SOC CH. 6,7,8,9

Alexander Liazos speaks for the social-conflict approach when he states that:

powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant.

Which of the following terms refers to a social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions?

reference group

Which term refers to efforts to reform an offender in order to preclude further offenses?rehabilitation

rehabilitation

The oldest justification for punishing an offender is:

retribution.

What is the term for the conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses?

role conflict

In general, we see the----------- as a means to an end; we see the -------- in itself

secondary group; primary group

The development of breasts in females and deeper voices in males are examples of:

secondary sex characteristics.

Flirting is one good example of an everyday experience involving:

social construction of reality.

At a given time you occupy a number of statuses. These are your:

status set

What is the term for the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials?

the criminal justice system

Victimization surveys show that the actual amount of crime in the U. S. is about -------what official reports indicate.

three times greater than

Most criminal cases that reach the courts in the United States are resolved:

through plea bargaining.

Which of the following attributes is NOT characteristic of secondary groups?

warm, personal interaction

When interacting with people of an unfamiliar cultural background,:

what is funny to people in one society may be lost on those from another society.

Erving Goffman claims that embarrassing situations are ones in which actor a.

"loses face"

What is the correct sociological term for all people with a common status, such as "college students.?

'a category

The sexual counterrevolution was evident in the United States by:

1980

Research on extramarital sex shows that about ----- of married men and about -------- of married women remain faithful to their spouse throughout their married lives.

75 percent; 90 percent

Which sociologist developed the approach called dramaturgical analysis?

Erving Goffman

innovation

Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance uses the term --------- to refer to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting conventional means to get there.

--------- refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person.

Sexual orientation

situations defined as real are real in their consequences.

The Thomas theorem states that:

In what respect are U.S. and Japanese formal organizations distinctly different?

The former stresses individual achievement; the latter stresses collective achievement

Sociologists offer several explanations for the fact that the incest taboo is found everywhere. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

The incest taboo limits the contact of families with the larger society.

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the social-conflict paradigm?

The process of reality construction is highly variable, so that one group's views of sexuality may well differ from another's.

The significance of Alfred Kinsey's research on sexuality in the United States was: a. defining sexuality as a proper focus of scientific study. b. showing that people were less conventional than was widely assumed. c. fostering a new openness towards sexuality. d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

What is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue caused by group conformity?

groupthink

Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex is called:

homosexuality.

The weight of evidence indicates that sexual orientation is rooted in:

human biology, although society plays some role.

According to Erving Goffman, people usually make efforts to their intentions.

idealize

What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?

instrumental leadership

Retrospective labeling refers to the process of:

interpreting someone's past consistent with present deviance.

What is the term for humans who have some combination of female and male genitalia?

intersexual (hermaphrodite)

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime:

is a violation of norms enacted into law.

Edwin Sutherland stated that white-collar crime:

is usually resolved in a civil rather than a criminal court.

What type of leaders downplay their own power, letting the group function more or less on its own?

laissez-faire leaders

Stealing a bicycle from a front yard would be what criminal offense?

larceny-theft

A role set refers to:

a number of roles attached to a single status.

Which type of leadership style focuses on instrumental concerns, making decisions, and obtaining strict compliance from subordinates?

authoritarian leadership

In the "iron law of oligarchy," Robert Michels stated:bureaucracy always means the few rule the many.

bureaucracy always means the few rule the many.

Critics of pornography argue that: a. it may contribute to a breakdown in morals. b. it may contribute to violence against women. c. All of the above are correct.

c. All of the above are correct.

Why did Cooley refer to some groups as "primary groups11? a. They are among the first groups we experience in life. . b. They have primary importance in the socialization process C. All of the above are correct

c. All of the above are correct.

Elite prostitutes--young, attractive, and well educated--are widely referred to as

call girls

From a social-conflict point of view, jokes:

can be a way of making one category of people feel good at the expense of another.

To a prisoner, a maximum-security prison is one example of a:

coercive organization.

Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz claimed that "good boys" have the ability to rein in deviant impulses. They called their approach:

containment theory.

A reason to study sexuality sociologically is: a. sexuality is both important and controversial. b. many people do not understand sexuality very well. c. sexuality plays a part in many areas of social life. d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

Cultures differ in terms of: a. what triggers emotions. b. the rules for how people display emotions. c. how much people are being emotional. d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

Which statement reflects Simmel's understanding of the dyad?

Dyads are less stable than groups with many members.

Which of the following are advantages of community-based correction? a. reducing prison overcrowding b. reducing costs of dealing with offenders c. avoiding the hardships of prison life, including the stigma attached to being incarcerated. d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

Which of the following is an evidence of the McDonaldization of society? a. replacing bank tellers with automatic teller machines (ATMs) b. shopping in carefully designed, climate-controlled malls c. colleges that assess students in terms of grades and test scores d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

Which of the following might serve as a master status? a. occupation b. physical or mental disability c. race or color d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

Which of the following play a part in the reality we construct through social interaction? a. social class background b. the country we live in c. ethnicity d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

Which justification uses the threat of punishment to discourage criminality?

deterrence

The basic idea behind labeling theory is that:

deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do.

What does the term presentation of self mean?efforts to create impressions in :the minds of others

efforts to create impressions in :the minds of others

The term "homophobia" refers to:

fear of close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

Harold and Sybil are lost. Harold will not stop to ask for directions as Sybil wants him to. This chapter-opening story shows:

men avoid asking for directions because it makes them dependent on someone else.

In global perspective, prostitution is most common in:

poor nations, where women have fewer economic opportunities.