SOC CH12

Cohabitation

living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning.

Second shift

women's responsibility for housework and child care -- everything from cooking dinner to doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing Halloween costumes.

b

A civil union is ________ Answer a. a legally recognized union that provides the participants with certain federal rights and benefits. b. a legally recognized union that offers similar state-provided legal rights and benefits provided by marriage. c. a symbolic ceremony that affords no legal rights or benefits to the participants. d. a legally recognized union that guarantees only select rights to same-sex couples.

b

According to welfare critics, ________ sets in for many welfare recipients, and they become so used to receiving government aid that they lose interest in looking for work and trying to get off welfare rolls. Answer a. anomie b. a cycle of dependency c. inertia d. a sense of entitlement

d

How did social scientists in the 1960s view the strong role held by women in many African American families? Answer a. as the inevitable result of years of poverty and discrimination that stripped black families of their husbands and fathers b. as an anomaly that was the result of increased job opportunities for black women after World War II c. as a positive characteristic that ultimately would bring more balance to relationships and make African American families stronger d. as a negative characteristic that served to emasculate black men and ultimately increase social problems in African American communities

c

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the division of labor between men and women, especially among middle-class families? Answer a. Men obtained jobs in factories while women formed small co-ops to produce and sell goods they could make by hand. b. Men and women were both able to obtain jobs in factories, but women were more limited in what they were permitted to do and were paid less than men. c. Men began to work outside the home for a wage, while women stayed at home to manage the household and raise children. d. Men worked in factories and ran the household, while women raised the children.

c

How does the welfare system trap women who want to move off welfare rolls? Answer a. The welfare bureaucracy is large and inefficient, and it often takes months for a person's request to move off welfare to be processed. b. A person must be on welfare for a minimum amount of time before qualifying for certain welfare-to-work programs. c. Most women face lower earnings and fewer benefits when they move from welfare to work. d. Little to no job training or assistance with finding jobs is provided to those who want to get off welfare.

a

In the last few decades, women have joined the workforce in greater numbers and their earning power has increased. What has happened to the sharing of domestic responsibilities between men and women? Answer a. Women still take on a greater share of domestic tasks than their male partners. b. Women and men split the responsibility for domestic chores fairly evenly. c. Men still do less domestic work than women, but they are doing more of the unappealing tasks like ironing and cleaning. d. Men do more caregiving for children and elderly parents, while women focus on cooking, cleaning, and paying bills.

a

Josephine's parents divorced when she was 5 years old. By the time she was 8, both her parents had remarried and she had two step-siblings on her father's side and a half-brother on her mother's side. Josephine's two new families are examples of what type of family? Answer a. a blended family b. an extended family c. a nuclear family d. a kinship network

b

Kinship (血族关系)networks are ________ Answer a. generally based on familial ties that are vertical as opposed to horizontal. b. strings of relationships between people related by blood and marriage. c. based on networks of friends. d. families or groups that may not be related by blood or marriage but have formed strong bonds based on other factors.

b

Some Mormon fundamentalists continue the practice of having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time. Generally, this takes the form of a man having several wives, which is called ________ Answer a. Polyandry:一妻多夫 b. Polygyny：一夫多妻 c. monogamy. d. intimate partner violence.

a

Talcott Parsons' claim that the nuclear family was necessary to modern industrial society because it fulfilled society's need for productive workers (men) and child rearers (women) is an example of a ________ approach to sociology. Answer a. functionalist b. micro-level c. symbolic interactionist d. postmodern

b

The Tobachnik family has one son and two daughters. The children are assigned chores around the house. The son mows the lawn and takes out the garbage. The daughters do laundry, help with house cleaning, and clean up after meals. This distribution of the chores is an example of what? Answer a. the importance of teaching children to share household management duties b. how gender roles are learned at home c. the natural division of labor between boys and girls d. children bearing part of the burden of the "second shift"

d

The divorce rate in the United States ________ Answer a. has paralleled the rate of marriage. b. peaked in the 1970s. c. increased dramatically since the 1950s. d. has been rising steadily since the nineteenth century.

c

The most politically and religiously conservative states in the United States have the highest levels of divorce. How does the interview with sociologist Andrew Cherlin help explain this seemingly contradictory finding? Answer a. Divorce has only recently become socially acceptable in these states, leading to a large influx in divorce levels in recent years. b. The average age of first marriage is comparatively younger in these states, and young marriages have higher odds of ending in divorce. c. Personal economics, not personal values, may contribute to rocky marriages, and these states are relatively poor. d. Higher fertility levels in these states are associated with increased strain and pressure on families, which is detrimental to the health of marriage.

c

The nuclear family consists of ________ Answer a. parents or stepparents and their biological children and stepchildren. b. a single generation in a familial network. c. a father and mother and their biological children. d. parents, children, and grandparents.

d

The second shift can best be defined as ________ Answer a. the varied domestic tasks that working men and women generally share in order to keep their household running smoothly. b. a second job that one or both parents take in order to make ends meet or provide a little extra income. c. the time a parent spends on child-rearing duties after getting home from work. d. the varied domestic tasks that women generally take care of for their families in addition to whatever paid work they do outside the home. ________ is marriage outside one's social group.

Nuclear family

familial form consisting of a father, mother, and their children.

d

What is the general consensus among sociologists about the effects of divorce on children? Answer a. Divorce almost always damages children's self-esteem and negatively impacts their ability to form fulfilling relationships as adults. b. Children of divorced parents are not worse off than other children in terms of educational performance, job attainment, and successful marriage. c. Children whose parents divorce are better off than children whose parents stay together because the children are removed from a high-conflict situation. d. There is no consensus amongst sociologists; study findings vary widely.

a

What is the most frequent form of family violence? Answer a. siblings abusing siblings b. husbands abusing wives c. wives abusing husbands d. husbands abusing children

a

Which of the following are characteristics of the preindustrial family? Answer a. Families produced the food, clothing, and other goods they needed to survive. b. Family life consisted of separate public and private spheres. c. A nuclear family tended to be isolated from its extended family. d. Women ran the household and raised the children while men worked in the fields.

c

Which of the following scenarios represents a common gender imbalance of domestic chores in the United States? Answer a. Kimya is primarily responsible for the children as well as cooking and cleaning during the week; Pablo takes on all those responsibilities on the weekends. b. Chandra does most of the cooking and cleaning; Shawn usually picks the kids up from school and helps them with homework. c. Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes chili on special occasions, and cleans the garage twice a year. d. Amy does most of the laundry, cleaning, and gardening; Lucas does most of the cooking and usually walks and feeds the dogs.

b

________ is marriage outside one's social group. Answer a. Polygamy b. Exogamy：异族结婚 c. Polyandry d. Endogamy：同族结婚

Extended family

kin networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family.

Civil unions

legally recognized unions explicitly intended to offer similar state-provided legal rights and benefits as marriage.

Domestic partnerships

legally recognized unions that guarantee only select rights to same-sex couples.

Exogamy

marriage to someone outside one's social group.

Endogamy

marriage to someone within one's social group.

Kinship networks

strings of relationships between people related by blood and co-residence (that is, marriage).

Cult of domesticity

the notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing.

Polygamy

the practice of having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time.

Polyandry

the practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously.

Polygyny

the practice of having multiple wives simultaneously.

Monogamy

the practice of having only one sexual partner or spouse at a time.

Miscegenation

the technical term for interracial marriage, literally meaning 'a mixing of kinds'; it is politically and historically charged -- sociologists generally prefer the term exogamy or outmarriage.