this ?

social inequality

queer theory

social theory about gender and sexual identity; emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories

what is the difference in how sociologists and anthropologists study culture?

sociologists usually study a society to which they belong

It is always important to ask clear and unambiguous questions regardless of the method you use. Why is it especially important to avoid confusion when conducting surveys?

survey researchers are usually not present to clarify any misunderstandings

what is the sociological imagination?

the ability to understand the interplay between the self and larger social forces

Praxis

the application of theory to practical action in an effort to improve aspects of society

solidarity

the degree of integration or unity within a particular society; the extent to which individuals feel connected to other members of their group

you have just begun studying unemployment rates in a city with fifty million people, of which fifteen million are unemployed. If you are using your sociological imagination, what is your first consideration?

the economic and political structures of the society

when Elton Mayo conducted his now-classic experiment on worker productivity, he found that he could increase productivity by changing variables in a work environment, but that changing variables back also increased productivity. What did he conclude was the true cause of the increase in productivity?

the effect of being studied

what is the relationship between sister pauline quinn's program, in which prison inmates train service and therapy dogs, and sociological concepts of the self and of interaction?

the process of training dogs helps to resocialize prisoners

Alienation

the sense of dissatisfaction the modern worker feels as a result of producing goods that are owned and controlled by someone else

Critical Race Theory

the study of the relationship among race, racism, and power

organic solidarity

the type of social bonds present in modern societies, based on difference, interdependence, and individual rights

social inequality

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society

according to Karl Marx, class consciousness is developed

through the lower classes recognizing how society works and challenging those in power

ethnocentrism refers to

using one's own culture as a standard by which to judge others

which of the following is a step in Charles Cooley's model of the looking glass self?

we think about how we look from another's perspective

anomie

"normlessness"; term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change

the slogan "what happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas" is an example of

a moral holiday

parents often buy their children gender specific toys. boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles. This is part of what process?

socilaization

why is sociology exceptional among the social sciences?

sociology's integrative approach makes it more comprehensive than other social sciences because it covers a wider intellectual territory

the term "master status" is defined as a

status that generally overrides all other statuses a person possesses

A -blank- is a kind of norm so deeply ingrained in that the very thought of violating it evokes feelings of disgust or horror

taboo

a goal of socialization is to

teach norms, values, and beliefs

Every four years, when it is time to elect a new president, we pay much attention to surveys, which we usually call "polls." Political pollsters typically ask approximately 1,000 people, of the 300 million people in the united states, who they plan to vote for. They use that information to predict how the election will turn out. Who is the sample for a presidential poll?

the 1,000 people asked whom they will vote for

critical theory

a contemporary form of conflict theory that criticizes many different systems and ideologies of domination and oppression

false consciousness

a denial of the truth on the part of the oppressed when they fail to recognize the interests of the ruling class in their ideology

a sociologist wants to study racial discrimination in hiring, and decides to either distribute a survey asking employers about their hiring methods, or conduct an experiment that involves sending fake resumes to employers to see who gets an interview. Which method would best examine racial discrimination in hiring and why?

the experimental method because the researcher can isolate the effect of race by creating otherwise identical resumes

why must ethnographers using participant observation always be aware of reflexivity?

the presence of ethnographers may alter the behavior of the people they are observing

class consciousness

the recognition of social inequality on the part of the oppressed, leading to revolutionary action

Dalia is a sociology student who finds a surprising correlation between ice cream sales and violent crime rates while working on a class project. She considers the idea that eating more ice cream causes people to engage in more violent crime, but then realizes that the most logical explanation is that

the relationship is spurious

the standard procedure for acquiring and verifying empirical knowledge, as well as building and testing a body of scientific theory that helps explain and predict different aspects of our world, is known as

the scientific method

mechanical solidarity

the type of social bonds present in premodern, agrarian societies, in which shared traditions and beliefs created a sense of social cohesion

respondents are often more comfortable addressing sensitive subjects on surveys than in other research contexts because

they can answer in private and are usually assured anonymity

what are researchers doing when they use a social networking site like Facebook to obtain data?

using existing sources

An example of something that would be part of the material culture of an individual or society would be

weapons of war

Proletariat

workers; those who have no means of production of their own and so are reduced to selling their labor power in order to live

a man is listening to loud music and singing along in public. The people around him glare and frown at him in hopes that he will stop. The man ignores them, which indicates that he

doesn't seem to care about negative sanctions

according to this symbolic interactionist george herbert mead playing organized games is important for an older child's development of the self because

game playing involves learning to anticipate and coordinate with other players' actions

"each to each a looking glass/ reflects the other that doth pass." this line of poetry, associated with sociologist Charles Cooley, indicates that our sense of self originates in

interactions with other people

Which of the following is a weakness of the sociological approach?

it attempts to grasp things that everyday actors understand implicitly

Many Marxist sociologists assume that large-scale economic structures are the most important factors in shaping people's lives. This assumption is an example of

macrosociology

Coca-Cola was initially marketed in the 1860s as a patent medicine, which was designed to offer the energy boost of cocaine without the vices of alcohol. The new beverage was invigorating and popular. Today, however, cocaine is not just banned , but widely demonized. This is an example of

mainstream culture once approving of behaviors that are now considered deviant

-blank- is the economic system that emerged during the Industrial Revolution.

making assumptions and failing to investigation or verify those assumptions

which part of sociology can likened to a zoom lens on a camera?

microsociology

-blank- researchers focus on the meaning of the social world from the perspective of those they study.

qualitative

the tendency of research participants to change their behavior in response to being studied is known as

reactivity

-blank- refers to the set of behaviors expected of someone because of their status.

role

in 1998, former NFL linebacker Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife and playing professional football. What sort of sociological phenomenon was he experiencing?

role conflict

during the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination requirements and mask mandates have become a point of controversy. Many individuals argue such mandates violate their personal rights, whereas others see them as sound public health measures. Which sociological concept best allows one to see the connection between personal and the public?

sociological imagination